四川盆地东北部中—新生代造山与前陆变形构造叠合关系研究
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摘要
陆内多个造山带及其前陆相互叠合的变形区,无疑是大陆内部造山带中变形更为强烈的地区,对其构造叠加与盆山耦合关系的研究已成为当前大陆动力学研究的国际性前沿课题,由于其所处构造的特殊部位,也已成为油气资源勘探的焦点区域,对油气勘探具有重要的现实意义。国内外有关造山带及其前陆盆地构造的研究基本上描述并确立了造山带及其前陆变形的几何学和部分运动学模式,但对于陆内多个边界推覆叠合并共同作用到前陆盆地及其先存构造上的多期次、多方向耦合过程及其变形形迹尚未开展详细解剖,缺少可借鉴的理论依据和模式,尚待深入研究。
四川盆地东北部地区归属于上扬子板块的西北缘,其北侧为近东西向的米仓山冲断构造带,东北侧为北西向大巴山弧形冲断构造带,西北侧为北东向的龙门山造山带。四川盆地东北部地区经历了自古生代到中三叠世被动陆缘沉积环境,中三叠世末的印支运动结束了海相碳酸盐岩沉积进入前陆盆地沉积,自晚三叠世至早白垩世,沉积了厚度巨大的陆相红层沉积。随后,受周缘山系向前陆逆冲推覆的影响,卷入了多期次、多边界的构造变形,出现了东西、北东和北西方向构造叠加特征,无疑是研究山-盆多边界、多期次构造关系不可多得的良好场所之一。
本文在前人研究的基础上,综合最新的地表地质、钻井和石油地震勘探等资料,立足于现有的二千多公里石油地震剖面所揭示的深部构造信息,以米仓山、大巴山前陆区和构造叠加区通南巴构造带为切入点,对米仓山、大巴山及其前陆深浅部构造耦合特征进行了研究,主要讨论了米仓山近东西向构造、南大巴山北西向构造和通南巴北东向构造之间的叠加关系和形成机制。
研究内容:(1)建立晚三叠世以来川东北前陆盆地的层序框架,恢复其岩相古地理展布并探讨前陆沉积对周缘山系的造山响应机制。(2)在地表和深部研究的基础上,对米仓山及其前陆的构造变形特征进行分带,并探讨北东向构造对先期近东西向构造的叠加关系,加强米仓山前缘带深浅部构造耦合研究。(3)对大巴山及其前陆的构造变形特征进行分带,并探讨北西向构造对先期东西向和北东向构造的叠加关系,加强南大巴山前缘带深浅部构造耦合研究。(4)在地震剖面综合解释的基础上,重点研究通南巴构造带上、下形变层构造样式,北东、北西向断裂的三维几何学、运动学特征,探讨通南巴构造带与周缘山系的时空演化关
A superimposed belt of several continental orogens and their associated foreland is anintensively deformed zone. Its deforming and coupling relationship is a front topic in continentaldynamics. Additionally, its special tectonic position and hydrocarbon potential arouse muchattention. Although geometric and kinematic models of single fold-thrust belt and associatedforeland basin have been put forward by many geologists, more complex superimposed deformationof multi-boundaries fold-thrust belts and foreland with multi-stages and multi-directions has notbeen studied in detail. So the theories and models about superimposed deformation of multi-orogensand foreland need to be established based on deep research.
The Northeastern Sichuan basin(NSB)is located at the north-west edge of the Yangtz plate.Regoinally, it is bounded on the north by the west-east trending Micang Shan fold-thrust belt(MSB),on the east by the north-west trending Daba Shan arcuate fold-thrust belt(DSB), and onthe northwest by the north-east trending Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt(LSB). This region behavedas a passive margin of the Yangtz plate from the Paleozoic to middle Triassic times and then evolvedinto a peripheral foreland basin in response to the continental collision of Qinling belt since the latemiddle Triassic. With the uplifting mountains advancing toward the foreland, multi-stages andmulti-boundaries deformation with east-west, north-east and north-west superimposed structureswere formed. So the NSB provides an ideal area to study superimposed deformation of amulti-boundaries fold-thrust belt and a foreland with multi-boundaries.
Based on previous research of the NSB, this dissertation synthesizes and analyze the updatedsurface geology, borehole and seismic data, especially more than two thousand 2D seismicexploration profiles, and studies superimposed deformation of the Tongnanba(TNB) tectonic zoneas a breakthrough. This dissertation conducts detail analysis of surface and sub-surface structures ofMSB, DSB and its foreland, and mainly discusses superimposed structural relationship anddeformation mechanism of MSB, southern DSB and TNB.
