潮流条件下单桩冲刷形态的实验研究
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摘要
直立式圆柱在水工建筑物中十分普遍,如架设桥梁的桥墩、海边建筑的海中桩柱以及海上石油平台所广泛采用的直立支撑腿等。该类水中结构物的一个突出工程问题是桩柱局部底床的冲刷,冲刷导致局部底床变形,进一步削弱了基础结构的稳定性,严重者可导致工程结构的整体性破坏,危害极大。桩柱建造前后局部水动力条件的改变起着非常重要的作用,桩柱建造后,局部水动力条件发生改变,床沙起动、输移量与同时水体中泥沙的落淤量不再平衡,桩柱局部底床发生冲刷。除却河底床面自身的物理性质等因素,如河沙粒径、粘性,冲刷结果极大程度上受流场条件影响。国内外学者对于单向定常流冲刷的研究历时已久,并总结了不少结论和经验公式;波浪冲刷的研究同样开展多时。唯独潮流冲刷仍存在不少疑问,并未被挖掘细致。本文基于这点,设计潮流条件下直立圆柱周围的冲刷实验,探究潮流冲刷和定常流冲刷的异同点。
近年来,水下地形的测量技术取得了长足的进步。测量手段分为两类:接触式测量和非接触式测量。接触式的方法大多用于早期的研究工作,从钢尺到测针,这类方法精度低,容易破坏地形,且不能在实验过程中进行测量。非接触方法,出现于近年,其代表技术有,声纳探测和激光测距,相比于接触式方法,非接触式方法有着诸多优势:较高的精度,不会破坏地形,在水体清澈、无大波动的条件下,可以实现室内实时测量。本文所采用的正是激光测距系统测量水下地形,以获取冲刷过程中的床面形态资料。
实验分为定常流和潮流两部分进行,以流速和水深作为主究参数,潮流和定常流实验工况的流速以及水深相对应。实验结果给出各工况的冲刷坑地形图,分析定常流工况和对应潮流工况中冲刷坑形态、最大深度、冲刷区域范围以及平衡时间的异同点。最终对“潮流冲刷是否适用定常流冲刷的理论基础和经验公式”这一问题,做出分析解答。结果表明:与潮流最大流速相同的定常来流实验结果相比,潮流作用下冲刷坑平面形态与定常来流显著不同,但二者的最大冲刷深度和冲刷平衡时间却基本相仿。
It is very common to meet the local flow around vertical structures, such as the piers in the rivers, the piles of the buildings in the sea, the vertical supporting pillar of the plateforms. One great engineering problem is the local scour, which around the pile’s foundation is dangerous and will reduce the base structure stability bringing destruction to the engineering structure. When local flow around pillar begins, scour will develop due to the balance breaking. During the study of the local scour around piers, if the hydrodynamic characters are understood, there would be a possibility of the work on explaining the flow phenomena and finding the way to analyze scour quantitatively. Beside the physical characters, such as average particle size, viscosity of the sand, the flow field condition will affect the scour in a directly way. The research for the scour in steady flow field has been studied since decades ago, in which a lot of theories and empiric formulas were summarized. The research for the scour in wave field has also been developed for many years. However, there are still numbers of unknown questions about the scour in tidal flow field. Based on the above background, the experimental work of scour around a vertical cylinder in tidal flow field was carried out to study the differences between scour in tidal flow and scour in steady flow.
Recently, there has been a great progress in technology of the underwater topographic measurement. The methods of measurement can be divided into two parts: contact type and non-contact type. The contact type was commonly applied in early years. Like steel rule and point gauge, the method has many flaws such as low accuracy, topography destroy, and limited use in real time measurement of flow field. Non-contact type, appearing in recent years, with representatives like sonar survey and laser distance sensor, is excellent in precise measurement, preserving the topography, and testing during experiment under clear-water, peace-surface circumstances contrast with the contact type. The laser distance measurement system was applied to obtain topographic data for local scour studies.
