基于移动反应界面电泳的样本富集与分离研究
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摘要
毛细管电泳(CE)是一种简便、高效、快速的分离分析技术，但低的检测灵敏度限制了CE的发展和应用。CE在线富集方法通过对实验条件和实验方法的调控实现了样品在线浓缩，从而提高了检测灵敏度。作为CE在线富集方法之一的移动反应界面(MRB)方法经过近四十多年的发展，已经建立了较为全面的两性电解质富集理论，实现了实际样品中两性电解质的高效富集，但MRB富集两性电解质的方法中仍有部分机理未阐明，此外，MRB对其他目标物，如生物样本、金属离子的富集方法探索和机理研究还没有开展。
本论文围绕着MRB技术，对MRB富集两性电解质的机理进行阐述，拓展MRB在生物样本和金属离子等方面的研究新领域，发展高灵敏度、高选择性的MRB分析新方法，为电泳学发展提供新模式。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1.对CE中应用弱酸与弱碱或强碱形成MRB富集两性电解质进行理论比较研究和实验对比验证。结果表明，MRB速度在MRB富集中具有重要意义；在MRB体系中弱碱比强碱更适合用作样品缓冲液；所发展的理论可以用于预测富集效果，设计实验条件。这一理论和实验结果对CE中设计实验条件富集低丰度的两性电解质具有重要指导意义。
2.将MRB与亲和毛细管电泳(ACE)相结合，提出移动亲和界面(MAB)的概念，以金属离子Ni(Ⅱ)和His为模型，建立MAB-ACE方法。实验结果表明，基于His和Ni(Ⅱ)特异性亲和相互作用和有效的实验条件控制，His和Ni(Ⅱ)可以形成MAB；MAB-ACE方法可以从20种基本氨基酸和尿样中选择性富集、分离His，而不受其他物质的干扰。MAB-ACE在尿样中选择性分离His的结果与氨基酸分析仪得到的结果一致，证明此方法的有效性。在最优实验条件下，His的检出限(LOD)为43ng/mL(S/N=3)，线性范围为1.0-150μM，日内差和日间差均小于5%。初步实验结果表明，MAB-ACE可以应用于复杂生物样本中目标分析物的特异性分离。
3.在MRB物化模型基础上，以金属离子Co(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)及EDTA为模型，建立了新型的基于移动络合界面(MCB)的金属离子分离ITP模式。相关实验结果验证了对这种新型ITP的理论预测，即：这种新的ITP分离模式中存在三个界面，即MCB,移动交换界面(MSB)和络合物界面(CB)；金属离子根据稳定常数的不同得到分离；这种分离模式是一种不同于传统ITP的新型的ITP。这种基于MCB的ITP分离模式为生物样本和环境样本中的金属离子分离开辟了新的道路，并为后续的MRB研究奠定了基础。
4.对基于MCB的ITP模式开展理论研究。理论研究的结果表明：(1)由MCB和MSB组成的多重MCB(m-MCB)体系在稳定状态下，MCB和MSB的移动速度相等，形成一种新型的富集和分离金属离子的ITP模式；(2)稳定状态下，m-MCB体系中的MCB移动速度和方向受络合剂和具有最大稳定常数的金属离子通量影响，而与其他具有较小稳定常数的金属离子无关；(3) m-MCB体系中，可以实现金属离子的可控富集。实验结果证实了所建立的新型ITP模型和控制理论的正确性。这些发现对于应用这种新型ITP模式在环境和生物样品中分离和富集金属离子具有指导意义。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique which has manyadvantages, such as ease of operation, high separation efficiency and short analysistime. However, the low sensitivity hinders the development of CE. The on-linestacking methods that are preformed through controlling the conditions and methodsof the experiments are useful for improving the sensitivity of CE. As one of theon-line stacking methods, the moving reaction boundary (MRB) has already formedsome theories for the stacking of the zwitterions, and can achieve the effective stacking inthe real samples. However, some mechanisms in the stacking of zwitterions by MRBare still unknown, and the method and theoretic research for some real samples, suchas biological matrix and metal ions, have not been developed in MRB.
The aim of this paper is to indicate the mechanism of MRB in the stacking ofzwitterion, broaden the scope of MRB in the analysis for the biological matrix andmetal ions, develop the new methods with good sensitivity and selectivity, andsupply alternative mode for the development of electrophoresis. The main researchcontents and gained conclusions are that
1. We performed the comparative theoretical and experimental study on samplestacking by MRB formed by weak or strong alkali in CE. The theoretical andexperimental results unveil that:(1) MRB velocity possesses key importance tothe design of MRB stacking conditions;(2) compared with strong alkali, weakalkali is more suitable to be used as the sample buffer;(3) the advanced theorycan be employed to predict the effect of the sample stacking and to design theexperimental conditions. The proposed theoretic and experimental results holdobvious significances for the on-column stacking of low abundance zwitterionsin CE.
