英国工党地方性组织嬗变研究
摘要
政党的地方性组织是政党伸向社会的根蔓,它为政党构筑合法性并提供各种支持。它的状况、特点能够折射并深刻影响政党的理念,并决定政党在政治上是否能够顺利发展。英国是政党政治的发祥地,也是政党地方性组织最早出现的国家。英国工党虽然是英国政坛上的后起之秀,但它却凭借强大的组织优势迅速成长为主要大党之一,并引领着组织变革的风尚。英国工党在地方组织建设方面积累了丰富的经验和教训,因此,研究英国工党地方性组织的嬗变有着特殊的理论意义与现实意义。
19世纪末20世纪初是英国工党地方性组织初步形成的时期。早在工党诞生之前,工会和新生的社会主义团体就已拥有数量不等、规模不一的地方分支,从事竞选和宣传鼓动工作,构成工党地方性组织的起点,也为工党的成立奠定了基石。工党成立后,随着更多工会的加入和党中央对组织建设的关注,工党的地方性组织渐成规模,竞选功能有所提升。然而,这时的地方性组织仍以附属工会和社会主义团体的地方分支为主,以集体党员为主,直属工党中央的地方性组织寥寥无几,个人党员也付诸阙如。工党地方性组织整体上处于碎片化、交叉重叠、各自为政、社会基础薄弱的状态,从而制约着工党的发展。
第一次世界大战的爆发改变了英国的政治生态,也揭开了工党及其地方性组织历史的新篇章。战争使自由党迅速衰落,工会的力量却得到扩张。战争还催生了1918年的选举法案,使英国普选制有了质的飞跃。在历史机遇面前,工党制定了新党章,以期完成向现代政党的蜕变,实现问鼎全国政权的雄心。工党地方性组织也由此完成了重组:选区党组织宣告成立,逐渐覆盖到所有选区,选区之下普遍设立小选区组织;个人党员得以引入,党的社会基础得到拓展;党中央与地方性组织建立了正式沟通机制,前者对后者干预加深;地方性组织的竞选功能明显强化,招募党员、征收党费、政治教育、开展社会活动等也成为选区组织在竞选之余的常见功能;城市地方党组织还是“社会主义”先锋队,社区政治和社会生活的中心。工党地方性组织的转型为工党的发展扫除了组织障碍,为工党取代自由党成为第二大党,并两度短暂执政提供了支持。
二战后,工党地方性组织在经历了短暂的繁荣之后又出现回落。二战深刻改变了人们的社会心理和价值取向,对工党所标榜的国家干预、福利国家持支持态度的人越来越多,从而使工党得以在1945年战后首次大选中以绝对优势上台执政,并推行福利国家、国有化等政策。在激进主义余波中,工党地方性组织不仅党员数量一路攀升,组织活动相对频繁,而且配合工党中央政府为社区提供各种福利。不过,这种相对繁荣的景象在20世纪50年代有了变化,工党的施政出现问题,党内裂痕扩大,保守党再度振兴,工党的个人党员数量开始回落,地方性组织的政治功能弱化,与工会的关系也有所疏远。这种局面导致工党在选举中渐失优势,后来虽然成立了委员会审查选区组织,但收效不大。
20世纪60年代后,工党地方性组织出现了衰弱与转向。英国式的福利模式使经济陷于滞胀泥潭。英国社会变迁明显,产业结构和社会结构转型加剧,工人阶级衰落,中产阶级膨胀,工党核心选民减少。同时,利益集团和新社会运动兴起,大众传媒在政党活动中的作用也愈益凸显。社会变迁冲击着英国政党政治。60、70年代末,两届工党政府在工会牵绊下对滞胀危机束手无策,丧失了大量支持者。保守党则突破战后共识政治,撒切尔主义被用来医治“英国病”,并初见成效。工党政府的失败、社会结构变化和利益集团的竞争使个人党员大量流失。工党地方性组织的职能也出现转向,大众传媒的发展改变了党内外交流方式,工党领袖可以绕过地方性组织与党员和选民进行沟通,地方性组织在维持政党组织如发展党员、召开会议等方面的职能式微,但它在地方政府中的活动和影响却在增加。与此同时,经济危机、工党政府的失败等因素使选区工党为左翼势力所把持,整体上出现左倾。左翼势力不但协同工会发起党内夺权运动,而且在某些地方推行与撒切尔主义针锋相对的地方社会主义。
金诺克和史密斯时期的改革目标是重树领袖权威、打压极左势力、扩大党员权利、调整与工会关系等。工党地方性组织的改革也围绕这些目标展开:加大个人党员的发展力度,削弱地方党组织在选举和决策中的权力,革新选区组织的管理委员会,通过“一人一票”制赋权个人党员,弱化工会和积极分子的影响。上述改革对于扼制极左势力,改善工党形象有所帮助,但尚未使工党真正步入复兴之途。1994年布莱尔掌舵工党后,在“新工党,新英国”的号召下,展开了大刀阔斧的改革。为淡化阶级色彩,塑造“全民党”形象,他大力发展个人党员,使党员数量一度大幅回升。他还通过创新决策机制等方式,在扩大直接民主的同时,进一步限制选区党组织在选举和决策方面的权力。另外,他进一步拉开与工会距离,排除工会的组织优势。新工党的改革成效斐然,在1997年大选中取得空前胜利后蝉联执政至今。不过,新工党的组织优势在执政后开始消解,由于组织建设的疏忽、某些不得人心的执政政策以及来自外部环境的影响,工党的党员人数持续走低,党员参与政党活动的积极性也下降。
整体而言,工党地方性组织呈现从职能的单一、虚弱到多样化、专业化再到部分弱化,组织结构从依赖工会到摆脱工会、从简单粗糙向专业化和精细化发展,党员构成从排他性向开放性、均质化向异质化转变;与党中央关系方面,虽然党内民主在逐步扩大,但权力重心却也在向中央倾斜。这种嬗变的发生是政治体制的演变、社会结构的变迁、大众传媒的发展、工党执政表现等一系列因素综合作用的结果。
虽然国情不同,但英国工党地方性组织的嬗变仍对我国党的组织建设尤其是地方与基层组织建设有所启示,诸如:扩大党员民主权利,满足地方性组织的“介入”需求;加强党群沟通;在政党内部确立“与时俱变”、“与时俱进”的政治环境和政治理念,等等。