The work would be planed two steps: the steady flow condition and the tidal flow condition. The velocity and the water-level would be the key factors, which also are the corresponding parameters in both two cases. As outcome being obtained, the topographic pictures will be printed, and some differences of two Cases in scour field pattern, max-depth of field, the field range and equilibrium duration will be taken into consideration. Finally, there would be an answer to the question that is it possible to use the theories and empiric equations of steady-flow scour to predict the scour in tidal flow. It turns out that under the same max-velocity, the field patterns in tidal flow differ remarkably from the ones in steady flow; however, the equilibrium duration and the equilibrium scour depth are similar in both cases.
近年来,水下地形的测量技术取得了长足的进步。测量手段分为两类:接触式测量和非接触式测量。接触式的方法大多用于早期的研究工作,从钢尺到测针,这类方法精度低,容易破坏地形,且不能在实验过程中进行测量。非接触方法,出现于近年,其代表技术有,声纳探测和激光测距,相比于接触式方法,非接触式方法有着诸多优势:较高的精度,不会破坏地形,在水体清澈、无大波动的条件下,可以实现室内实时测量。本文所采用的正是激光测距系统测量水下地形,以获取冲刷过程中的床面形态资料。
实验分为定常流和潮流两部分进行,以流速和水深作为主究参数,潮流和定常流实验工况的流速以及水深相对应。实验结果给出各工况的冲刷坑地形图,分析定常流工况和对应潮流工况中冲刷坑形态、最大深度、冲刷区域范围以及平衡时间的异同点。最终对“潮流冲刷是否适用定常流冲刷的理论基础和经验公式”这一问题,做出分析解答。结果表明:与潮流最大流速相同的定常来流实验结果相比,潮流作用下冲刷坑平面形态与定常来流显著不同,但二者的最大冲刷深度和冲刷平衡时间却基本相仿。
It is very common to meet the local flow around vertical structures, such as the piers in the rivers, the piles of the buildings in the sea, the vertical supporting pillar of the plateforms. One great engineering problem is the local scour, which around the pile’s foundation is dangerous and will reduce the base structure stability bringing destruction to the engineering structure. When local flow around pillar begins, scour will develop due to the balance breaking. During the study of the local scour around piers, if the hydrodynamic characters are understood, there would be a possibility of the work on explaining the flow phenomena and finding the way to analyze scour quantitatively. Beside the physical characters, such as average particle size, viscosity of the sand, the flow field condition will affect the scour in a directly way. The research for the scour in steady flow field has been studied since decades ago, in which a lot of theories and empiric formulas were summarized. The research for the scour in wave field has also been developed for many years. However, there are still numbers of unknown questions about the scour in tidal flow field. Based on the above background, the experimental work of scour around a vertical cylinder in tidal flow field was carried out to study the differences between scour in tidal flow and scour in steady flow.
Recently, there has been a great progress in technology of the underwater topographic measurement. The methods of measurement can be divided into two parts: contact type and non-contact type. The contact type was commonly applied in early years. Like steel rule and point gauge, the method has many flaws such as low accuracy, topography destroy, and limited use in real time measurement of flow field. Non-contact type, appearing in recent years, with representatives like sonar survey and laser distance sensor, is excellent in precise measurement, preserving the topography, and testing during experiment under clear-water, peace-surface circumstances contrast with the contact type. The laser distance measurement system was applied to obtain topographic data for local scour studies.
The work would be planed two steps: the steady flow condition and the tidal flow condition. The velocity and the water-level would be the key factors, which also are the corresponding parameters in both two cases. As outcome being obtained, the topographic pictures will be printed, and some differences of two Cases in scour field pattern, max-depth of field, the field range and equilibrium duration will be taken into consideration. Finally, there would be an answer to the question that is it possible to use the theories and empiric equations of steady-flow scour to predict the scour in tidal flow. It turns out that under the same max-velocity, the field patterns in tidal flow differ remarkably from the ones in steady flow; however, the equilibrium duration and the equilibrium scour depth are similar in both cases.