2. We advanced the concept of moving affinity boundary (MAB) using metal ionNi(II) and histidine (His) as the model inorganic ion and ligand, respectively,developed the simple method of MAB affinity capillary electrophoresis (MAB-ACE). The experiments manifested that (1) based on the selectiveaffinity interaction and the effective control of affinity conditions, a MAB couldbe created with the model metal ion and ligand;(2) the MAB-ACE couldspecifically capture His rather than other amino acids, or numerous metabolitesin the mix solution of twenty amino acids and human urine. The analyses of Hisin raw urine by the MAB-ACE are in agreement with those via the standardamino acid analyzer, indicating the reliability of the developed method.Additionally, the MAB-ACE with UV detector had good sensitivity (LOD=43ng/mL, S/N=3),1.0-150μM linearity and <5%intra-/inter-day variations. Thenovel method has an evident potential application for capture of a targetmetabolite in complex biological sample.
3. We advanced a novel separation mode of isotachophoresis (ITP) based on thecontinuous moving chelation boundary (MCB) formed with EDTA and twometal ions of Co(II) and Cu(II). The relevant experimental results verified thefollowing theoretical predictions:(1) there are three boundaries in the wholesystem, viz., a sharp MCB, a wide moving substitution boundary (MSB) and asharp complex boundary (CB);(2) the original low concentration Co(II) andCu(II) are chemically separated according to their stability constants;(3) thenovel ITP is relied on MRB, rather than MBS which is the base for the classicITP. These findings provide guidance for the development of the MRB and theMCB-based ITP separation of metal ions in environmental and biologicalmatrices.
4. We developed the relevant model and theory of the novel ITP in the multi-moving chelationboundary (m-MCB) system. The theoretical results indicated that:(i) at the steady state ofm-MCB, the boundary velocities are equal to each other, resulting in a novel ITP stackingand separation mode of metal ions;(ii) the boundary velocity and direction are mainlycontrolled by the fluxes of the chelator and the metal ion with the maximum lgK rather thanother metal ions with smaller lgK values; and (iii) a controllable focusing of metal ionscould be simultaneously achieved in the m-MCB system. All of the experimental resultsverified the validity of the developed model and theory of ITP in m-MCB system. These findings provide guidance for the development of ITP separation and stacking of metal ionsin environmental and biological sample matrices.
本论文围绕着MRB技术，对MRB富集两性电解质的机理进行阐述，拓展MRB在生物样本和金属离子等方面的研究新领域，发展高灵敏度、高选择性的MRB分析新方法，为电泳学发展提供新模式。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1.对CE中应用弱酸与弱碱或强碱形成MRB富集两性电解质进行理论比较研究和实验对比验证。结果表明，MRB速度在MRB富集中具有重要意义；在MRB体系中弱碱比强碱更适合用作样品缓冲液；所发展的理论可以用于预测富集效果，设计实验条件。这一理论和实验结果对CE中设计实验条件富集低丰度的两性电解质具有重要指导意义。
2.将MRB与亲和毛细管电泳(ACE)相结合，提出移动亲和界面(MAB)的概念，以金属离子Ni(Ⅱ)和His为模型，建立MAB-ACE方法。实验结果表明，基于His和Ni(Ⅱ)特异性亲和相互作用和有效的实验条件控制，His和Ni(Ⅱ)可以形成MAB；MAB-ACE方法可以从20种基本氨基酸和尿样中选择性富集、分离His，而不受其他物质的干扰。MAB-ACE在尿样中选择性分离His的结果与氨基酸分析仪得到的结果一致，证明此方法的有效性。在最优实验条件下，His的检出限(LOD)为43ng/mL(S/N=3)，线性范围为1.0-150μM，日内差和日间差均小于5%。初步实验结果表明，MAB-ACE可以应用于复杂生物样本中目标分析物的特异性分离。
3.在MRB物化模型基础上，以金属离子Co(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)及EDTA为模型，建立了新型的基于移动络合界面(MCB)的金属离子分离ITP模式。相关实验结果验证了对这种新型ITP的理论预测，即：这种新的ITP分离模式中存在三个界面，即MCB,移动交换界面(MSB)和络合物界面(CB)；金属离子根据稳定常数的不同得到分离；这种分离模式是一种不同于传统ITP的新型的ITP。这种基于MCB的ITP分离模式为生物样本和环境样本中的金属离子分离开辟了新的道路，并为后续的MRB研究奠定了基础。
4.对基于MCB的ITP模式开展理论研究。理论研究的结果表明：(1)由MCB和MSB组成的多重MCB(m-MCB)体系在稳定状态下，MCB和MSB的移动速度相等，形成一种新型的富集和分离金属离子的ITP模式；(2)稳定状态下，m-MCB体系中的MCB移动速度和方向受络合剂和具有最大稳定常数的金属离子通量影响，而与其他具有较小稳定常数的金属离子无关；(3) m-MCB体系中，可以实现金属离子的可控富集。实验结果证实了所建立的新型ITP模型和控制理论的正确性。这些发现对于应用这种新型ITP模式在环境和生物样品中分离和富集金属离子具有指导意义。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique which has manyadvantages, such as ease of operation, high separation efficiency and short analysistime. However, the low sensitivity hinders the development of CE. The on-linestacking methods that are preformed through controlling the conditions and methodsof the experiments are useful for improving the sensitivity of CE. As one of theon-line stacking methods, the moving reaction boundary (MRB) has already formedsome theories for the stacking of the zwitterions, and can achieve the effective stacking inthe real samples. However, some mechanisms in the stacking of zwitterions by MRBare still unknown, and the method and theoretic research for some real samples, suchas biological matrix and metal ions, have not been developed in MRB.
