基于云模型的无线传感网土遗址形变监测研究
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摘要
土遗址作为华夏文明的代表,是我国文化遗产的重要组成部分。由于其材质来源于夯土,经过千百年的环境侵蚀,土遗址中存在很多病害。其中形变是导致土遗址垮塌和毁灭的直接原因,形变监测对土遗址保护起着至关重要的作用。传统的形变监测方法由于人为实施难以实现对土遗址形变的长期监测。无线传感器网络WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)因其无线部署、长期监测的优势,为土遗址形变监测提供了新的方法。
论文将WSN技术引入到土遗址形变监测中,提出了基于WSN的土遗址形变监测方案。通过分析节点间接收信号强度RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Intensity)分布规律,提出利用云模型,对其进行建模,并给出了RSSI云的概念。针对土遗址形变的局部性,提出基于云模型的形变区域判定方法。该方法将网络划分为多个簇,以簇为单位对其监测的区域进行形变判定；通过计算形变后节点间RSSI值对形变前节点间RSSI云的确定度来判断节点状态,进而判定其所在区域是否形变；实际节点实验验证了该方法的正确性。针对土遗址形变精确判定的需求,提出基于云模型的节点定位方法：利用云模型建立节点间RSSI与距离的关系模型,根据节点间RSSI值与关系模型的匹配度估算节点间距离,通过三边测量法计算节点位置。仿真和实际节点实验均证明了该方法的可行性。
本文研究结果对WSN在土遗址形变监测中问题进行了初步尝试,是对WSN在土遗址保护领域应用的有益探索,为提高我国土遗址保护水平提供了一种有效的新思路。
As a representative of Chinese civilization, earthen site is an important part of cultural heritage. After thousands of years, there are many diseases in earthen sites. Among those diseases, deformation is the direct reason of the collapse of the sites. Deformation monitoring plays a vital role in the protection of the earthen sites. Traditional methods of deformation monitoring couldn't be used in sites because of its invisibility and unsustainable. The deformation monitoring scheme of earthen sites based on WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) was proposed in this thesis.
By analyzing the distribution of RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Intensity), the thesis proposed to model the RSSI using Cloud Model. And the definition of RSSI cloud was introduced. The judgment method of deformation area was proposed for the reason that deformation always occurred in sub regions. The network was divided into clusters, each of which was used as a unit to judge deformation area. The certainty of the RSSI to the RSSI cloud was calculated to judge deformation. The validity of the method was proved by experiments. The node localization method based on Cloud Model was designed for the requirement of deformation accurate judgment. The relationship between RSSI and distance in specific environment was build using Cloud Model. The distance between nodes was estimated by calculating the certainty of the RSSI value to the RSSI cloud. Then, the node location was calculated using trilateration method. The simulation and experiment results indicated the feasibility of the localization method.
The research of the thesis is a preliminary attempt for the deformation monitoring issue in earthen site. It's a useful exploration for the application of WSN in heritage protection. The research provides an effective new idea to improve the level of heritage protection.
论文将WSN技术引入到土遗址形变监测中,提出了基于WSN的土遗址形变监测方案。通过分析节点间接收信号强度RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Intensity)分布规律,提出利用云模型,对其进行建模,并给出了RSSI云的概念。针对土遗址形变的局部性,提出基于云模型的形变区域判定方法。该方法将网络划分为多个簇,以簇为单位对其监测的区域进行形变判定；通过计算形变后节点间RSSI值对形变前节点间RSSI云的确定度来判断节点状态,进而判定其所在区域是否形变；实际节点实验验证了该方法的正确性。针对土遗址形变精确判定的需求,提出基于云模型的节点定位方法：利用云模型建立节点间RSSI与距离的关系模型,根据节点间RSSI值与关系模型的匹配度估算节点间距离,通过三边测量法计算节点位置。仿真和实际节点实验均证明了该方法的可行性。
本文研究结果对WSN在土遗址形变监测中问题进行了初步尝试,是对WSN在土遗址保护领域应用的有益探索,为提高我国土遗址保护水平提供了一种有效的新思路。
As a representative of Chinese civilization, earthen site is an important part of cultural heritage. After thousands of years, there are many diseases in earthen sites. Among those diseases, deformation is the direct reason of the collapse of the sites. Deformation monitoring plays a vital role in the protection of the earthen sites. Traditional methods of deformation monitoring couldn't be used in sites because of its invisibility and unsustainable. The deformation monitoring scheme of earthen sites based on WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) was proposed in this thesis.