引文
[1] Ali K.H.M. and Karim O., 2002, Simulation of flow around piers, J. of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 40, No. 2 :161-174.
[2] Baker C.J., 1979, The laminar horseshoe vortex. J. of Fluid mech., Vol. 95, No. 2 : 347-367.
[3] Baker C.J., 1990, The oscillation of horseshoe vortex systems. J. of Fluids Eng., Vol. 113, No. 3 : 489-495.
[4] Beaudan P. and Moin P, 1994, Numerical experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds number. Report No.TF-62, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University.
[5] Berger E. and Wille R., 1972, Periodic flow phenomena, Annul. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 4 : 313-340.
[6] Bijker E.W. and de Bruyn C.A., 1988, Erosion around a pile due to current and breaking waves, Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Coastal Engng., Vol. 2, Malaga.
[7] Breuer M., 1998, Numerical and modeling influences on large eddy simulations for the flow past a circular cylinder, Int. J. of Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 19, No. 5 : 512-521.
[8] Breusers H.N.C., Nicollet G. and Shen H.W., 1977, Local scour around cylindrical piers, J. of Hydr. Res., Vol. 15, No. 3 : 211-252.
[9] Breusers H.N.C. and Raudkivi A.J., 1991, Scouring, IAHR/AIRH Hydraulic structures design manual, Vol. 2, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield.
[10] Brzoska M. A., Stock D. and Lamb B., 1997, Determination of plume capture by the building wake, J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 67-68 : 909-922.
[11] CIRIA., 1986, Sea walls: survey of performance and design practice, CIRIA technical note 125.
[12] Chen D.Y. and Jirka G.H., 1995, Experimental study of plane turbulent wake ina shallow water layer, Fluid Dynamics Research, Vol. 16 : 11-41.
[13] Clark A., Novak P. and Russell K., 1982, Modelling of local scour with particular reference to offshore structures, Proc. BHRA Int. Conf. Hydraulic Modelling of Civil Engineering Structures, Coventry, 411-422.
[14] Dargahi B, 1987, Flow field and local scouring around a pier. Bullein No. TRITA-VBI-137, Hydraulic Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
[15] Ettema R., Melville B.W. and Barkdoll B., 1998, Scale effect in pier-scour experiments, J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 124, No. 6 : 639-642.
[16] Graf W.H. and Istirarto I., 2001, Flow pattern in the scour hole around a cylinder. J. of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 40, No. 1 : 13-20.
[17] Guo Y, Zhang J.S. and Zhang L.X., 2010, Numerical simulation of 3D flow around an overlapping cylinder, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Maritime Engineering, Vol. 163, No. 2 : 49–56.
[18] Hales L.Z., 1980a, Erosion control of scour during construction, Report 1: Present design and construction practice. Hydraulics Laboratory, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Technical Report (Series) HL-80-3.
[19] IEC., 1985, Costal Engineering Research, Report prepared on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers Maritime Engineering Group, Thomas Telford, London.
[20] Imberger J., Alach D. and Schepis J., 1982, Scour around circular cylinder in deep water, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Coastal Engng, Vol. 2 : 1522-1554.
[21] Jensen J.H., Madsen E.Q. and Freds?e J., 1999, Oblique flow over dredged channels.II: Sediment transport and morphology. J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 125, No. 11 : 1190-1198.
[22] Jeong D. and Kim Y.O., 2005, Rainfall–runoff models using artificial neural networks for ensemble stream flow prediction, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 19, No. 19 : 3819-3835.
[23] Kravchenko A.G. and Moin P., 2000, Numerical studies of flow over a circularcylinder at Re= 3900, Phys. Fluids, Vol.12, No. 2 : 403-417.
