Ad hoc网络中的分布式空时编码研究
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摘要
基于多输入多输出(MIMO)结构的空时编码可以有效抵抗信道衰落,提高传输的可靠性。但是在某些通信系统中,以Ad hoc系统为例,由于受到手持终端的体积、成本以及工艺等因素的影响,在终端上安装多部天线是非常困难的,因此空时编码无法直接应用。虚拟MIMO概念的提出为解决这一问题提供了一条有效的解决思路。将空时编码技术应用于虚拟MIMO系统,实现了分布式空时编码结构,可以获得协作分集增益,提高系统的传输性能。
本文面向Ad hoc网络架构,研究了基于数据分组传输半径和控制分组传输半径的物理层传输模型。基于该模型,研究了两种中继转发方式下(AF-MMSE和AF-ZF)分布式空时编码的性能,得到了两种放大转发方式下采用分布式空时编码一次传输可以达到的最远距离。理论分析和仿真结果表明,由于AF-ZF转发方式可以有效消除AF-MMSE算法中的符号间干扰,因此大幅度提高了分布式空时编码的传输性能。
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based Space-Time Coding (STC) can greatly combat the channel fading and in turn improve the performance of the system. In some wireless communication environments (taking Ad hoc networks for examples), it is costly or difficult to equip multiple antennas on mobile terminals. Hence, STC can not be applied directly. The introduction of virtual MIMO provides an effective approach for the solution of this problem. By applying STC to virtual MIMO systems, a distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) structure can be realized. As a result, cooperative diversity gain can be obtained to upgrade the system.
Based on Ad hoc network architecture, a physical layer transmission model based on data-packet transmission range (DPTR) and control-packet transmission range (CPTR) is investigated. With this transmission model, the performance of DSTC with AF-MMSE and AF-ZF are analyzed, respectively. Specifically, the corresponding maximal ranges of one transmission of DSTC are determined. Both theoretical analyses and simulation results indicate that AF-ZF outperforms AF-MMSE because the inter-symbol interference can be eliminated by AF-ZF.
本文面向Ad hoc网络架构,研究了基于数据分组传输半径和控制分组传输半径的物理层传输模型。基于该模型,研究了两种中继转发方式下(AF-MMSE和AF-ZF)分布式空时编码的性能,得到了两种放大转发方式下采用分布式空时编码一次传输可以达到的最远距离。理论分析和仿真结果表明,由于AF-ZF转发方式可以有效消除AF-MMSE算法中的符号间干扰,因此大幅度提高了分布式空时编码的传输性能。
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based Space-Time Coding (STC) can greatly combat the channel fading and in turn improve the performance of the system. In some wireless communication environments (taking Ad hoc networks for examples), it is costly or difficult to equip multiple antennas on mobile terminals. Hence, STC can not be applied directly. The introduction of virtual MIMO provides an effective approach for the solution of this problem. By applying STC to virtual MIMO systems, a distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) structure can be realized. As a result, cooperative diversity gain can be obtained to upgrade the system.
Based on Ad hoc network architecture, a physical layer transmission model based on data-packet transmission range (DPTR) and control-packet transmission range (CPTR) is investigated. With this transmission model, the performance of DSTC with AF-MMSE and AF-ZF are analyzed, respectively. Specifically, the corresponding maximal ranges of one transmission of DSTC are determined. Both theoretical analyses and simulation results indicate that AF-ZF outperforms AF-MMSE because the inter-symbol interference can be eliminated by AF-ZF.
引文
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[18] Zheng L, Tse DNC. Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple antenna channels [J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2003, 49(5):1073-1096.
[19] John G. Proakis. Probabilities of Error for Adaptive Reception of M-Phase Signals. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology. 1968. PP. 342-355.
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[22] Tsuyoshi Miyano, Hidekazu Murata, Kiyomichi Araki, Space-Time Coded Cooperative Relaying Technique For Multi hop Communications, IEEE, 2004. PP.112-126.
[23] Yabo Li,Wei Zhang,Xiang-Gen Xia, Distributive High-Rate Full-Diversity Space-Frequency Codes for Asynchronous Cooperative Communications.2006. PP.52-59.
