若干土壤修复模式对不同林分类型土壤特性及杉木幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响
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摘要
杉木是我国南方最主要的速生用材树种之一,栽培面积广布南方十六省市。长期以来的林业生产实践表明,杉木连栽引起的土壤退化,严重影响了杉木人工林连栽地生产力的提高。本论文针对杉木连栽地力衰退,结合经济因素考虑,以杉木一代林、二代林、阔叶林土壤为培养基质,采用模拟生物培养方法,从生物修复、化学修复等角度,分析外源添加不同量的木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、活化剂PVP(乙烯吡咯啉酮K30)对杉木一代林、二代林、阔叶林土壤养分含量、微生物数量、酶活性的影响,并测定杉木幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化,研究结果对防治杉木人工林连栽地力衰退及实现杉木人工林可持续经营奠定了理论基础,并提供了技术支撑。研究结果表明:
(1)pH值
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的pH值均比相应的对照上升,以木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤pH值上升的幅度最大,一代林次之,二代林最小;
(2)土壤养分
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的全氮、速效钾、速效磷、有机质均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质上升的幅度最大,一代林次之,二代林最小;
(3)土壤微生物
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的菌株数量均比相应的对照上升,以木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、6g/L处理上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤细菌、放线菌数量上升的幅度为最大,二代林土壤真菌数量上升的幅度为最大;
(4)土壤酶活性
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶及多酚氧化酶活性均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性上升的幅度为最大,二代林土壤多酚氧化酶活性上升的幅度为最大;
(5)叶绿素荧光参数
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,杉木幼苗光能潜在活性和光化学效率均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L处理上升的幅度最大;同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,杉木幼苗阔叶林上升的幅度为最大,杉木一代林次之,二代林最小;同一质量处理下,同种林分土壤,杉木幼苗光能潜在活性和光化学效率从8月12月均呈上升趋势。
综上,采用不同的土壤修复措施后,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量、土壤PH值、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性等指标均表现为阔叶林>一代林>二代林,木荷枯枝落叶处理中以100g效果最佳,有机肥处理以500g效果最佳,PVP处理以6g/L效果最佳。因此,从既获得较高的优质木材产量,又有利于土壤肥力的保持和提高的经营目出发,建议对杉木连栽土壤进行施肥、营造杉荷混交林,以促进人工林生态系统的持续生产力和稳定性的提高,从而更有效地提高人工林的生态经济效益。而PVP的经济成本相对较高,从经济效益的角度考虑,不建议采用。
Chinese-fir is one of the most important fast-growing timber trees in South China with planting in 16 provinces. It was demonstrated by Long-term planting practice that continuous planting of Chinese-fir will cause soil degradation, and the productivity of Chinese-fir plantations will seriously influenced. Focusing on the soil degradation caused by continuous planting ,in this paper the soil of Chinese-fir stand of generations 1,2 and broadleaf forest were taken as culture matrix and biological culture method was adapt. In the view of biological and chemical remediation, the paper analyzed the effect of soil nutrients, microbes, enzymes with the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels, and recorded the dynamic changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Chinese-fir seedlings. The results will lay a theory foundation for sustainable management of the planting of Chinese-fir and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Chinese-fir seedlings provided technical support for further development in forestry. The results show that:
(1) pH value
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the pH value of different kinds soils increased comparing to the control, and the pH value in the level of 100g , 500g、6g/L were the peak. In the same treat level, the increasing extent of pH value of broadleaf forest was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(2) soil nutrient
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, organic matter of different kinds of soil increased comparing to the control, whose values were peak in the level of 100g,500g,6g/L.In the same treat level, the increasing extent of the total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, organic matter of broadleaf forest was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(3) soil microbes
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomyces of different kinds of soil increased comparing to the control, whose values were peak in the level of 100g, 500g,6g/L.In the same treat level, the increasing extent of the number of bacteria and actinomyces of broadleaf forest was the maximum, the number of fungi in the soil from generations 2 was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(4) Soil enzyme activities
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the activities of converting enzyme, urease, catalase, polyhphenol oxidase, acid phosphates of different kinds of soil increased compring to the control, whose values was peak in the level of 100g, 500g,6g/L.In the same treat levels ,the increasing extent of the the activities of converting enzyme, urease, catalase and acid phosphates of broadleaf forest was the maximum, the activities of polyhphenol oxidase in soil from generations 2 was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(5) chlorophyll fluorescence
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the value of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm increased compring to the control, whose values was peak in the level of 100g,500g,6g/L.In the same treat level,the increasing extent of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm was the maximum in the same measuring time.In the same treat level, the value of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm increased from August to December gradually.
In summary, after the application of different measures of soil restoration, the organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, pH value, converting enzyme and catalase activity and other indicators of soil were showed as the broadleaf forest > new forest > second-generation forest. The restoration effect was to the best in the level of 100g of the litter of Schima superba, 500g of organic fertilizer,6g/L of PVP. Therefore, It is suggested to fertilize and add litter of Schima superba to receive a high quality timber production and improve the benefits of Ecological and economic. As to the high economic cost of PVP, from the economic point of view, it is not recommended.