Main contents are(:1)To establish a NSB regional Mesozoic stratigraphic framework, restoresedimental facies and paleo-geographical environment, and unravel coeval basin-margin tectonics.(2)To analyse the zoning structure of MSB and its foreland on the basis of surface and sub-surfacegeological data, discuss early west-east structure superimposed by north-east structure, and mainly
discuss deformed relationship between surface and sub-surface structures at the front of MSB.(3)To analyse the zoning structure of DSB and its foreland on the basis of surface and sub-surfacegeological data, discuss early north-east structure superimposed by north-west structure, and mainlydiscuss deformed relationship between surface and sub-surface at the front of DSB.(4)To analysethe deformation style of upper and lower deformation strata and 3D geometric and kinematiccharacters of north-east and north-west faults in TNB on the basis of detailed interpretation of 2Dseismic profiles, and further discuss the structural relationship between TNB and peripheralmountains such as MSB and DSB.Research methodologies are:(1)To use the sub-surface structural information disclosed by2D seismic profiles on the basis of field geological survey and investigation, strengthen the researchof surface and sub-surface structure at margins of basins and mountains(.2)To use borehole data, theupdated processing and interpretation methods of seismic data as well as kinematic models offold-thrust to improve the credibility of seismic structural interpretation.(3)Because there are nomiddle Cretaceous-Neocene strata or the strata were eroded, the main structural deformationhappened from late Yenshan Orogeny to early Himalaya Orogeny. So using the traditional structuralanalysis method to infer deformational history by coeval sediment is difficult. Fortunately, thesuperimposed deformation information provides a key record about tectonic evolution of this region.In a word, the most important method is to deduce the periphery mountains tectonic evolvement byanalyzing the surface and sub-surface superimposed structures recorded by foreland deformation atTNB.Main conclusions: This dissertation has discussed superimposed structures of multi-stages,multi-directions, surface and sub-surface on the basis of 2D seismic data interpretation. The surfaceand sub-surface superimposed structures of MSB, DSB and TNB are analyzed. The 3D structure ofTNB which is the foreland of MSB and DSB is put forward. It also discusses the tectonicevolvement of TNB and periphery mountains. It's the first time to discuss the deformation ofperipheral mountains by the sub-surface superimposed structure and evolution of foreland. The mainconclusions are as follows:(1)The foreland of NSB is characterized by thick accumulation(3000-5000m)of lateTriassic-early Cretaceous continental sedimentary deposits including alluvial plain, lacustrine andfan delta depositional systems. The strata from late Triassic Xujiahe Formation to the middleJurassic Qianfuya Formation are composed of 8 sequences according to sequence interfaces ofuplifting erosion, ablating erosion and lithological surface of discontinuities. The analysis results ofold current direction show that the sediment supply is from the north-east, and the mountain uplift ismore active on the north and east sides. From late Triassic to early Jurassic times, the NSB behavedas a typical foreland basin in response to continental collision and southward thrust of the Qinling
mountain belt. After Jurassic time, the lacustrine depositional system dominated this area.(2)MSB extending west-east direction is composed of a fold-thrust belt and foreland fromnorth to south. From Cenozoic time, with the Qinghai-Tibet plateau uplifting and LSB growing, thetectonic compressive stress from northwest had a great effect on the Sichuan basin and MSB. As aresult, a set of north-east trending structures including folds and faults which cut or interfere thewest-east structure were formed. The deformed strata are obviously controlled by regional evaporatedecollement strata at the Leikoupo and Jialingjiang Formation. The upper continental strata withweak deformation make up of the MSB frontal monocline. On the other hand, the lower sea facialstrata with lots of folds and thrust faults make up of triangle zones buried in the front of MSB.(3)The northwest-southeast trending Daba Shang arcuate fold-thrust belt is convex towardsouthwest with different deformation styles of which the folds and faults become less intensivetoward the foreland. With the foreland-verging compression from the southern DSB hinterland in thelate Himalaya orogeny, a set of north-west trending folds and faults were formed at the late Triassicto early Cretaceous continental strata which were detached by regional evaporate decollementstratum. In the front of DSB, the Paleozoic rocks are overlapped and uplifted by duplex in which theregional decollement stratum behaves as roof faults and Sinian shale as sole thrust faults.