[24] Kumar A.R.S., Sudheer K.P., Jain S.K. and Agarwal P. K., 2005, Rainfall–runoff modeling using artificial neural networks: comparison of network types, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 19, No. 6 : 1277–1291.
[25] Lillycrop W.J. and Hughes S.A., 1993, Scour hole problems experienced by the Corps of Engineers: data presentation and summary, US Army Corps of Engineers. Waterways Experiment Station, PO Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180. Miscellaneous paper. CERC-93-2.
[26] Liang C.L. and Papadakis G., 2007, Large eddy simulation of pulsating flow over a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds number, Computers & Fluids, Vol. 36, No. 2 : 299-312.
[27] Mendoza-Cabrales C, 1993, Computation of flow past a pier mounted on a flat plate, Proc. ASCE Water Resource Engineering Conf., San Francisco, 899-904.
[28] Mittal R. and Moin P., 1997, Suitability of upwind-biased finite-difference schemes for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow, AIAA, Vol. 35, No. 8 : 1415-1418.
[29] Norbeg C., 1987, Effects of Reynolds number and low-intensity free-stream turbulence on the flow around a circular cylinder, Publication No.87/2, Department of Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
[30] Olsen N.R.B. and Melaaen M.C., 1993, Three-dimensional calculation of scour around cylinders, J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 119, No. 9 : 1048-1054.
[31] Olsen N.R.B. and Kjellesvig H.M., 1998, Three-dimensional numerical flow modeling for estimation of maximum local scour, J. of Hydr. Res., Vol. 36, No. 4 : 579-590.
[32] Richardson J.E. and Panchang V.G., 1998, Three-dimensional simulation of scour-inducing flow at bridge piers. J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 124, No. 9 : 530-540.
[33] Roulund A., 2000, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of flow around a bottom-mounted pile and its application to scour, PhD. Thesis, Department of Hydro. and Water Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Series PaperNo. 70.
[34] Sudheer K P. and Jain A., 2004, Explaining the internal behavior of artificial neural network river flow models. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 18, No. 4 : 833-844.
[35] Sumer et al., 1992, Scour around a vertical pile in waves. J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Eng., Vol. 117, No. 1 : 15-31.
[36] Sumer B.M. and Whitehouse R.J.S., 2001, Scour around coastal structures: a summary of recent research, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 2 : 153-190.
[37] Sybert J.H., 1963, Foundation scour and remedial measures for off-shore platforms, Paper SPE 485, 1st conf. Drilling and Rock Mechanics, Austin, Texas.
[38] Tjerry S., 1998, Morphological calculation of dunes in alluvial rivers. PhD. thesis. Department of Hydrodynamics and water Resources, Technical University of Denmark.
[39] Whitehouse R.J.S., 1998, Scour at marine structures, Thomas Telford Limited, pp:12-13.
[40] Williamson C.H.K., 1996, Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 28 : 477-539.
[41] Yen C.L., Lai J.S. and Chang W.Y., 2001, Modeling of 3D flow and scouring around circular piers, Proceedings of the National Science Council Part A: Physical Science and Engineering.
[42]候国屏,叶齐鑫, Lab VIEW7.1编程与虚拟仪器设计[M],清华大学出版社, 2005.
[43]陆浩,高冬光,桥梁水力学[M],北京:人民交通出版社, 1991.
[44]美国NI公司,(汪敏生等译著), LabVIEW基础教程[M],北京:电子工业出版社, 2002 .01.
[45]薛雷平,刘桦,刘海江, 2004,床面上直立圆柱的三维湍流数值模拟[J],力学学报, Vol. 36, No. 5 : 649-654.
[46]杨文,薛雷平,胡天群,张景新, 2009,河工模型水下地形激光自动测量系统的开发[J],人民长江, Vol. 40, No. 24 : 62-65.
[47]杨文,水下地形激光自动测量系统的开发与应用[D],上海:上海市交通大学工程力学系, 2009 : 16-18.