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[27] Sheng Yang and Jean-Claude Belfiore, Member,“Optimal Space-Time Codes for the MIMO Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Channel”, IEEE. 2007. PP.54-67.
[28] Tsuyoshi Miyano, Hidekazu Murata, Kiyomichi Araki,Cooperative Relaying Scheme with Space Time Code for Multi hop Communications among Single Antenna Terminals,IEEE Communications Society Globecom,2004. PP.350-360.
[29] Birsen Sirkeci-Mergen and Anna Scaglione. Randomized Space-Time Coding for Distributed Cooperative Communication. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2007. PP.446-480.
[30] Cong PENG, Qian ZHANG, Ming ZHAO, YanYao, Opportunistic Network-Coded Cooperation in Wireless Networks IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in ICC2007,1525-3511.
[31] Nosratinia A, Hunter T E. Cooperative communication in wireless networks.IEEE Communications Magazine, 2004, V01.42, Iss.10,PP: 74-80.
[32]殷勤业,张莹等.协作分集:一种新的空域分集技术.西安交通大学学报,2005,V01.39,Iss.6,PP: 552-557.
[33] V.Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, A. R.Calderbank, Space-time block coding for wireless communication: performance results, IEEE SAC, Mar.1999, v01.1 7, no.3.PP:451-460.
[34] Lin Fei, Li Qinghua, Luo Tao,Yue Guangxin, Impact of Relay Location According to SER for Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Communications.2007. PP.324-327.
[35]蔡田齐一,基于Ad hoc网络的分布式空时编码算法研究.2008.
[36] C.Budianu and L.Tong, Channel estimation for space-time orthogonal block codes,’’IEEE International Conference on Communication, ICC, 2001, PP.1127-1131.
[37] V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkani, and A.R.Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans.on Inf.Th.July 1999, PP: 1456-1467.
[38] J.N.Laneman, G.W.Wornell, and D.N.C.Tse, An efficient Protocol for realizing cooperative diversity in wireless networks, in Proc. IEEE ISIT, 2001, PP.294.
[2] Vahid Tarokh, Nambi Seshadri and A. R. Calderbank. Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communication: Performance Criterion and Code Construction. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1998. PP.34-48.
[3] M. Jananiand A. Hedayat. Coded cooperation in wireless communications: space-time transmission and iterative decoding [J].IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, 2004, 52(2):362-371.
[4] J. Nicholas Laneman and Gregory W. Wornell. Distributed Space-Time-Coded Protocols for Exploiting Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. 2002. PP.221-240.
[5] Yin di Jing and Babak Hassibi. Distributed Space-Time Coding in Wireless Relay Networks. Sensor Array and Multi channel Signal Processing Workshop Proceedings. 2004. PP.388-340.
[6] Paulraj A J, Papadias CB. Space-time processing for wireless communications [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 1997, 14(6):49-83.
[7] Gentian Jakllari, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, Michalis Faloutsos, et al. A Cross-Layer Framework for Exploiting Virtual MISO Links in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. IEEE. PP.1340-1358.
[8] Paul A. Anghel and Mostafa Kaveh. On the Performance of Distributed Space-TimeCoding Systems with One and Two Non-Regenerative Relays IEEE Trans on Wireless Communications, vol.5 No.3 March 2006. PP.2314-2318.
[9] Birsen Sirkeci-Mergen and Anna Scaglione. Randomized Space-Time Coding for Distributed Cooperative Communication. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2007. PP. 423-445.
[10] Ho Ting CHENG, Hakam MHEIDAT, Murat UYSAL, etal. Distributed Space-Time Block Coding with Imperfect Channel Estimation. IEEE International Conference on Communications. 2005. PP.14-18.
[11] V.Tarokh, N.Seshadri, A. R.Calderbank. Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: performance criterion and code construction [J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1998, 44(2):744-765.
[12] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani and A.R. Calderbank.Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs [J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1999, 45:1456-1467.
[13] T. S. Rappaport. Wireless communications principles and practices. Prentice-Hall, 2002. PP.25-28.
[14] Ganesan, S. Sellathurai, M. Distributed STBC with Relay Subset Selection for Single Carrier Relay-Assisted Transmissions.2008. PP.588-598.