(4)Separated by regional evaporate decollement stratum at the Leikoupo and JialingjiangFormation, TNB can be divided into upper and lower deformation strata. The north-west trendingfolds and thrust faults dominate the upper deformation stratum while the north-east trending faultsand main fold dominate the lower deformation stratum. The two deformation strata are composed ofthe inconsonant superimposed structure from surface to sub-surface. The research results ofdisplacement-distance show that north-west trending faults cut cross the early north-east trendingmain fold with SW dip and back-thrust which cut up the section of the Shaximiao Formation andmerge down to regional decollement stratum. The change of displacement of north-west trendingfaults from north-west to south-east and from two limbs and core of the main fold is as follows: thedisplacement at the fold core is little and becomes larger toward the two limbs, and larger at thesouth-west deep limb than that at the north-west gentle limb;On one seismic profile, thedisplacement at the Xujiahe Formation is the largest and decreases toward the two ends at thesouth-west weakly deformed segment of TNB, while the displacement at the Qianfuya Formation isthe smallest and increases toward the two ends at the north-east intensively deformed segment ofTNB. The analysis results imply that deformation of north-west trending faults in the north-east ismore intensive than that in the south-west TNB. The north-east trending faults dominate the lowerdeformation stratum and mainly develop at the two limbs of main north-east trending fold while thefaults at the south-east deep limb are larger than those at the north-west gentle limb, anddisplacement of the faults at the two limbs is negatively correlated along the axis of the main fold
from south-west to north-east which adjusts the shortening amount of compressive deformation. Theformation of TNB is mainly consist of three stages since middle Cretaceous time: The initial stage ofnorth-east trending main fold, the formation of north-east trending main fold with faults, and thenorth-west trending structure superimposed stage.(5)Surface geological survey results show that the eastern segment of east-west trendingMSB is superimposed by north-west trending structure of southern DSB with typical largesuperimposed buckling fold. TNB is located at the superimposed deformation zone of MSB andDSB. Its structural frame is controlled not only by the base of Sichuan basin but also by compressionfrom MSB and DSB.The main structure of TNB is north-east trending main fold and faults which are the firstly andextensively deformed after the formation of Mesozoic foreland. The north-east TNB main foldexperienced two stages: the initial stage of main fold and the formation of main fold and thrust faultswhich are related with the formation and evolvement of MSB. The north-west superimposedstructure dominating the upper deformation stratum mainly consist of thrust faults or back-thrustfaults and thrust-related folds which are related with the DSB arcuate fold and thrust system.. Thesurface and sub-surface thrust or back-thrust faults with north-west trend consist of the front thrustsystem buried at the front of DSB freland.(6)According to the initial orogeny of peripheral mountains from late Triassic to earlyJurassic times, three tectonic evolution stages can be determined: pre-orogeny( HercynianOrogeny),orogeny(Indian Orogeny, Yanshan Orogeny) and re-orogeny and foreland deformation(Early and Late Himalaya Orogeny).Especially, the Himalaya Orogeny is the import deformationstage of TNB.
四川盆地东北部地区归属于上扬子板块的西北缘,其北侧为近东西向的米仓山冲断构造带,东北侧为北西向大巴山弧形冲断构造带,西北侧为北东向的龙门山造山带。四川盆地东北部地区经历了自古生代到中三叠世被动陆缘沉积环境,中三叠世末的印支运动结束了海相碳酸盐岩沉积进入前陆盆地沉积,自晚三叠世至早白垩世,沉积了厚度巨大的陆相红层沉积。随后,受周缘山系向前陆逆冲推覆的影响,卷入了多期次、多边界的构造变形,出现了东西、北东和北西方向构造叠加特征,无疑是研究山-盆多边界、多期次构造关系不可多得的良好场所之一。
本文在前人研究的基础上,综合最新的地表地质、钻井和石油地震勘探等资料,立足于现有的二千多公里石油地震剖面所揭示的深部构造信息,以米仓山、大巴山前陆区和构造叠加区通南巴构造带为切入点,对米仓山、大巴山及其前陆深浅部构造耦合特征进行了研究,主要讨论了米仓山近东西向构造、南大巴山北西向构造和通南巴北东向构造之间的叠加关系和形成机制。
研究内容:(1)建立晚三叠世以来川东北前陆盆地的层序框架,恢复其岩相古地理展布并探讨前陆沉积对周缘山系的造山响应机制。(2)在地表和深部研究的基础上,对米仓山及其前陆的构造变形特征进行分带,并探讨北东向构造对先期近东西向构造的叠加关系,加强米仓山前缘带深浅部构造耦合研究。(3)对大巴山及其前陆的构造变形特征进行分带,并探讨北西向构造对先期东西向和北东向构造的叠加关系,加强南大巴山前缘带深浅部构造耦合研究。(4)在地震剖面综合解释的基础上,重点研究通南巴构造带上、下形变层构造样式,北东、北西向断裂的三维几何学、运动学特征,探讨通南巴构造带与周缘山系的时空演化关
A superimposed belt of several continental orogens and their associated foreland is anintensively deformed zone. Its deforming and coupling relationship is a front topic in continentaldynamics. Additionally, its special tectonic position and hydrocarbon potential arouse muchattention. Although geometric and kinematic models of single fold-thrust belt and associatedforeland basin have been put forward by many geologists, more complex superimposed deformationof multi-boundaries fold-thrust belts and foreland with multi-stages and multi-directions has notbeen studied in detail. So the theories and models about superimposed deformation of multi-orogensand foreland need to be established based on deep research.