By analyzing the distribution of RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Intensity), the thesis proposed to model the RSSI using Cloud Model. And the definition of RSSI cloud was introduced. The judgment method of deformation area was proposed for the reason that deformation always occurred in sub regions. The network was divided into clusters, each of which was used as a unit to judge deformation area. The certainty of the RSSI to the RSSI cloud was calculated to judge deformation. The validity of the method was proved by experiments. The node localization method based on Cloud Model was designed for the requirement of deformation accurate judgment. The relationship between RSSI and distance in specific environment was build using Cloud Model. The distance between nodes was estimated by calculating the certainty of the RSSI value to the RSSI cloud. Then, the node location was calculated using trilateration method. The simulation and experiment results indicated the feasibility of the localization method.
The research of the thesis is a preliminary attempt for the deformation monitoring issue in earthen site. It's a useful exploration for the application of WSN in heritage protection. The research provides an effective new idea to improve the level of heritage protection.
引文
[1]孙满利.土遗址保护研究现状与进展[J].文物保护和考古科学.2007,19(4)：64-69
[2]黄四平,李玉虎,肖娅萍等.生物病害对唐皇城含光门土遗址的危害及防治措施研究[J].文物保护与考古科学.2010,22(2)：6-11
[3]孙满利,李最雄,王旭东等.交河故城的主要病害分析[J].敦煌研究.2005,(5)：92-94
[4]王旭东.西北地区石窟与土建筑遗址保护研究的现状与任务[J].敦煌研究.2007,(5)：6-11
[5]俞长海.土遗址保护中的多学科应用[J].考古与考察.2010,(6)：28-30
[6]Li Dong, Liu Wei, Zhao Ze, et al. Demonstration of a WSN Application in Relic Protection and an Optimized System Deployment Tool [A]. Proc of ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:541-542
[7]Xia Ming, A wireless sensor system for long-term microclimate monitoring in wildland cultural heritage sites [A]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications[C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:207-214
[8]顾晶晶,陈松灿,庄毅.基于无线传感器网络拓扑结构的物联网定位模型[J].计算机学报.2010,33(9)：1548-1556
[9]Ceriotti M., Mottola L., Picco G.P., et al. Monitoring Heritage Buildings with Wireless Sensor Networks:The Torre Aquila Deployment [A]. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks[C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2009: 277-288
[10]Anastasi G., LoRe G., Ortolani M.. WSNs for structural health monitoring of historical buildings [A].Proceedings of 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2009:574-579
[11]Lina M., Pestana Leao de Brito, Laura M., et al. Wireless Sensor Networks Applied to Museums' Environmental Monitoring [A]. Fourth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC) [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:364-369
[12]Abruzzese D., Angelaccio M., Buttarazzi B., et.al. Long Life Monitoring of Historical Monuments via Wireless Sensors Network [A]. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2009:568-573
[13]刘云浩.物联网导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2010：5-9
[14]http://cn.greenorbs.org/
[15]Mo Lufeng, He Yuan, Liu Yunhao, et al. Canopy Closure Estimates with GreenOrbs:Sustainable Sensing in the Forest [A]. In Proceedings of SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2009: 99-112
[16]王晓华,胡友健,柏柳.变形监测研究现状综述[J].测绘科学.2006,02(31)：130-132
[17]孙新磊,吉国华.三维激光扫描技术在传统街区保护中的应用[J].华中建筑.2009,27(7)：44-47
[18]李海启,郭增长,乐平等.数字近景摄影在建筑物变形监测中的应用[J].地理空间信息.2009,7(4)：117-119
[19]Li Hongnan, Li Dongsheng, Song Gangbing. Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering [J]. Engineering Structures.2004,26(11):1647-1657
[20]蒋洪涛,张岩.光纤传感器在桥梁健康监测中的应用[J].北方交通.2006,(10)：56-59
[21]李晓维,徐勇军,任丰原.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007：1-3,194-203
[22]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2005：11-14,142-157
[23]Wang Ning, Zhang Naiqian, Wang Maohua. Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry—a Recent development and future perspective [J]. Computers and electronics in agriculture.2006,1(50): 1-14