[48]邹翔,孙肖子,基于图形化编程语言lab view设计虚拟仪器的方法[J],现代电子技术, Vol.1 : 36-38.
[2] Baker C.J., 1979, The laminar horseshoe vortex. J. of Fluid mech., Vol. 95, No. 2 : 347-367.
[3] Baker C.J., 1990, The oscillation of horseshoe vortex systems. J. of Fluids Eng., Vol. 113, No. 3 : 489-495.
[4] Beaudan P. and Moin P, 1994, Numerical experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds number. Report No.TF-62, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University.
[5] Berger E. and Wille R., 1972, Periodic flow phenomena, Annul. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 4 : 313-340.
[6] Bijker E.W. and de Bruyn C.A., 1988, Erosion around a pile due to current and breaking waves, Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Coastal Engng., Vol. 2, Malaga.
[7] Breuer M., 1998, Numerical and modeling influences on large eddy simulations for the flow past a circular cylinder, Int. J. of Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 19, No. 5 : 512-521.
[8] Breusers H.N.C., Nicollet G. and Shen H.W., 1977, Local scour around cylindrical piers, J. of Hydr. Res., Vol. 15, No. 3 : 211-252.
[9] Breusers H.N.C. and Raudkivi A.J., 1991, Scouring, IAHR/AIRH Hydraulic structures design manual, Vol. 2, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield.
[10] Brzoska M. A., Stock D. and Lamb B., 1997, Determination of plume capture by the building wake, J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 67-68 : 909-922.
[11] CIRIA., 1986, Sea walls: survey of performance and design practice, CIRIA technical note 125.
[12] Chen D.Y. and Jirka G.H., 1995, Experimental study of plane turbulent wake ina shallow water layer, Fluid Dynamics Research, Vol. 16 : 11-41.
[13] Clark A., Novak P. and Russell K., 1982, Modelling of local scour with particular reference to offshore structures, Proc. BHRA Int. Conf. Hydraulic Modelling of Civil Engineering Structures, Coventry, 411-422.
[14] Dargahi B, 1987, Flow field and local scouring around a pier. Bullein No. TRITA-VBI-137, Hydraulic Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
[15] Ettema R., Melville B.W. and Barkdoll B., 1998, Scale effect in pier-scour experiments, J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 124, No. 6 : 639-642.
[16] Graf W.H. and Istirarto I., 2001, Flow pattern in the scour hole around a cylinder. J. of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 40, No. 1 : 13-20.
[17] Guo Y, Zhang J.S. and Zhang L.X., 2010, Numerical simulation of 3D flow around an overlapping cylinder, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Maritime Engineering, Vol. 163, No. 2 : 49–56.
[18] Hales L.Z., 1980a, Erosion control of scour during construction, Report 1: Present design and construction practice. Hydraulics Laboratory, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Technical Report (Series) HL-80-3.
[19] IEC., 1985, Costal Engineering Research, Report prepared on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers Maritime Engineering Group, Thomas Telford, London.
[20] Imberger J., Alach D. and Schepis J., 1982, Scour around circular cylinder in deep water, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. Coastal Engng, Vol. 2 : 1522-1554.
[21] Jensen J.H., Madsen E.Q. and Freds?e J., 1999, Oblique flow over dredged channels.II: Sediment transport and morphology. J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 125, No. 11 : 1190-1198.
[22] Jeong D. and Kim Y.O., 2005, Rainfall–runoff models using artificial neural networks for ensemble stream flow prediction, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 19, No. 19 : 3819-3835.
[23] Kravchenko A.G. and Moin P., 2000, Numerical studies of flow over a circularcylinder at Re= 3900, Phys. Fluids, Vol.12, No. 2 : 403-417.
[24] Kumar A.R.S., Sudheer K.P., Jain S.K. and Agarwal P. K., 2005, Rainfall–runoff modeling using artificial neural networks: comparison of network types, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 19, No. 6 : 1277–1291.
