页岩气储层岩石数字岩心建模及导电性数值模拟研究
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摘要
页岩气是一种潜力巨大的非常规油气资源，其勘探开发为解决能源供应不足提供了一个重要途径。电法测井是页岩气勘探和评价的主要手段之一，而岩石的导电性质是电法测井的基础。由于页岩气储层低孔低渗，各向异性突出，结构组分复杂，常规岩石物理实验遇到了困难，而基于数字岩心的数值模拟是一种研究页岩气储层岩石物理性质的新手段。由于页岩气储层岩心的电阻率实验难度很大，目前难以获得准确的实验数据，本文依据电测井资料，利用数字岩心模型对页岩气储层岩石电学特性的规律进行探索。
本文建立了页岩气储层的不同参数的数字岩心模型并对其导电性进行了数值模拟。采用改进后的MCMC法，利用页岩气储层岩石的二维切片图像，选取适当的组分，分别重构出各组分的初始三维数字岩心模型，再利用嵌套组合法将各个组分的初始模型组建成最终的页岩气储层三维数字岩心，并利用有限元法对具有不同参数的页岩气储层三维数字岩心有效电阻率的进行了计算。
利用本文提出的重构算法建立的三维数字岩心尺度合理，包含较为完善的矿物组分及结构信息，为微观尺度上页岩气储层电性数值模拟的开展奠定了基础。
从导电性数值模拟结果可知，页岩气储层水平方向和竖直方向的导电特性差异巨大，具有很强的各向异性特征。不同地层水矿化度下页岩气储层数字岩心模型的地层因素不同，且地层因素与孔隙度在双对数坐标系下并非呈直线的对应关系。通过对地层因素和孔隙度的近似拟合，可知页岩气储层的a值很大，m值很小，与常规砂岩储层差异巨大，这样的结果与页岩气储层中层状分布的粘土矿物以及黄铁矿的附加导电性有关。
通过对微观组分对页岩气储层导电性影响的研究可知，地层的导电性对粘土矿物的性质最为敏感，随粘土矿物阳离子交换能力和粘土含量的增加而降低；地层电阻率随黄铁矿含量的增加而降低；假设固体有机质充填骨架的前提下，储层模型的导电性质对固体有机质不敏感而对孔隙含气和含水更为敏感，由此推断固体有机质和气体通过对孔隙的充填影响页岩气储层的导电性。
As a huge potential unconventional energy resource, shale gas has been a solution ofthe shortage of energy supply. Resistivity well logging is one of the primary way of shalegas exploration and evaluation, while the conductive properties of the rock is thefoundation of resistivity well logging. Because shale reservoirs have the proerties of lowporosity and permeability, anisotropy and complicated structure and components, theconventional petrophysics experiments are difficult to be done. Numerical simulationbased on digital cores could be the new way to study shale reservoir petrophysicalproperties. Due to the difficulty of shale resistivity experiments, in this study thenumerical simulation study results were compared to resistivity well logging data.
The digital core models of shale gas reservoirs were built and the conductivity of themodels were calculated by numerical method in this thesis. After selecting the appropriatecomponents, by using the improved MCMC method, the initial3D digital core models ofall components were reconstructed through a2D X-Ray energy spectrum slice image of ashale rock, and then initial3D digital cores of different components were combined intothe final model by using the nested combination method which was presented in this thesis.And the effect conductivity of the models were calculated by using FEM method.
The final3D digital core model of shale reservoir rock had a reasonable scale andcomplete component information and it could be the foundation for the micro-scalenumerical simulation of shale reservoir rock restistivity property.
By calculating the effective resistivity of the3D digital core model of shale reservoirrock, it was revealed that the conductivity properties of horizontal and vertical directionsin shale reservoirs had huge differences, and there were also some differences between thehorizontal directions. So the shale reservoir had highly anisotropic conductivitycharacteristics. Under conditions of different formation water salinity, the digital coremodel of shale reservoir rock had different formation factors, and the formation factorsand porosity didn’t show a liner relationship in the double logarithmic coordinates. SoArchie formula wasn’t appropriate in shale reservoirs. Through the approximate fit offormation factors and porosities, we can see that in shale reservoirs, the “a” was with greatvalue,“m” was with very small value, and they had huge difference with them inconventional reservoirs. Such results were related with the additional conductivity ofpyrite and layered clay mineral in shale reservoirs.