[24]Yang Zheng, Li Mo, Liu Yunhao. Sea Depth Measurement with Restricted Floating Sensors [A]. Proccedings of IEEE RTSS (Real-Time Systems Symposium) [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2007:469-478
[25]Li Guanghui, Zhao Jun, Wang Zhi. Research on Forest Fire Detection Based on Wireless Sensor Network [A]. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation [C]. Dalian, China:IEEE Press,2006:275-279
[26]Zhang Peng, Chen Ming. A Remote Health Care System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. 12th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2008:1102-1106
[27]Youssef M., Yousif A., EI-Sheimy N., et al. A Novel Earthquake Warning System based on Virtual MIMO-Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2007:932-935
[28]Zhang Dian, Ma Jian, Chen Quanbin, et al. An RF-based System for Tracking Transceiver-free Objects [A]. Proceedings of the 5th Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2007:135-144
[29]Shang Yi, Ruml W., Zhang Ying, et al. Localization from Mere Connectivity [A]. Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2003:201-212
[30]孙妍,陶正苏,陈德富.基于无线传感器网络的室内精确定位算法[J].传感器与微系统.2009,28(5)：99-102
[31]Ramadurai V., Sichitiu M.L.. Localization in wireless sensor networks:A probabilistic approach [A]. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Wireless Networks [C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press,2003:275-281
[32]Peng Rong, Sichitiu M.L.. Probabilistic Localization for Outdoor Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2007,11(1):53-64
[33]顾晶晶,陈松灿,庄毅.用局部保持典型相关分析定位无线传感器网络节点[J].软件学报.2010,21(11)：2883-2891
[34]Lin Shan, Zhang Jingbin, Zhou Gang, et al. ATPC:Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of ACM SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2006: 223-236
[35]Zhong Ziguo, He Tian. Achieving Range-free Localization Beyond Connectivity [A]. Proceedings of ACM SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2009:281-294
[36]王新洲,史文中,王树良.模糊空间信息处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003：240-253
[37]王守信,张莉,李鹤松.一种基于云模型的主观信任评价方法[J].软件学报.2010,21(6)：1341-1352
[38]路峰,吴慧中.基于云模型的信任评估研究[J].中国工程科学.2008,10(10)：84-90
[39]张光卫,李德毅,李鹏等.基于云模型的协同过滤推荐算法[J].软件学报.2007,18(10)：2403-2411
[40]孟祥怡,张光卫,刘常昱等.基于云模型的主观信任管理模型研究[J].系统仿真学报.2007,19(14)：3310-3317
[41]杨鹤,郑幸.多维云模型定义的危险信号产生机制[J].计算机工程与科学.2007,29(4)：124-126
[42]孟凡荣,宋春景,郑中珮等.基于云理论的煤矿安全监测数据关联规则挖掘[J].小型微型计算机系统.2008,29(9)：1622-1626
[43]Rappaport T. S. Wireless Communications:Principles and Practice [M]第二版.周文安,付秀花,王志辉等译.北京：电子工业出版社.2006：72-75,95-96
[44]http://www.xbow.com.cn/WSN产品/无线产品/无线模块/tabid/67/Default.aspx
[45]http://www.xbow.com.cn/WSN产品/无线产品/网关/tabid/70/Default.aspx
[2]黄四平,李玉虎,肖娅萍等.生物病害对唐皇城含光门土遗址的危害及防治措施研究[J].文物保护与考古科学.2010,22(2)：6-11
[3]孙满利,李最雄,王旭东等.交河故城的主要病害分析[J].敦煌研究.2005,(5)：92-94
[4]王旭东.西北地区石窟与土建筑遗址保护研究的现状与任务[J].敦煌研究.2007,(5)：6-11
[5]俞长海.土遗址保护中的多学科应用[J].考古与考察.2010,(6)：28-30
[6]Li Dong, Liu Wei, Zhao Ze, et al. Demonstration of a WSN Application in Relic Protection and an Optimized System Deployment Tool [A]. Proc of ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:541-542
[7]Xia Ming, A wireless sensor system for long-term microclimate monitoring in wildland cultural heritage sites [A]. Proceedings of International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications[C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:207-214
[8]顾晶晶,陈松灿,庄毅.基于无线传感器网络拓扑结构的物联网定位模型[J].计算机学报.2010,33(9)：1548-1556
[9]Ceriotti M., Mottola L., Picco G.P., et al. Monitoring Heritage Buildings with Wireless Sensor Networks:The Torre Aquila Deployment [A]. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks[C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2009: 277-288
[10]Anastasi G., LoRe G., Ortolani M.. WSNs for structural health monitoring of historical buildings [A].Proceedings of 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2009:574-579
[11]Lina M., Pestana Leao de Brito, Laura M., et al. Wireless Sensor Networks Applied to Museums' Environmental Monitoring [A]. Fourth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC) [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2008:364-369