Local parties are the roots extended by political parties to society.They build local support for the party.Their status and characteristics will reflect and influence parties' ideas and decide parties' prospect.This is the same for all the parties.Britain is the cradle of party politics and local parties.As an up-and-coming youngster among british parties,The Labour Party grew up rapidly with its organizational advantage,lead the organization reform and have many experience and lessons.So it is meaningful to study the change of local labour parties.
From the late 19~(th) to the early 20~(th),the local labour parties began to form.In the late 19~(th),trade unions and the new-born socialist societies had their own local branch,which committed to campaign and propaganda work,formed the base of local Labour parties.After the foundation of Labour party, more trade unions were affiliated and the national party paid more attention to organization.As a result,the local Labour parties came into being and its function of campaigning was strengthened. However,it is the local branches of trade unions and socialist societies which dominated the local Labour parties,and the affiliated members rather than individual members who were included in the local Labour.On the whole,the local Labour parties were fragmented,lapped and restricted the Labour party's development.
The First World War changed british political life and Labour party's fortune too.The Liberal party declined quickly.Trade union was strengthened.The war hastened the election reform and universal suffrage was realized.In front of the opportunity,the Labour party reorganized its structure in order to transform into a modern party and came into power.The local Labour party were transformed too:local Labour parties were established in every constituency and were founded on the ward associations;individual members were absorbed to extend party's social base;formal communication systems were formed between the national party and local parties;the function of local Labour party in campaigning was reinforced obviously,other functions also developed between the elections,such as recruiting members,collecting fees,educating members,and holding social activities;the inner local Labour parties became the centre of community's political and social life. The transformation of local Labour contributed to Labour party's replacement of Liberal party as the second party.