(1)pH值
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的pH值均比相应的对照上升,以木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤pH值上升的幅度最大,一代林次之,二代林最小;
(2)土壤养分
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的全氮、速效钾、速效磷、有机质均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质上升的幅度最大,一代林次之,二代林最小;
(3)土壤微生物
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的菌株数量均比相应的对照上升,以木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、6g/L处理上升的幅度最大;三种修复模式下,同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤细菌、放线菌数量上升的幅度为最大,二代林土壤真菌数量上升的幅度为最大;
(4)土壤酶活性
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,三种林分类型土壤的转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶及多酚氧化酶活性均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L上升的幅度最大;同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,阔叶林土壤转化酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性上升的幅度为最大,二代林土壤多酚氧化酶活性上升的幅度为最大;
(5)叶绿素荧光参数
添加木荷枯枝落叶、有机肥、PVP处理后,同一测定时间,杉木幼苗光能潜在活性和光化学效率均比相应的对照上升,木荷枯枝落叶100g、有机肥500g、PVP 6g/L处理上升的幅度最大;同一质量处理下,同一测定时间,杉木幼苗阔叶林上升的幅度为最大,杉木一代林次之,二代林最小;同一质量处理下,同种林分土壤,杉木幼苗光能潜在活性和光化学效率从8月12月均呈上升趋势。
综上,采用不同的土壤修复措施后,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量、土壤PH值、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性等指标均表现为阔叶林>一代林>二代林,木荷枯枝落叶处理中以100g效果最佳,有机肥处理以500g效果最佳,PVP处理以6g/L效果最佳。因此,从既获得较高的优质木材产量,又有利于土壤肥力的保持和提高的经营目出发,建议对杉木连栽土壤进行施肥、营造杉荷混交林,以促进人工林生态系统的持续生产力和稳定性的提高,从而更有效地提高人工林的生态经济效益。而PVP的经济成本相对较高,从经济效益的角度考虑,不建议采用。
Chinese-fir is one of the most important fast-growing timber trees in South China with planting in 16 provinces. It was demonstrated by Long-term planting practice that continuous planting of Chinese-fir will cause soil degradation, and the productivity of Chinese-fir plantations will seriously influenced. Focusing on the soil degradation caused by continuous planting ,in this paper the soil of Chinese-fir stand of generations 1,2 and broadleaf forest were taken as culture matrix and biological culture method was adapt. In the view of biological and chemical remediation, the paper analyzed the effect of soil nutrients, microbes, enzymes with the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels, and recorded the dynamic changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Chinese-fir seedlings. The results will lay a theory foundation for sustainable management of the planting of Chinese-fir and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Chinese-fir seedlings provided technical support for further development in forestry. The results show that:
(1) pH value
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the pH value of different kinds soils increased comparing to the control, and the pH value in the level of 100g , 500g、6g/L were the peak. In the same treat level, the increasing extent of pH value of broadleaf forest was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(2) soil nutrient
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, organic matter of different kinds of soil increased comparing to the control, whose values were peak in the level of 100g,500g,6g/L.In the same treat level, the increasing extent of the total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, organic matter of broadleaf forest was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(3) soil microbes
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the number of bacteria, fungi and actinomyces of different kinds of soil increased comparing to the control, whose values were peak in the level of 100g, 500g,6g/L.In the same treat level, the increasing extent of the number of bacteria and actinomyces of broadleaf forest was the maximum, the number of fungi in the soil from generations 2 was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(4) Soil enzyme activities
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the activities of converting enzyme, urease, catalase, polyhphenol oxidase, acid phosphates of different kinds of soil increased compring to the control, whose values was peak in the level of 100g, 500g,6g/L.In the same treat levels ,the increasing extent of the the activities of converting enzyme, urease, catalase and acid phosphates of broadleaf forest was the maximum, the activities of polyhphenol oxidase in soil from generations 2 was the maximum in the same measuring time.
(5) chlorophyll fluorescence
With the addition of the litter of Schima superba, organic fertilizer, PVP in different levels in the same measuring time, the value of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm increased compring to the control, whose values was peak in the level of 100g,500g,6g/L.In the same treat level,the increasing extent of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm was the maximum in the same measuring time.In the same treat level, the value of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm increased from August to December gradually.
In summary, after the application of different measures of soil restoration, the organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, pH value, converting enzyme and catalase activity and other indicators of soil were showed as the broadleaf forest > new forest > second-generation forest. The restoration effect was to the best in the level of 100g of the litter of Schima superba, 500g of organic fertilizer,6g/L of PVP. Therefore, It is suggested to fertilize and add litter of Schima superba to receive a high quality timber production and improve the benefits of Ecological and economic. As to the high economic cost of PVP, from the economic point of view, it is not recommended.
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