昌宁—孟连缝合带火山岩地球化学及岩石成因
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摘要
昌宁-孟连带是三江造山带最重要的蛇绿混杂带之一,其北延至藏东碧土,南接泰国清迈地区的Nan-Uttaradit带,直达马来西亚的本通-劳忽带,该蛇绿岩带代表了晚古生代在冈瓦纳大陆东北缘发育的古特提斯大洋的主支残留。本文通过对昌宁-孟连带乌木龙-铜厂街、干龙塘、弄巴、民乐和小定西五个剖面火山岩地质学、岩相学、微量元素与同位素地球化学的详细分析,探讨了岩石地球化学特征及其成因,并对本区古特提斯洋盆构造演化进行了总结与恢复,主要取得如下进展：
(1)乌木龙-铜厂街超基性岩高镁、低钙,总体显示了高程度局部熔融后亏损型残留地幔橄榄岩特征。铜厂街拉斑玄武岩为富集型MORB,来源于小洋盆构造环境,而碱性玄武岩为洋岛型岩浆作用产物,源区氧逸度高,有富集组分加入。模拟计算表明碱性玄武岩是由富集型石榴石二辉橄榄岩和亏损型尖晶石二辉橄榄岩按一定比例混合发生1%～3%的部分熔融形成。
(2)弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的特征,产于一个MORB与HMU型富集地幔相混合的弱氧化源区环境,基本没有地壳物质的混染。模拟计算表明弄巴拉斑玄武岩形成压力15-20Kbar,是地幔橄榄岩经过大约0.2-0.25%的部分熔融形成的。弄巴碱性玄武岩具有OIB的成因特征,为一个大洋板内热点部分熔融的产物,模拟表明它的形成压力大于25Kbar,是原始地幔橄榄岩经过0.1%左右的部分熔融形成的。
(3)干龙塘拉斑玄武岩来源于氧逸度较低的亏损型地幔源区,受到地壳物质的明显混染。非实比批式熔融模拟结果表明干龙塘拉斑玄武岩经历了低压(小于1.4Gpa)和高程度(F大于10%)部分熔融,源区残留有方辉橄榄岩。
(4)民乐和小定西中基性火山岩都属于后碰撞弧火山岩,都是原来残存于深部地幔的富含挥发分的大洋岩石圈残片发生熔融的产物。前者岩浆源区为一个氧逸度较低的还原环境,为中低度的部分熔融产物,源区存在角闪石、金红石、石榴子石等矿物相,分馏熔融模型模拟表明民乐火山岩大致相当于地幔橄榄岩1.573-3.377%的局部熔融产物；而后者具有强度大多旋回的喷发特点,源区有与熔体保持平衡的石榴子石、斜方辉石矿物相,经历了较低程度的熔融,模拟显示部分熔融程度为1.2516-1.8951%。
(5)昌宁-孟连乃至整个东南亚地区曾发育一个广阔的古特提斯洋,它经历了大洋裂开、洋壳产生、俯冲萎缩直到两侧的Sibumasu和思茅地块碰撞造山的完整威尔逊旋回过程,由此发育了一套具有各个阶段洋幔印记的火山岩记录,是对东冈瓦纳大陆东北部边缘裂解作用的一种响应,对于探讨三江地区古生代以来的板块构造格局和洋陆转化机制研究具有重要的意义。
Changning-Menglian suture zone is considered as one of the most important ophiolite melange belts in Sanjiang orogeny, which extends northward to Bitu belt in eastern Tibet, connecting southward to Nan-Uttaradit belt in Thailand, and finnally reaches the Bentong-Raub suture in Malaysia. It represents the residue of main branch of Paleo-Tethyan ocean located in northeastern margin of Gondwana continent in late Paleozoic. Field geology, petrography, trace elements and isotopic geochemistry were adopted in volcanic rocks sampled from Wumulong-Tongchangjie, Ganlongtang, Nongba, Minle and Xiaodingxi areas to discuss petrological geochemistry and petrogenesis. This thesis also summarizes and recovers the tectonic evolution of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic basin, and the main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1) The ultramafic rocks in Wumulong-Tongchangjie areas show high magnesium and low calcium. As a whole, it represents the characteristic of residual mantle rocks after the partial melting with high proportion. The tholeiites in Tongchangjie are enriched MORB and originated in a small oceanic basin, while the alkaline basalts were generated in oceanic island, and some enriched components were added in sources with high oxygen fugacity. The simulation shows alkaline basalts were formed by mixing enriched garnet lherzolite and depleted spine lherzolite with certain ratio which gave rise to partial melting at the proportion of 1%-3%.