The Second World War changed social mind profoundly.More and more people supported Labour party's welfare state and state intervention so that Labour party can win the overwhelming victory in the 1945 election and then carry out welfare and nationalization policy.In the aftermath of the radicalism,the membership of Labour party increased dramatically,the activity of local Labour party increased relatively,and provided public services for community.But then,this relative prosperous vision changed in fifty,when labour party had problems in government,cleavage inside party was broadened,and the Conservative party revived again.As a result,the membership of labour party began to decreased,the political function of local labour party weakened,and the trade union alienated local labour party.All of this weakened the labour party's priority in elections.Although the labour party set up a special committee to examine the constituency party,it has no effect.
After 1960,the change of british society accelerated.The economy ran into troubles.The change of industry and social structure speed up,the working class declined and middle class was espanded, the core electorate of labour party decreased too.Meanwhile,the interest groups and new social movement rised and the mass media had been used in party activity much more.The social change lashed the party politics.The labour party governments in late sixty and seventy couldn't deal with the economic crisis because of the bind of trade union and lost many supporters.The Conservative party abandoned common understanding of governance and turned to Thatcherism.All of this had great impact on local labour party.The membership of Labour party decreased.The function of local labour party changed because the development of the mass media.The function of local labour party in maintaining the party organization such as recruiting members and holding meetings had declined,but increased in local government involvement.Meanwhile,many local labour parties controlled by leftists,who demanded to weaken the power of leadership and parliamentary caucus and promoted local socialism opposite to Thatcherism.
The reform of Kinnock and Smith focused on restoring the leadership's authority,pressing the hard left,expanding the individual member's right,adjusting the relationship between labour party and trade union.The reform was extended to local level,including:recruiting members,although yielding no results;weakening the power of local labor party in candidate selection and decision; renewing the General Management Committee of constituency party and endowing the individual member with right through "one member,one vote" in order to weaken the influence of trade union and activists.These measures were helpful to press the hard left and improve labour party's image. But a thorough reform was needed to revive labour party.In 1994,when Blair led the party,he reformed labour party drastically in order to make a "New Labour party,New Britain".In order to weaken the class nature and shape a catch-all party,he recruited members so energetically that the individual membership increased greatly.He also reformed the policy-making systems to restrict the power of local labour party.Besides,he went far to alienate trade union and remove the dominance of trade unions.His reform was so successful that Labour party got an overwhelming victory in 1997 election and came into power until now.However,the organizational advantage of labour party began to weaken because of neglect of organization,some unpopular policies and influence from outside. The membership had decreased continually and the activism of member's participation declined too.
On the whole,local labour party has changed in many respects.Its function has changed from singleness,weakness to diversity,specialization.Its structure has changed from depending on trade unions to breaking away from them,from roughness to fineness.Its composition has changed from exclusivity to openness,from homogenization to heterogeneity.As for the relationship with national party,although the intra democracy has expanded gradually,the center of power has inclined to central party.The causes of these changes are the changes of political system and social structure,the development of mass media and the performance of labour government
Despite the situation of countries are different,the change of local labour parties in Britain can provide many enlightenment and lessons to other parties,such as expanding the members' democracy rights,fulfilling the "involvement" need of local parties,strengthening the communication between parties and citizens,establishing an idea of changing with times.