[15] Bletsas, A. Khisti, A. Reed, D.P. Lippman, A. A Simple Cooperative Diversity Method Based on Network Path Selection. 2006.PP.1145-1150.
[16] Xiao yong Guo and Xiang-Gen Xia. A Distributed Space-Time Coding in Asynchronous Wireless Relay Networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2008. PP.3040-3048.
[17] Hu Xianbin, Gao Yuan yuan and Yi Xiao xin. Closed-Form Error Rates of STBC System and Its Performance Analysis. Journal of Electronics. 2006. PP.441-450.
[18] Zheng L, Tse DNC. Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple antenna channels [J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2003, 49(5):1073-1096.
[19] John G. Proakis. Probabilities of Error for Adaptive Reception of M-Phase Signals. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology. 1968. PP. 342-355.
[20] J.C. Belfiore, G. Rekaya and E. Viterbo. The golden code: A 2X2 full-rate space-time code with non vanishing determinants [J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2005, 51, (2):1432-1436. PP.1550-1562.
[21] J.Nicholas Laneman, Gregory W. Wornell, Distributed Space-Time-Coded Protocols for Exploiting cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks, IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, October 2003. PP.2134-2147.
[22] Tsuyoshi Miyano, Hidekazu Murata, Kiyomichi Araki, Space-Time Coded Cooperative Relaying Technique For Multi hop Communications, IEEE, 2004. PP.112-126.
[23] Yabo Li,Wei Zhang,Xiang-Gen Xia, Distributive High-Rate Full-Diversity Space-Frequency Codes for Asynchronous Cooperative Communications.2006. PP.52-59.
[24] D. Gore, R.W. Heath and A. Paulraj. On performance of the zero forcing receiver in presence of transmit correlation[C].ISIT 2002, Lausanne, Switzerland, June 20-July5, 2002. PP.34-46.
[25] E1ia P, Sethuraman B A, Kumar P. Perfect space-time codes with minimum and non-minimum delay for any number of antennas J]. International Conference on Wireless Network. Communications and Mobile Computing, 2005, l: 722-727.
[26] J.N. Laneman, D.N.C. Tse, and G. Wornell. Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior [J].IEEE Transaction on Information Theory, 2004.50 (12):3062-3080.
[27] Sheng Yang and Jean-Claude Belfiore, Member,“Optimal Space-Time Codes for the MIMO Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Channel”, IEEE. 2007. PP.54-67.
[28] Tsuyoshi Miyano, Hidekazu Murata, Kiyomichi Araki,Cooperative Relaying Scheme with Space Time Code for Multi hop Communications among Single Antenna Terminals,IEEE Communications Society Globecom,2004. PP.350-360.
[29] Birsen Sirkeci-Mergen and Anna Scaglione. Randomized Space-Time Coding for Distributed Cooperative Communication. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. 2007. PP.446-480.
[30] Cong PENG, Qian ZHANG, Ming ZHAO, YanYao, Opportunistic Network-Coded Cooperation in Wireless Networks IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in ICC2007,1525-3511.
[31] Nosratinia A, Hunter T E. Cooperative communication in wireless networks.IEEE Communications Magazine, 2004, V01.42, Iss.10,PP: 74-80.
[32]殷勤业,张莹等.协作分集:一种新的空域分集技术.西安交通大学学报,2005,V01.39,Iss.6,PP: 552-557.
[33] V.Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, A. R.Calderbank, Space-time block coding for wireless communication: performance results, IEEE SAC, Mar.1999, v01.1 7, no.3.PP:451-460.
[34] Lin Fei, Li Qinghua, Luo Tao,Yue Guangxin, Impact of Relay Location According to SER for Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Communications.2007. PP.324-327.
[35]蔡田齐一,基于Ad hoc网络的分布式空时编码算法研究.2008.
[36] C.Budianu and L.Tong, Channel estimation for space-time orthogonal block codes,’’IEEE International Conference on Communication, ICC, 2001, PP.1127-1131.
[37] V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkani, and A.R.Calderbank, Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans.on Inf.Th.July 1999, PP: 1456-1467.
[38] J.N.Laneman, G.W.Wornell, and D.N.C.Tse, An efficient Protocol for realizing cooperative diversity in wireless networks, in Proc. IEEE ISIT, 2001, PP.294.
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