(2) The tholeiites in Nongba areas show the features of Enriched MORB, which derive from a weakly oxidative source mixed with MORB and HIMU. What's more, the source is not contaminated by crust basically. The simulation reveals the tholeiites in Nongba areas were derived from partial melting at the ratio of 0.2%～0.25%, and they were formed at the pressure of 15-20 Kbar in mantle source. In addition, The alkaline basalts generated in ocean island, which were the products of partial melting of the oceanic intraplate hotspot. The simulation represents it was generated from partial melting of mantle peridotites at the proportion of 0.1% in higher pressure than 25 Kbar.
(3) The tholeiites in Ganlongtang areas were derived from depleted mantle source with low oxygen fugacity, which were obviously contaminated by crustal materials. Batch melting shows the tholeiites in Ganlongtang areas were generated from partial melting of mantle source with residual harzburgite above 10% proportion in pressure of 15-20 Kbar.
(4) Meso basaltic volcanic rocks in Minle and Xiaodingxi areas were proved to form in the settings of post-collisional arc, which were derived from partial melting of residual slab of oceanic lithosphere rich with volatile matters. The former derived from low or moderate partial melting of reductive mantle source with amphibole rutile and garnet risidues. Fractional melting simulation reveals volcanic rocks in Minle areas generated from 1.573～3.377% proportion partial melting of mantle peridotite. But the volcanic rocks in Xiaodingxi areas have the characteristics of multicycle eruption with high intensity, and the magma keeps balance with orthorhombic pyroxene and garnet residual mineral phases in sources. The simulation shows the volcanic rocks in Xiaodingxi area were derived from partial melting of 1.2516～1.8951% with low degree.
(5) There existed a wide tethyan ocean in Changning-Menglian area and even all over the southeast Asia, which underwent a whole Wilson cycle including oceanic breakup, generation of oceanic crust, subduction and collision between the Sibumasu and Simao terrane. Hence fingerprint of oceanic mantle in every stages was recorded by the volcanic records, which is also a response for the breakup in northeatern border of Gondwana. And it plays a key role in researching on the plate tectonic framework and the transformational mechanism between ocean and continent in Sanjiang area in late paleozoic.
(1)乌木龙-铜厂街超基性岩高镁、低钙,总体显示了高程度局部熔融后亏损型残留地幔橄榄岩特征。铜厂街拉斑玄武岩为富集型MORB,来源于小洋盆构造环境,而碱性玄武岩为洋岛型岩浆作用产物,源区氧逸度高,有富集组分加入。模拟计算表明碱性玄武岩是由富集型石榴石二辉橄榄岩和亏损型尖晶石二辉橄榄岩按一定比例混合发生1%～3%的部分熔融形成。
(2)弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的特征,产于一个MORB与HMU型富集地幔相混合的弱氧化源区环境,基本没有地壳物质的混染。模拟计算表明弄巴拉斑玄武岩形成压力15-20Kbar,是地幔橄榄岩经过大约0.2-0.25%的部分熔融形成的。弄巴碱性玄武岩具有OIB的成因特征,为一个大洋板内热点部分熔融的产物,模拟表明它的形成压力大于25Kbar,是原始地幔橄榄岩经过0.1%左右的部分熔融形成的。
(3)干龙塘拉斑玄武岩来源于氧逸度较低的亏损型地幔源区,受到地壳物质的明显混染。非实比批式熔融模拟结果表明干龙塘拉斑玄武岩经历了低压(小于1.4Gpa)和高程度(F大于10%)部分熔融,源区残留有方辉橄榄岩。
(4)民乐和小定西中基性火山岩都属于后碰撞弧火山岩,都是原来残存于深部地幔的富含挥发分的大洋岩石圈残片发生熔融的产物。前者岩浆源区为一个氧逸度较低的还原环境,为中低度的部分熔融产物,源区存在角闪石、金红石、石榴子石等矿物相,分馏熔融模型模拟表明民乐火山岩大致相当于地幔橄榄岩1.573-3.377%的局部熔融产物；而后者具有强度大多旋回的喷发特点,源区有与熔体保持平衡的石榴子石、斜方辉石矿物相,经历了较低程度的熔融,模拟显示部分熔融程度为1.2516-1.8951%。
(5)昌宁-孟连乃至整个东南亚地区曾发育一个广阔的古特提斯洋,它经历了大洋裂开、洋壳产生、俯冲萎缩直到两侧的Sibumasu和思茅地块碰撞造山的完整威尔逊旋回过程,由此发育了一套具有各个阶段洋幔印记的火山岩记录,是对东冈瓦纳大陆东北部边缘裂解作用的一种响应,对于探讨三江地区古生代以来的板块构造格局和洋陆转化机制研究具有重要的意义。