19世纪末20世纪初是英国工党地方性组织初步形成的时期。早在工党诞生之前,工会和新生的社会主义团体就已拥有数量不等、规模不一的地方分支,从事竞选和宣传鼓动工作,构成工党地方性组织的起点,也为工党的成立奠定了基石。工党成立后,随着更多工会的加入和党中央对组织建设的关注,工党的地方性组织渐成规模,竞选功能有所提升。然而,这时的地方性组织仍以附属工会和社会主义团体的地方分支为主,以集体党员为主,直属工党中央的地方性组织寥寥无几,个人党员也付诸阙如。工党地方性组织整体上处于碎片化、交叉重叠、各自为政、社会基础薄弱的状态,从而制约着工党的发展。
第一次世界大战的爆发改变了英国的政治生态,也揭开了工党及其地方性组织历史的新篇章。战争使自由党迅速衰落,工会的力量却得到扩张。战争还催生了1918年的选举法案,使英国普选制有了质的飞跃。在历史机遇面前,工党制定了新党章,以期完成向现代政党的蜕变,实现问鼎全国政权的雄心。工党地方性组织也由此完成了重组:选区党组织宣告成立,逐渐覆盖到所有选区,选区之下普遍设立小选区组织;个人党员得以引入,党的社会基础得到拓展;党中央与地方性组织建立了正式沟通机制,前者对后者干预加深;地方性组织的竞选功能明显强化,招募党员、征收党费、政治教育、开展社会活动等也成为选区组织在竞选之余的常见功能;城市地方党组织还是“社会主义”先锋队,社区政治和社会生活的中心。工党地方性组织的转型为工党的发展扫除了组织障碍,为工党取代自由党成为第二大党,并两度短暂执政提供了支持。
二战后,工党地方性组织在经历了短暂的繁荣之后又出现回落。二战深刻改变了人们的社会心理和价值取向,对工党所标榜的国家干预、福利国家持支持态度的人越来越多,从而使工党得以在1945年战后首次大选中以绝对优势上台执政,并推行福利国家、国有化等政策。在激进主义余波中,工党地方性组织不仅党员数量一路攀升,组织活动相对频繁,而且配合工党中央政府为社区提供各种福利。不过,这种相对繁荣的景象在20世纪50年代有了变化,工党的施政出现问题,党内裂痕扩大,保守党再度振兴,工党的个人党员数量开始回落,地方性组织的政治功能弱化,与工会的关系也有所疏远。这种局面导致工党在选举中渐失优势,后来虽然成立了委员会审查选区组织,但收效不大。
20世纪60年代后,工党地方性组织出现了衰弱与转向。英国式的福利模式使经济陷于滞胀泥潭。英国社会变迁明显,产业结构和社会结构转型加剧,工人阶级衰落,中产阶级膨胀,工党核心选民减少。同时,利益集团和新社会运动兴起,大众传媒在政党活动中的作用也愈益凸显。社会变迁冲击着英国政党政治。60、70年代末,两届工党政府在工会牵绊下对滞胀危机束手无策,丧失了大量支持者。保守党则突破战后共识政治,撒切尔主义被用来医治“英国病”,并初见成效。工党政府的失败、社会结构变化和利益集团的竞争使个人党员大量流失。工党地方性组织的职能也出现转向,大众传媒的发展改变了党内外交流方式,工党领袖可以绕过地方性组织与党员和选民进行沟通,地方性组织在维持政党组织如发展党员、召开会议等方面的职能式微,但它在地方政府中的活动和影响却在增加。与此同时,经济危机、工党政府的失败等因素使选区工党为左翼势力所把持,整体上出现左倾。左翼势力不但协同工会发起党内夺权运动,而且在某些地方推行与撒切尔主义针锋相对的地方社会主义。
金诺克和史密斯时期的改革目标是重树领袖权威、打压极左势力、扩大党员权利、调整与工会关系等。工党地方性组织的改革也围绕这些目标展开:加大个人党员的发展力度,削弱地方党组织在选举和决策中的权力,革新选区组织的管理委员会,通过“一人一票”制赋权个人党员,弱化工会和积极分子的影响。上述改革对于扼制极左势力,改善工党形象有所帮助,但尚未使工党真正步入复兴之途。1994年布莱尔掌舵工党后,在“新工党,新英国”的号召下,展开了大刀阔斧的改革。为淡化阶级色彩,塑造“全民党”形象,他大力发展个人党员,使党员数量一度大幅回升。他还通过创新决策机制等方式,在扩大直接民主的同时,进一步限制选区党组织在选举和决策方面的权力。另外,他进一步拉开与工会距离,排除工会的组织优势。新工党的改革成效斐然,在1997年大选中取得空前胜利后蝉联执政至今。不过,新工党的组织优势在执政后开始消解,由于组织建设的疏忽、某些不得人心的执政政策以及来自外部环境的影响,工党的党员人数持续走低,党员参与政党活动的积极性也下降。
整体而言,工党地方性组织呈现从职能的单一、虚弱到多样化、专业化再到部分弱化,组织结构从依赖工会到摆脱工会、从简单粗糙向专业化和精细化发展,党员构成从排他性向开放性、均质化向异质化转变;与党中央关系方面,虽然党内民主在逐步扩大,但权力重心却也在向中央倾斜。这种嬗变的发生是政治体制的演变、社会结构的变迁、大众传媒的发展、工党执政表现等一系列因素综合作用的结果。
虽然国情不同,但英国工党地方性组织的嬗变仍对我国党的组织建设尤其是地方与基层组织建设有所启示,诸如:扩大党员民主权利,满足地方性组织的“介入”需求;加强党群沟通;在政党内部确立“与时俱变”、“与时俱进”的政治环境和政治理念,等等。
Local parties are the roots extended by political parties to society.They build local support for the party.Their status and characteristics will reflect and influence parties' ideas and decide parties' prospect.This is the same for all the parties.Britain is the cradle of party politics and local parties.As an up-and-coming youngster among british parties,The Labour Party grew up rapidly with its organizational advantage,lead the organization reform and have many experience and lessons.So it is meaningful to study the change of local labour parties.
From the late 19~(th) to the early 20~(th),the local labour parties began to form.In the late 19~(th),trade unions and the new-born socialist societies had their own local branch,which committed to campaign and propaganda work,formed the base of local Labour parties.After the foundation of Labour party, more trade unions were affiliated and the national party paid more attention to organization.As a result,the local Labour parties came into being and its function of campaigning was strengthened. However,it is the local branches of trade unions and socialist societies which dominated the local Labour parties,and the affiliated members rather than individual members who were included in the local Labour.On the whole,the local Labour parties were fragmented,lapped and restricted the Labour party's development.