The Northeastern Sichuan basin(NSB)is located at the north-west edge of the Yangtz plate.Regoinally, it is bounded on the north by the west-east trending Micang Shan fold-thrust belt(MSB),on the east by the north-west trending Daba Shan arcuate fold-thrust belt(DSB), and onthe northwest by the north-east trending Longmen Shan fold-thrust belt(LSB). This region behavedas a passive margin of the Yangtz plate from the Paleozoic to middle Triassic times and then evolvedinto a peripheral foreland basin in response to the continental collision of Qinling belt since the latemiddle Triassic. With the uplifting mountains advancing toward the foreland, multi-stages andmulti-boundaries deformation with east-west, north-east and north-west superimposed structureswere formed. So the NSB provides an ideal area to study superimposed deformation of amulti-boundaries fold-thrust belt and a foreland with multi-boundaries.
Based on previous research of the NSB, this dissertation synthesizes and analyze the updatedsurface geology, borehole and seismic data, especially more than two thousand 2D seismicexploration profiles, and studies superimposed deformation of the Tongnanba(TNB) tectonic zoneas a breakthrough. This dissertation conducts detail analysis of surface and sub-surface structures ofMSB, DSB and its foreland, and mainly discusses superimposed structural relationship anddeformation mechanism of MSB, southern DSB and TNB.
Main contents are(:1)To establish a NSB regional Mesozoic stratigraphic framework, restoresedimental facies and paleo-geographical environment, and unravel coeval basin-margin tectonics.(2)To analyse the zoning structure of MSB and its foreland on the basis of surface and sub-surfacegeological data, discuss early west-east structure superimposed by north-east structure, and mainly
discuss deformed relationship between surface and sub-surface structures at the front of MSB.(3)To analyse the zoning structure of DSB and its foreland on the basis of surface and sub-surfacegeological data, discuss early north-east structure superimposed by north-west structure, and mainlydiscuss deformed relationship between surface and sub-surface at the front of DSB.(4)To analysethe deformation style of upper and lower deformation strata and 3D geometric and kinematiccharacters of north-east and north-west faults in TNB on the basis of detailed interpretation of 2Dseismic profiles, and further discuss the structural relationship between TNB and peripheralmountains such as MSB and DSB.Research methodologies are:(1)To use the sub-surface structural information disclosed by2D seismic profiles on the basis of field geological survey and investigation, strengthen the researchof surface and sub-surface structure at margins of basins and mountains(.2)To use borehole data, theupdated processing and interpretation methods of seismic data as well as kinematic models offold-thrust to improve the credibility of seismic structural interpretation.(3)Because there are nomiddle Cretaceous-Neocene strata or the strata were eroded, the main structural deformationhappened from late Yenshan Orogeny to early Himalaya Orogeny. So using the traditional structuralanalysis method to infer deformational history by coeval sediment is difficult. Fortunately, thesuperimposed deformation information provides a key record about tectonic evolution of this region.In a word, the most important method is to deduce the periphery mountains tectonic evolvement byanalyzing the surface and sub-surface superimposed structures recorded by foreland deformation atTNB.Main conclusions: This dissertation has discussed superimposed structures of multi-stages,multi-directions, surface and sub-surface on the basis of 2D seismic data interpretation. The surfaceand sub-surface superimposed structures of MSB, DSB and TNB are analyzed. The 3D structure ofTNB which is the foreland of MSB and DSB is put forward. It also discusses the tectonicevolvement of TNB and periphery mountains. It's the first time to discuss the deformation ofperipheral mountains by the sub-surface superimposed structure and evolution of foreland. The mainconclusions are as follows:(1)The foreland of NSB is characterized by thick accumulation(3000-5000m)of lateTriassic-early Cretaceous continental sedimentary deposits including alluvial plain, lacustrine andfan delta depositional systems. The strata from late Triassic Xujiahe Formation to the middleJurassic Qianfuya Formation are composed of 8 sequences according to sequence interfaces ofuplifting erosion, ablating erosion and lithological surface of discontinuities. The analysis results ofold current direction show that the sediment supply is from the north-east, and the mountain uplift ismore active on the north and east sides. From late Triassic to early Jurassic times, the NSB behavedas a typical foreland basin in response to continental collision and southward thrust of the Qinling