[25] Lillycrop W.J. and Hughes S.A., 1993, Scour hole problems experienced by the Corps of Engineers: data presentation and summary, US Army Corps of Engineers. Waterways Experiment Station, PO Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180. Miscellaneous paper. CERC-93-2.
[26] Liang C.L. and Papadakis G., 2007, Large eddy simulation of pulsating flow over a circular cylinder at subcritical Reynolds number, Computers & Fluids, Vol. 36, No. 2 : 299-312.
[27] Mendoza-Cabrales C, 1993, Computation of flow past a pier mounted on a flat plate, Proc. ASCE Water Resource Engineering Conf., San Francisco, 899-904.
[28] Mittal R. and Moin P., 1997, Suitability of upwind-biased finite-difference schemes for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow, AIAA, Vol. 35, No. 8 : 1415-1418.
[29] Norbeg C., 1987, Effects of Reynolds number and low-intensity free-stream turbulence on the flow around a circular cylinder, Publication No.87/2, Department of Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
[30] Olsen N.R.B. and Melaaen M.C., 1993, Three-dimensional calculation of scour around cylinders, J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 119, No. 9 : 1048-1054.
[31] Olsen N.R.B. and Kjellesvig H.M., 1998, Three-dimensional numerical flow modeling for estimation of maximum local scour, J. of Hydr. Res., Vol. 36, No. 4 : 579-590.
[32] Richardson J.E. and Panchang V.G., 1998, Three-dimensional simulation of scour-inducing flow at bridge piers. J. of Hydr. Eng., Vol. 124, No. 9 : 530-540.
[33] Roulund A., 2000, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of flow around a bottom-mounted pile and its application to scour, PhD. Thesis, Department of Hydro. and Water Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Series PaperNo. 70.
[34] Sudheer K P. and Jain A., 2004, Explaining the internal behavior of artificial neural network river flow models. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 18, No. 4 : 833-844.
[35] Sumer et al., 1992, Scour around a vertical pile in waves. J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Eng., Vol. 117, No. 1 : 15-31.
[36] Sumer B.M. and Whitehouse R.J.S., 2001, Scour around coastal structures: a summary of recent research, Coastal Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 2 : 153-190.
[37] Sybert J.H., 1963, Foundation scour and remedial measures for off-shore platforms, Paper SPE 485, 1st conf. Drilling and Rock Mechanics, Austin, Texas.
[38] Tjerry S., 1998, Morphological calculation of dunes in alluvial rivers. PhD. thesis. Department of Hydrodynamics and water Resources, Technical University of Denmark.
[39] Whitehouse R.J.S., 1998, Scour at marine structures, Thomas Telford Limited, pp:12-13.
[40] Williamson C.H.K., 1996, Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., Vol. 28 : 477-539.
[41] Yen C.L., Lai J.S. and Chang W.Y., 2001, Modeling of 3D flow and scouring around circular piers, Proceedings of the National Science Council Part A: Physical Science and Engineering.
[42]候国屏,叶齐鑫, Lab VIEW7.1编程与虚拟仪器设计[M],清华大学出版社, 2005.
[43]陆浩,高冬光,桥梁水力学[M],北京:人民交通出版社, 1991.
[44]美国NI公司,(汪敏生等译著), LabVIEW基础教程[M],北京:电子工业出版社, 2002 .01.
[45]薛雷平,刘桦,刘海江, 2004,床面上直立圆柱的三维湍流数值模拟[J],力学学报, Vol. 36, No. 5 : 649-654.
[46]杨文,薛雷平,胡天群,张景新, 2009,河工模型水下地形激光自动测量系统的开发[J],人民长江, Vol. 40, No. 24 : 62-65.
[47]杨文,水下地形激光自动测量系统的开发与应用[D],上海:上海市交通大学工程力学系, 2009 : 16-18.
[48]邹翔,孙肖子,基于图形化编程语言lab view设计虚拟仪器的方法[J],现代电子技术, Vol.1 : 36-38.