The First World War changed british political life and Labour party's fortune too.The Liberal party declined quickly.Trade union was strengthened.The war hastened the election reform and universal suffrage was realized.In front of the opportunity,the Labour party reorganized its structure in order to transform into a modern party and came into power.The local Labour party were transformed too:local Labour parties were established in every constituency and were founded on the ward associations;individual members were absorbed to extend party's social base;formal communication systems were formed between the national party and local parties;the function of local Labour party in campaigning was reinforced obviously,other functions also developed between the elections,such as recruiting members,collecting fees,educating members,and holding social activities;the inner local Labour parties became the centre of community's political and social life. The transformation of local Labour contributed to Labour party's replacement of Liberal party as the second party.
The Second World War changed social mind profoundly.More and more people supported Labour party's welfare state and state intervention so that Labour party can win the overwhelming victory in the 1945 election and then carry out welfare and nationalization policy.In the aftermath of the radicalism,the membership of Labour party increased dramatically,the activity of local Labour party increased relatively,and provided public services for community.But then,this relative prosperous vision changed in fifty,when labour party had problems in government,cleavage inside party was broadened,and the Conservative party revived again.As a result,the membership of labour party began to decreased,the political function of local labour party weakened,and the trade union alienated local labour party.All of this weakened the labour party's priority in elections.Although the labour party set up a special committee to examine the constituency party,it has no effect.
After 1960,the change of british society accelerated.The economy ran into troubles.The change of industry and social structure speed up,the working class declined and middle class was espanded, the core electorate of labour party decreased too.Meanwhile,the interest groups and new social movement rised and the mass media had been used in party activity much more.The social change lashed the party politics.The labour party governments in late sixty and seventy couldn't deal with the economic crisis because of the bind of trade union and lost many supporters.The Conservative party abandoned common understanding of governance and turned to Thatcherism.All of this had great impact on local labour party.The membership of Labour party decreased.The function of local labour party changed because the development of the mass media.The function of local labour party in maintaining the party organization such as recruiting members and holding meetings had declined,but increased in local government involvement.Meanwhile,many local labour parties controlled by leftists,who demanded to weaken the power of leadership and parliamentary caucus and promoted local socialism opposite to Thatcherism.
