地裂缝扩展机理研究
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摘要
地裂缝灾害是西安市主要的环境地质灾害问题。自20世纪50年代以来,在西安城区发现的地裂缝已达14条之多,迄今为止已造成四十亿元的直接经济损失,而且西安地裂缝还在不断出现和发展,严重地制约着城市建设用地的有效利用和规划发展,也为城市工程建设留下了重大的灾害隐患。因此,开展地裂缝的成因和致灾机理研究,制定经济有效的防治对策是西安市急待解决的重大地质灾害难题。
目前,西安地裂缝的发育分布特征和活动特点等已经被人们基本掌握,但在成因机理方面的研究还不成熟,仍存在不同观点和争议,关键在于还有一些基本问题未得到解决;受地裂缝成因机理和致灾机理研究程度的限制,地裂缝减灾防灾对策的研究也远远不足。论文分析了西安地裂缝研究中存在的问题和不足,针对西安地裂缝研究中存在的关键性问题,借助大型及小型物理模拟试验手段,并辅以数值模拟分析方法对这些问题进行了探索和揭密,对西安地裂缝的成因机理提出新的认识和观点;同时对跨地裂缝的地下结构防灾、评价地裂缝灾害影响带宽度的方法等提出了有益的见解;最后在深入研究和再认识西安地裂缝的基础上,对西安地区可能遭受强震作用时地裂缝的地震效应作出了新的评价。
论文主要取得了以下几点创新性成果:
1.首次开展了地裂缝扩展机理的通过大型物理模型试验,试验发现西安地裂缝实际上是一种近地表的既有构造破裂面,抽水诱发的地面不均匀沉降或降雨入渗使其显露至地表。NNW向区域引张应力场作用、西安正断层组的持续掀斜式运动及上覆松散层的不断堆积,三种因素同时发生、同时存在,并且从未发生过间断,是西安地裂缝形成的本质过程。
2.研究发现,西安地裂缝底部与下伏断层相连,是由下伏断层延续上来的具有同沉积性质的构造破裂面。地裂缝倾角由浅至深越来越缓的主要原因有两点:一是正断层组的书斜式运动,二是地层的压缩。超采地下水是西安地裂缝超常活动的主要原因。
3.应用非线性有限元法对跨地裂缝的墙体开裂形态进行了分析,确定出了具有三维活动性的地裂缝垂直穿越墙基时墙体出现裂缝的位置、倾向、倾角和后期的发展状况,以及随降张比的变化规律。
4.地裂缝场地的地震效应分析表明,地裂缝场地对低频含量较高的远源地震的放大效应最为明显,中源地震次之,近源地震最小;西安地区在常遇烈度地震作用下即能引起隐伏地裂缝的破裂扩展,不同地震波引起的地裂缝破裂扩展模式不同。
Ground fissures have been the main environment geological disaster in Xi'an city. Since 1950s, 14 ground fissures have been found in Xi'an area, which has caused 4 billion Yuan's direct losses. The worse is that new fissures are coming forth and developed. As a result, the utilization of building land and urban planning and development of Xi'an city are badly restricted, and great hidden trouble is buried for city's engineering construction. So the great geo-hazard difficult problem to be solved urgently is to perform the research on genesis and disaster-causing mechanism and work out economical and effective countermeasures.
Presently, the distribution and activity characteristic of Xi'an ground fissures have been found out basically, but its genetic mechanism is immature being many different points of view and disputes on it for that there are some key basic problems being unresolved. Furthermore, the research on the countermeasures of minimizing and defending disaster is far from sufficiency because of the restriction of genesis and disaster-causing mechanism researching degree. The problems and deficiencies in the research of Xi'an ground fissures were analyzed. The key problems were explored and studied by the author through large-scale and small physical experiment and numerical simulation analysis, new viewpoint on the genetic mechamsm of Xi'an ground fissures were put forward. At the same time, beneficial opinion were present on the guarding against disaster of underground structure across ground fissures and the methods to evaluate the influence bandwidth of ground fissures. Finally, new appraisement on seismic effect of ground fissure site subjected to strong earthquake in Xi'an area was performed basing on further studying and re-recognizing the ground fissures.
Some main innovative ideas are got as follows in this paper:
1. Xi'an ground fissures are actually structure planes approaching to ground surface which have been exist in the past, and they emerged on the surface caused by differential land settlement induced by pump water and great rainfall infiltration. NNW regional tensile stress field, continuous tilt motion of Xi'an normal faults group and uninterrupted deposit of covered unconsolidated formation are the three simultaneous and concurrent factors in the essential formation procedure of Xi'an ground fissures.
2. Xi'an ground fissures are connected with underlying faults at end. They are synsedimentary structural fracture plane that underlying faults continue to the ground surface. There are two main causes for the dip angle becoming lower in deeper stratum, one is book-inclined motion of normal faults group, and the other is stratum compression. The main cause of supernormal activity of Xi'an ground fissures is overpumping.
3. The cracking forms of walls over ground fissures are analyzed with non-linear finite element method. The originated position, dip direction, dip angle and later mode of the cracks on walls are accomplished when the walls crossing over ground fissures with three-dimensional activity, and the changing law varying with different ratio of sedimentation and tensor are got.