mountain belt. After Jurassic time, the lacustrine depositional system dominated this area.(2)MSB extending west-east direction is composed of a fold-thrust belt and foreland fromnorth to south. From Cenozoic time, with the Qinghai-Tibet plateau uplifting and LSB growing, thetectonic compressive stress from northwest had a great effect on the Sichuan basin and MSB. As aresult, a set of north-east trending structures including folds and faults which cut or interfere thewest-east structure were formed. The deformed strata are obviously controlled by regional evaporatedecollement strata at the Leikoupo and Jialingjiang Formation. The upper continental strata withweak deformation make up of the MSB frontal monocline. On the other hand, the lower sea facialstrata with lots of folds and thrust faults make up of triangle zones buried in the front of MSB.(3)The northwest-southeast trending Daba Shang arcuate fold-thrust belt is convex towardsouthwest with different deformation styles of which the folds and faults become less intensivetoward the foreland. With the foreland-verging compression from the southern DSB hinterland in thelate Himalaya orogeny, a set of north-west trending folds and faults were formed at the late Triassicto early Cretaceous continental strata which were detached by regional evaporate decollementstratum. In the front of DSB, the Paleozoic rocks are overlapped and uplifted by duplex in which theregional decollement stratum behaves as roof faults and Sinian shale as sole thrust faults.(4)Separated by regional evaporate decollement stratum at the Leikoupo and JialingjiangFormation, TNB can be divided into upper and lower deformation strata. The north-west trendingfolds and thrust faults dominate the upper deformation stratum while the north-east trending faultsand main fold dominate the lower deformation stratum. The two deformation strata are composed ofthe inconsonant superimposed structure from surface to sub-surface. The research results ofdisplacement-distance show that north-west trending faults cut cross the early north-east trendingmain fold with SW dip and back-thrust which cut up the section of the Shaximiao Formation andmerge down to regional decollement stratum. The change of displacement of north-west trendingfaults from north-west to south-east and from two limbs and core of the main fold is as follows: thedisplacement at the fold core is little and becomes larger toward the two limbs, and larger at thesouth-west deep limb than that at the north-west gentle limb;On one seismic profile, thedisplacement at the Xujiahe Formation is the largest and decreases toward the two ends at thesouth-west weakly deformed segment of TNB, while the displacement at the Qianfuya Formation isthe smallest and increases toward the two ends at the north-east intensively deformed segment ofTNB. The analysis results imply that deformation of north-west trending faults in the north-east ismore intensive than that in the south-west TNB. The north-east trending faults dominate the lowerdeformation stratum and mainly develop at the two limbs of main north-east trending fold while thefaults at the south-east deep limb are larger than those at the north-west gentle limb, anddisplacement of the faults at the two limbs is negatively correlated along the axis of the main fold
from south-west to north-east which adjusts the shortening amount of compressive deformation. Theformation of TNB is mainly consist of three stages since middle Cretaceous time: The initial stage ofnorth-east trending main fold, the formation of north-east trending main fold with faults, and thenorth-west trending structure superimposed stage.(5)Surface geological survey results show that the eastern segment of east-west trendingMSB is superimposed by north-west trending structure of southern DSB with typical largesuperimposed buckling fold. TNB is located at the superimposed deformation zone of MSB andDSB. Its structural frame is controlled not only by the base of Sichuan basin but also by compressionfrom MSB and DSB.The main structure of TNB is north-east trending main fold and faults which are the firstly andextensively deformed after the formation of Mesozoic foreland. The north-east TNB main foldexperienced two stages: the initial stage of main fold and the formation of main fold and thrust faultswhich are related with the formation and evolvement of MSB. The north-west superimposedstructure dominating the upper deformation stratum mainly consist of thrust faults or back-thrustfaults and thrust-related folds which are related with the DSB arcuate fold and thrust system.. Thesurface and sub-surface thrust or back-thrust faults with north-west trend consist of the front thrustsystem buried at the front of DSB freland.(6)According to the initial orogeny of peripheral mountains from late Triassic to earlyJurassic times, three tectonic evolution stages can be determined: pre-orogeny( HercynianOrogeny),orogeny(Indian Orogeny, Yanshan Orogeny) and re-orogeny and foreland deformation(Early and Late Himalaya Orogeny).Especially, the Himalaya Orogeny is the import deformationstage of TNB.
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