The reform of Kinnock and Smith focused on restoring the leadership's authority,pressing the hard left,expanding the individual member's right,adjusting the relationship between labour party and trade union.The reform was extended to local level,including:recruiting members,although yielding no results;weakening the power of local labor party in candidate selection and decision; renewing the General Management Committee of constituency party and endowing the individual member with right through "one member,one vote" in order to weaken the influence of trade union and activists.These measures were helpful to press the hard left and improve labour party's image. But a thorough reform was needed to revive labour party.In 1994,when Blair led the party,he reformed labour party drastically in order to make a "New Labour party,New Britain".In order to weaken the class nature and shape a catch-all party,he recruited members so energetically that the individual membership increased greatly.He also reformed the policy-making systems to restrict the power of local labour party.Besides,he went far to alienate trade union and remove the dominance of trade unions.His reform was so successful that Labour party got an overwhelming victory in 1997 election and came into power until now.However,the organizational advantage of labour party began to weaken because of neglect of organization,some unpopular policies and influence from outside. The membership had decreased continually and the activism of member's participation declined too.
On the whole,local labour party has changed in many respects.Its function has changed from singleness,weakness to diversity,specialization.Its structure has changed from depending on trade unions to breaking away from them,from roughness to fineness.Its composition has changed from exclusivity to openness,from homogenization to heterogeneity.As for the relationship with national party,although the intra democracy has expanded gradually,the center of power has inclined to central party.The causes of these changes are the changes of political system and social structure,the development of mass media and the performance of labour government
Despite the situation of countries are different,the change of local labour parties in Britain can provide many enlightenment and lessons to other parties,such as expanding the members' democracy rights,fulfilling the "involvement" need of local parties,strengthening the communication between parties and citizens,establishing an idea of changing with times.
引文
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[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.98-99.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.47.
[1]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P.38.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.71-72.
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:The British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.52-53.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.50.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford university Press,1974,p.137.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford university Press,1974,p.138.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[2]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.540.
[3]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.545-547.
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第48页。
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.158.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.141.
[3]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.143.
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.144.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.128.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.159-160.
[2]Eric Shaw,Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party:the Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party,1951-87,Manchester University Press,1988,p.12-15.
[1]Justin Fisher,David Denver and Gordon Hands,"Unsung Heroes:Constituency Elections Agents in British General Elections",in Political Studies,Vol.8,2006.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the british labour party 1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.53.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.143.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.143.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.19.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.22.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.247-248.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.248-249.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.23.
[1][英]肯尼思·摩根《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第562页。
[2][英]C.R.艾德礼:《工党的展望》,商务印书馆,1961年版,第28-29页。
[3]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.452.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.24-27.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.28-29.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.29-30.
[1]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.454.
[2]参见Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:The British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.193-94.
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第374页。
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第374页。
[2][英]肯尼思·摩根:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第585页。
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.76.
[2]参见Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.81.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.158-159.
[4]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.42.
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.469.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.343.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes &Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.82.
[5]Allen M.Potter,"British Party Organization,1950",in Political Science Quarterly,Vol.66,No.1,1951.
[1][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第3-4页。
[2][德]赫尔穆特·沃尔曼等:《比较英德公共部门改革——主要传统与现代化的趋势》,北京大学出版社,2004版,第9、12页。
[3]钱乘旦、许沽明:《英国通史》,上海社会科学出版社,2002年版,第339页。
[1][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第469页。
[2]陈国申:《从传统到现代:英国地方治理变迁研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第91页。
[3]Philip Harling,The Modern British State:An Historical Introduction,Cambridge:Polity Press,2001,p.180.
[4]陈国申:《从传统到现代:英国地方治理变迁研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第99页。
[5]Robert Leach & Janie Percy- Smith,Local Governance in Britain,Hampshire:Palgrave,2001,p.56.