Changning-Menglian suture zone is considered as one of the most important ophiolite melange belts in Sanjiang orogeny, which extends northward to Bitu belt in eastern Tibet, connecting southward to Nan-Uttaradit belt in Thailand, and finnally reaches the Bentong-Raub suture in Malaysia. It represents the residue of main branch of Paleo-Tethyan ocean located in northeastern margin of Gondwana continent in late Paleozoic. Field geology, petrography, trace elements and isotopic geochemistry were adopted in volcanic rocks sampled from Wumulong-Tongchangjie, Ganlongtang, Nongba, Minle and Xiaodingxi areas to discuss petrological geochemistry and petrogenesis. This thesis also summarizes and recovers the tectonic evolution of Paleo-Tethyan oceanic basin, and the main conclusions can be drawn as follows:
(1) The ultramafic rocks in Wumulong-Tongchangjie areas show high magnesium and low calcium. As a whole, it represents the characteristic of residual mantle rocks after the partial melting with high proportion. The tholeiites in Tongchangjie are enriched MORB and originated in a small oceanic basin, while the alkaline basalts were generated in oceanic island, and some enriched components were added in sources with high oxygen fugacity. The simulation shows alkaline basalts were formed by mixing enriched garnet lherzolite and depleted spine lherzolite with certain ratio which gave rise to partial melting at the proportion of 1%-3%.
(2) The tholeiites in Nongba areas show the features of Enriched MORB, which derive from a weakly oxidative source mixed with MORB and HIMU. What's more, the source is not contaminated by crust basically. The simulation reveals the tholeiites in Nongba areas were derived from partial melting at the ratio of 0.2%～0.25%, and they were formed at the pressure of 15-20 Kbar in mantle source. In addition, The alkaline basalts generated in ocean island, which were the products of partial melting of the oceanic intraplate hotspot. The simulation represents it was generated from partial melting of mantle peridotites at the proportion of 0.1% in higher pressure than 25 Kbar.
(3) The tholeiites in Ganlongtang areas were derived from depleted mantle source with low oxygen fugacity, which were obviously contaminated by crustal materials. Batch melting shows the tholeiites in Ganlongtang areas were generated from partial melting of mantle source with residual harzburgite above 10% proportion in pressure of 15-20 Kbar.
(4) Meso basaltic volcanic rocks in Minle and Xiaodingxi areas were proved to form in the settings of post-collisional arc, which were derived from partial melting of residual slab of oceanic lithosphere rich with volatile matters. The former derived from low or moderate partial melting of reductive mantle source with amphibole rutile and garnet risidues. Fractional melting simulation reveals volcanic rocks in Minle areas generated from 1.573～3.377% proportion partial melting of mantle peridotite. But the volcanic rocks in Xiaodingxi areas have the characteristics of multicycle eruption with high intensity, and the magma keeps balance with orthorhombic pyroxene and garnet residual mineral phases in sources. The simulation shows the volcanic rocks in Xiaodingxi area were derived from partial melting of 1.2516～1.8951% with low degree.
(5) There existed a wide tethyan ocean in Changning-Menglian area and even all over the southeast Asia, which underwent a whole Wilson cycle including oceanic breakup, generation of oceanic crust, subduction and collision between the Sibumasu and Simao terrane. Hence fingerprint of oceanic mantle in every stages was recorded by the volcanic records, which is also a response for the breakup in northeatern border of Gondwana. And it plays a key role in researching on the plate tectonic framework and the transformational mechanism between ocean and continent in Sanjiang area in late paleozoic.
引文
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