The aim of this paper is to indicate the mechanism of MRB in the stacking ofzwitterion, broaden the scope of MRB in the analysis for the biological matrix andmetal ions, develop the new methods with good sensitivity and selectivity, andsupply alternative mode for the development of electrophoresis. The main researchcontents and gained conclusions are that
1. We performed the comparative theoretical and experimental study on samplestacking by MRB formed by weak or strong alkali in CE. The theoretical andexperimental results unveil that:(1) MRB velocity possesses key importance tothe design of MRB stacking conditions;(2) compared with strong alkali, weakalkali is more suitable to be used as the sample buffer;(3) the advanced theorycan be employed to predict the effect of the sample stacking and to design theexperimental conditions. The proposed theoretic and experimental results holdobvious significances for the on-column stacking of low abundance zwitterionsin CE.
2. We advanced the concept of moving affinity boundary (MAB) using metal ionNi(II) and histidine (His) as the model inorganic ion and ligand, respectively,developed the simple method of MAB affinity capillary electrophoresis (MAB-ACE). The experiments manifested that (1) based on the selectiveaffinity interaction and the effective control of affinity conditions, a MAB couldbe created with the model metal ion and ligand;(2) the MAB-ACE couldspecifically capture His rather than other amino acids, or numerous metabolitesin the mix solution of twenty amino acids and human urine. The analyses of Hisin raw urine by the MAB-ACE are in agreement with those via the standardamino acid analyzer, indicating the reliability of the developed method.Additionally, the MAB-ACE with UV detector had good sensitivity (LOD=43ng/mL, S/N=3),1.0-150μM linearity and <5%intra-/inter-day variations. Thenovel method has an evident potential application for capture of a targetmetabolite in complex biological sample.
3. We advanced a novel separation mode of isotachophoresis (ITP) based on thecontinuous moving chelation boundary (MCB) formed with EDTA and twometal ions of Co(II) and Cu(II). The relevant experimental results verified thefollowing theoretical predictions:(1) there are three boundaries in the wholesystem, viz., a sharp MCB, a wide moving substitution boundary (MSB) and asharp complex boundary (CB);(2) the original low concentration Co(II) andCu(II) are chemically separated according to their stability constants;(3) thenovel ITP is relied on MRB, rather than MBS which is the base for the classicITP. These findings provide guidance for the development of the MRB and theMCB-based ITP separation of metal ions in environmental and biologicalmatrices.
4. We developed the relevant model and theory of the novel ITP in the multi-moving chelationboundary (m-MCB) system. The theoretical results indicated that:(i) at the steady state ofm-MCB, the boundary velocities are equal to each other, resulting in a novel ITP stackingand separation mode of metal ions;(ii) the boundary velocity and direction are mainlycontrolled by the fluxes of the chelator and the metal ion with the maximum lgK rather thanother metal ions with smaller lgK values; and (iii) a controllable focusing of metal ionscould be simultaneously achieved in the m-MCB system. All of the experimental resultsverified the validity of the developed model and theory of ITP in m-MCB system. These findings provide guidance for the development of ITP separation and stacking of metal ionsin environmental and biological sample matrices.
引文
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