[6]John Stewart,The Nature of British Local Government,Hampshire:Macmillan Press Ltd.,2000,p.35.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.47.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.50.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.50.
[1]John Gyford and Mari James,National Parties and Local Poliitcs,London:George Allen & Unwin Ltd,1983,p.184.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.46.
[3]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.359-360.
[1][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第61-62页。
[2][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第64页。
[1]陈晓律:《当代英国》,贵州人民出版社,2001年版,第314页。
[1]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第90页。
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.236.
[1]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第90页。
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.15-17.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes &Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.111.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.2.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.82.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.342-343.
[3]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.545.
[4]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44-45.
[5]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44-45.
[6]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.83.
[7]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.83.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44.
[1]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.20.
[2]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.145.
[3]参见Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.42.
[4][英]享利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第120页。
[5]Gerhard Loewenberg,"The British Constitution and the Structure of the Labour Party",in The American Political Science Review,Vol.52,No.3,1958.
[6][英]享利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第120页。
[1]Justin Fisher,David Denver and Gordon Hands,"Unsong Heroes:Constituency Election Agents in Britain General Elections",in Political Studies,Vol.8,2006.
[1]顾俊礼:《欧洲政党执政经验研究》,经济管理出版社,2005年版,第93页。
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.157-158.
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191页。
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.157-158.
[2]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191页。
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191-192页。
[4]最先对工人阶级政治的衰落进行探讨的是英国学者海德斯(Hindess),他指出工党正在失去传统工人阶级的支持。虽然他的观点遭到许多质疑,但却激发了更多学者的研究兴趣。参见Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publisher,Inc.,1976,p.124-126.
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第193页。
[6]Chris Hamnett,Linda Mcdowell and Philip Sarrc(ed.),The Changing Social Structure,London:SAGE Publications Ltd and The Open University,1994,p.120.
[7]Dennis Kavanagh(ed.),The Politics of the Labour Party,London:George Allen & Unwin,1982,p.99.
[1]David Wilson and Chris Game,Local Government in the United Kingdom,Palgrave MacMillan,2002,p.314.
[2]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.107.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[4]Roy Darke and Ray Walker(ed.),Local Government and the Public,London:Leonard Hill,1977,p.123-136.
[1]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[2]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[3]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,p.204.
[4]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,p.18.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.95.
[2][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第499页。Darke and Ray Walker (ed.),Local Government and the Public,London:Leonard Hill,1977,p.127.
[3][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第473页。
[4]高岱:《英国通史纲要》,安徽人民出版社,2002年版,第393页。
[5]王振华:《重塑英国:布莱尔主义与“第三条道路”》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,203、204页。
[1]张幼文:《通货膨胀与经济增长》,上海社会科学院出版社,1991年版,第101页。
[2]罗志如、厉以宁:《二十世纪的英国经济:“英国病”研究》,人民出版社,1982年版,第146、147页。
[3][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第499页。
[4][苏]Л·А·德罗波金娜:《英国财政与货币、信贷体系》,财政部财政科学院研究所、财经学院经济研究所,1982年版,第55页。
[5][英]阿瑟·马威克:《一九四五年以来的英国社会》,商务印书馆,1992年版,第186页。
[6]于维霈:《当代英国经济——医治“英国病”的调整与改革》,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第297页。
[7]Kevin Jefferys,The Labour Party Since 1943,London:Macmillan,1993,p.67,
[8][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第201页。
[1]Lewis Minkin,"The British Labour Party and the Trade Unions:Crisis and Compact",in Industrial and Labour Relations Review.Vol.28.No.1.1974.
[2][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第209页。
[3][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第210页。
[4]钱乘旦等:《二十世纪的英国》,香港:香港商务印书馆,1997年版,第143页。
[5]王振华:《重塑英国:布莱尔主义与“第三条道路”》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,204页。
[1]高岱:《英国通史纲要》,安徽人民出版社,2002年版,第403页。
[2][英]玛格丽特·撒切尔:《撒切尔夫人回忆录·唐宁街岁月》,远方出版社,1997年版,第69页。
[3]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.27.