[12]Abruzzese D., Angelaccio M., Buttarazzi B., et.al. Long Life Monitoring of Historical Monuments via Wireless Sensors Network [A]. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2009:568-573
[13]刘云浩.物联网导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2010：5-9
[14]http://cn.greenorbs.org/
[15]Mo Lufeng, He Yuan, Liu Yunhao, et al. Canopy Closure Estimates with GreenOrbs:Sustainable Sensing in the Forest [A]. In Proceedings of SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2009: 99-112
[16]王晓华,胡友健,柏柳.变形监测研究现状综述[J].测绘科学.2006,02(31)：130-132
[17]孙新磊,吉国华.三维激光扫描技术在传统街区保护中的应用[J].华中建筑.2009,27(7)：44-47
[18]李海启,郭增长,乐平等.数字近景摄影在建筑物变形监测中的应用[J].地理空间信息.2009,7(4)：117-119
[19]Li Hongnan, Li Dongsheng, Song Gangbing. Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering [J]. Engineering Structures.2004,26(11):1647-1657
[20]蒋洪涛,张岩.光纤传感器在桥梁健康监测中的应用[J].北方交通.2006,(10)：56-59
[21]李晓维,徐勇军,任丰原.无线传感器网络技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2007：1-3,194-203
[22]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2005：11-14,142-157
[23]Wang Ning, Zhang Naiqian, Wang Maohua. Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry—a Recent development and future perspective [J]. Computers and electronics in agriculture.2006,1(50): 1-14
[24]Yang Zheng, Li Mo, Liu Yunhao. Sea Depth Measurement with Restricted Floating Sensors [A]. Proccedings of IEEE RTSS (Real-Time Systems Symposium) [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2007:469-478
[25]Li Guanghui, Zhao Jun, Wang Zhi. Research on Forest Fire Detection Based on Wireless Sensor Network [A]. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation [C]. Dalian, China:IEEE Press,2006:275-279
[26]Zhang Peng, Chen Ming. A Remote Health Care System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. 12th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2008:1102-1106
[27]Youssef M., Yousif A., EI-Sheimy N., et al. A Novel Earthquake Warning System based on Virtual MIMO-Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering[C]. Piscataway, NJ, USA:IEEE Press,2007:932-935
[28]Zhang Dian, Ma Jian, Chen Quanbin, et al. An RF-based System for Tracking Transceiver-free Objects [A]. Proceedings of the 5th Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication [C]. Washington, DC, USA:IEEE Computer Society,2007:135-144
[29]Shang Yi, Ruml W., Zhang Ying, et al. Localization from Mere Connectivity [A]. Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2003:201-212
[30]孙妍,陶正苏,陈德富.基于无线传感器网络的室内精确定位算法[J].传感器与微系统.2009,28(5)：99-102
[31]Ramadurai V., Sichitiu M.L.. Localization in wireless sensor networks:A probabilistic approach [A]. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Wireless Networks [C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press,2003:275-281
[32]Peng Rong, Sichitiu M.L.. Probabilistic Localization for Outdoor Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review.2007,11(1):53-64
[33]顾晶晶,陈松灿,庄毅.用局部保持典型相关分析定位无线传感器网络节点[J].软件学报.2010,21(11)：2883-2891
[34]Lin Shan, Zhang Jingbin, Zhou Gang, et al. ATPC:Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks [A]. Proceedings of ACM SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2006: 223-236
[35]Zhong Ziguo, He Tian. Achieving Range-free Localization Beyond Connectivity [A]. Proceedings of ACM SenSys [C]. New York, NY, USA:ACM Press,2009:281-294
[36]王新洲,史文中,王树良.模糊空间信息处理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003：240-253
[37]王守信,张莉,李鹤松.一种基于云模型的主观信任评价方法[J].软件学报.2010,21(6)：1341-1352
[38]路峰,吴慧中.基于云模型的信任评估研究[J].中国工程科学.2008,10(10)：84-90
[39]张光卫,李德毅,李鹏等.基于云模型的协同过滤推荐算法[J].软件学报.2007,18(10)：2403-2411
[40]孟祥怡,张光卫,刘常昱等.基于云模型的主观信任管理模型研究[J].系统仿真学报.2007,19(14)：3310-3317
[41]杨鹤,郑幸.多维云模型定义的危险信号产生机制[J].计算机工程与科学.2007,29(4)：124-126
[42]孟凡荣,宋春景,郑中珮等.基于云理论的煤矿安全监测数据关联规则挖掘[J].小型微型计算机系统.2008,29(9)：1622-1626
[43]Rappaport T. S. Wireless Communications:Principles and Practice [M]第二版.周文安,付秀花,王志辉等译.北京：电子工业出版社.2006：72-75,95-96
[44]http://www.xbow.com.cn/WSN产品/无线产品/无线模块/tabid/67/Default.aspx
[45]http://www.xbow.com.cn/WSN产品/无线产品/网关/tabid/70/Default.aspx
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