By numerical simulation on models of different micro-component volume levels andconductivity characteristics, the results showed that the formation resistivity decreaseswith the increase of clay mineral content and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay.The formation resistivity also decreases with the increase of pyrite content. The resultsshowed the formation resistivity was not sensitive to the solid organic matters but to thegas in the pores with the assumption that the solid organic matters are in the matrix but notin the pore space. So it can be deduced the solid organic matters and gas are both filled inthe pores and cause the resistivity of the shale reservoir rising.
本文建立了页岩气储层的不同参数的数字岩心模型并对其导电性进行了数值模拟。采用改进后的MCMC法，利用页岩气储层岩石的二维切片图像，选取适当的组分，分别重构出各组分的初始三维数字岩心模型，再利用嵌套组合法将各个组分的初始模型组建成最终的页岩气储层三维数字岩心，并利用有限元法对具有不同参数的页岩气储层三维数字岩心有效电阻率的进行了计算。
利用本文提出的重构算法建立的三维数字岩心尺度合理，包含较为完善的矿物组分及结构信息，为微观尺度上页岩气储层电性数值模拟的开展奠定了基础。
从导电性数值模拟结果可知，页岩气储层水平方向和竖直方向的导电特性差异巨大，具有很强的各向异性特征。不同地层水矿化度下页岩气储层数字岩心模型的地层因素不同，且地层因素与孔隙度在双对数坐标系下并非呈直线的对应关系。通过对地层因素和孔隙度的近似拟合，可知页岩气储层的a值很大，m值很小，与常规砂岩储层差异巨大，这样的结果与页岩气储层中层状分布的粘土矿物以及黄铁矿的附加导电性有关。
通过对微观组分对页岩气储层导电性影响的研究可知，地层的导电性对粘土矿物的性质最为敏感，随粘土矿物阳离子交换能力和粘土含量的增加而降低；地层电阻率随黄铁矿含量的增加而降低；假设固体有机质充填骨架的前提下，储层模型的导电性质对固体有机质不敏感而对孔隙含气和含水更为敏感，由此推断固体有机质和气体通过对孔隙的充填影响页岩气储层的导电性。
As a huge potential unconventional energy resource, shale gas has been a solution ofthe shortage of energy supply. Resistivity well logging is one of the primary way of shalegas exploration and evaluation, while the conductive properties of the rock is thefoundation of resistivity well logging. Because shale reservoirs have the proerties of lowporosity and permeability, anisotropy and complicated structure and components, theconventional petrophysics experiments are difficult to be done. Numerical simulationbased on digital cores could be the new way to study shale reservoir petrophysicalproperties. Due to the difficulty of shale resistivity experiments, in this study thenumerical simulation study results were compared to resistivity well logging data.
The digital core models of shale gas reservoirs were built and the conductivity of themodels were calculated by numerical method in this thesis. After selecting the appropriatecomponents, by using the improved MCMC method, the initial3D digital core models ofall components were reconstructed through a2D X-Ray energy spectrum slice image of ashale rock, and then initial3D digital cores of different components were combined intothe final model by using the nested combination method which was presented in this thesis.And the effect conductivity of the models were calculated by using FEM method.
The final3D digital core model of shale reservoir rock had a reasonable scale andcomplete component information and it could be the foundation for the micro-scalenumerical simulation of shale reservoir rock restistivity property.
By calculating the effective resistivity of the3D digital core model of shale reservoirrock, it was revealed that the conductivity properties of horizontal and vertical directionsin shale reservoirs had huge differences, and there were also some differences between thehorizontal directions. So the shale reservoir had highly anisotropic conductivitycharacteristics. Under conditions of different formation water salinity, the digital coremodel of shale reservoir rock had different formation factors, and the formation factorsand porosity didn’t show a liner relationship in the double logarithmic coordinates. SoArchie formula wasn’t appropriate in shale reservoirs. Through the approximate fit offormation factors and porosities, we can see that in shale reservoirs, the “a” was with greatvalue,“m” was with very small value, and they had huge difference with them inconventional reservoirs. Such results were related with the additional conductivity ofpyrite and layered clay mineral in shale reservoirs.
By numerical simulation on models of different micro-component volume levels andconductivity characteristics, the results showed that the formation resistivity decreaseswith the increase of clay mineral content and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay.The formation resistivity also decreases with the increase of pyrite content. The resultsshowed the formation resistivity was not sensitive to the solid organic matters but to thegas in the pores with the assumption that the solid organic matters are in the matrix but notin the pore space. So it can be deduced the solid organic matters and gas are both filled inthe pores and cause the resistivity of the shale reservoir rising.
引文
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