4. The analysis result of ground fissure site seismic effect shows that the scale effect is the most obvious for far-field earthquake with higher low frequency, and the second obvious for middle-field earthquake, the least for near field earthquake. In Xi'an area, the ordinary intensity earthquake can cause the buried ground fissure rupture propagation, but the modes of them are diverse caused by different seismic waves.
目前,西安地裂缝的发育分布特征和活动特点等已经被人们基本掌握,但在成因机理方面的研究还不成熟,仍存在不同观点和争议,关键在于还有一些基本问题未得到解决;受地裂缝成因机理和致灾机理研究程度的限制,地裂缝减灾防灾对策的研究也远远不足。论文分析了西安地裂缝研究中存在的问题和不足,针对西安地裂缝研究中存在的关键性问题,借助大型及小型物理模拟试验手段,并辅以数值模拟分析方法对这些问题进行了探索和揭密,对西安地裂缝的成因机理提出新的认识和观点;同时对跨地裂缝的地下结构防灾、评价地裂缝灾害影响带宽度的方法等提出了有益的见解;最后在深入研究和再认识西安地裂缝的基础上,对西安地区可能遭受强震作用时地裂缝的地震效应作出了新的评价。
论文主要取得了以下几点创新性成果:
1.首次开展了地裂缝扩展机理的通过大型物理模型试验,试验发现西安地裂缝实际上是一种近地表的既有构造破裂面,抽水诱发的地面不均匀沉降或降雨入渗使其显露至地表。NNW向区域引张应力场作用、西安正断层组的持续掀斜式运动及上覆松散层的不断堆积,三种因素同时发生、同时存在,并且从未发生过间断,是西安地裂缝形成的本质过程。
2.研究发现,西安地裂缝底部与下伏断层相连,是由下伏断层延续上来的具有同沉积性质的构造破裂面。地裂缝倾角由浅至深越来越缓的主要原因有两点:一是正断层组的书斜式运动,二是地层的压缩。超采地下水是西安地裂缝超常活动的主要原因。
3.应用非线性有限元法对跨地裂缝的墙体开裂形态进行了分析,确定出了具有三维活动性的地裂缝垂直穿越墙基时墙体出现裂缝的位置、倾向、倾角和后期的发展状况,以及随降张比的变化规律。
4.地裂缝场地的地震效应分析表明,地裂缝场地对低频含量较高的远源地震的放大效应最为明显,中源地震次之,近源地震最小;西安地区在常遇烈度地震作用下即能引起隐伏地裂缝的破裂扩展,不同地震波引起的地裂缝破裂扩展模式不同。
Ground fissures have been the main environment geological disaster in Xi'an city. Since 1950s, 14 ground fissures have been found in Xi'an area, which has caused 4 billion Yuan's direct losses. The worse is that new fissures are coming forth and developed. As a result, the utilization of building land and urban planning and development of Xi'an city are badly restricted, and great hidden trouble is buried for city's engineering construction. So the great geo-hazard difficult problem to be solved urgently is to perform the research on genesis and disaster-causing mechanism and work out economical and effective countermeasures.
Presently, the distribution and activity characteristic of Xi'an ground fissures have been found out basically, but its genetic mechanism is immature being many different points of view and disputes on it for that there are some key basic problems being unresolved. Furthermore, the research on the countermeasures of minimizing and defending disaster is far from sufficiency because of the restriction of genesis and disaster-causing mechanism researching degree. The problems and deficiencies in the research of Xi'an ground fissures were analyzed. The key problems were explored and studied by the author through large-scale and small physical experiment and numerical simulation analysis, new viewpoint on the genetic mechamsm of Xi'an ground fissures were put forward. At the same time, beneficial opinion were present on the guarding against disaster of underground structure across ground fissures and the methods to evaluate the influence bandwidth of ground fissures. Finally, new appraisement on seismic effect of ground fissure site subjected to strong earthquake in Xi'an area was performed basing on further studying and re-recognizing the ground fissures.
Some main innovative ideas are got as follows in this paper:
1. Xi'an ground fissures are actually structure planes approaching to ground surface which have been exist in the past, and they emerged on the surface caused by differential land settlement induced by pump water and great rainfall infiltration. NNW regional tensile stress field, continuous tilt motion of Xi'an normal faults group and uninterrupted deposit of covered unconsolidated formation are the three simultaneous and concurrent factors in the essential formation procedure of Xi'an ground fissures.
2. Xi'an ground fissures are connected with underlying faults at end. They are synsedimentary structural fracture plane that underlying faults continue to the ground surface. There are two main causes for the dip angle becoming lower in deeper stratum, one is book-inclined motion of normal faults group, and the other is stratum compression. The main cause of supernormal activity of Xi'an ground fissures is overpumping.
3. The cracking forms of walls over ground fissures are analyzed with non-linear finite element method. The originated position, dip direction, dip angle and later mode of the cracks on walls are accomplished when the walls crossing over ground fissures with three-dimensional activity, and the changing law varying with different ratio of sedimentation and tensor are got.
4. The analysis result of ground fissure site seismic effect shows that the scale effect is the most obvious for far-field earthquake with higher low frequency, and the second obvious for middle-field earthquake, the least for near field earthquake. In Xi'an area, the ordinary intensity earthquake can cause the buried ground fissure rupture propagation, but the modes of them are diverse caused by different seismic waves.
引文
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