[4]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.32.
[5]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.147-148.
[1][英]肯尼斯·哈里斯:《撒切尔首相传》,职工教育出版社,1989年版,第215页。
[2]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.33.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.9-80.
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p159.
[2]T.E.M.Mckitterick,"The Membership of the Party",in Political Quarterly,31,No.3,1960.
[3]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.344.
[4]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.42.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.49.
[1]参见Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.205.
[3]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P.459.
[4]Scatrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.225.
[5]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.4.
[1]Martin Saiz and Geser Hans,Local Parties in Political and Organizational Perspective,Westview Press,1999,p.102.
[2]Searrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.352.
[3]David Wilson and Chris Game,Local Government in the United Kingdom,Palgrave Macmillan,p.282.
[4]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第413页。
[5]Alan Martin and Philip Cowley,"Ambassadors in the Community? Labour Party Members in the Society",in Politics,1999,19(2),p.89-96.
[6]Searrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.227-228.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.353-354.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980.Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.358.
[1]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,p.461-462.
[2]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.21.
[3]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,p.462.
[4]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.171.
[5]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p170.
[1]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.121.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.121.
[3]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.25.
[4]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.173.
[1]Parkinson,M.,Liverpool on the Brink,London:Policy Journals,1985,p.174.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.122.
[3]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.175-176.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Labour Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.1.
[2]英国学界对选区工党在1950、60年代的政治倾向问题一直聚讼纷纭。有的学者以这一时期选区工党反对工党领袖在公有制问题上的退缩为由,认为选区工党是左倾的;有的学者则指出认为选区工党存在狂热的左翼势力是捕风捉影,与事实不符。但对于70年代选区工党左倾势力上升的趋势却是众口一词、没有异议的。
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第175-176页。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第176页。
[5]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.177.
[1]Eric Shaw,Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party:the Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party,1951-87,Manchester University Press,1988,p.154.
[2]Weber,M.,The Theory of Social and Economic Organization,New York:Oxford University Press,1947,p.408.
[3]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.17.
[1]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.168.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.16.
[3]工会在60年代的左倾对选区工党的改革运动起了很大的推动作用。在工党历史上,工会领袖的态度多数是右倾的,协助工党领袖压制党内的左倾势力。但这一倾向在60年代开始发生转变,工会内部左翼力量的上升和工党政府限制工资的政策和工会改革的企图是促使工会左倾的主要因素。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第183页。
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第180页。
[1]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.12.
[2]Alan R.Ball,British Political Parties:The Emergence of British Political Parties,Macmillan Press Ltd,1981,p.203-204.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Education Ltd,1988,p.193.
[4]Adam Lent,"The Labour Left,Local authorities and New Social Movements in Britain in the eighties",Contemporary Politics,Vol.7,Number 1,2001.
[1]William Hampton,Local Government and Urban Politics,Longman Inc.,New York,1987,p.216.
[2]H.Butcher(ed.),Local Government and Thatcherism,Routledge 11New Fetter Lane,London,1990,p.251.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Education Ltd,1988,p.204.
[1][英]彼得·詹金斯:《撒切尔夫人的革命》,新华出版社,1990年版,第166页。
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.151-153.
[1]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第32页。
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第32、33页。
[1]金重远:《战后西欧社会党》,上海人民出版社,1997年版,第34页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第28页。
[3]他认为工党自70年代以来面临三大危机:意识形态危机、党员人数危机、选举危机。参见Paul Whitdey,The Labour Party in Crisis,London:Methuen,1983,p.181.
[4]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[5]李华锋:《英国工党与会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第104页。
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.121.
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.121-122.
[4]David Bucher and Denis Kavangh,The British General Election of 1992,London:Macmillan,1992,p.245.
[1]David Denver and Gordon Hands,Modern Constituency Electioneering:Local Campaighing in the 1992 General Election,London:Frank Cass & Co.Ltd,1997;Charles Pattie,Paul Whiteley and Ron Johnston,'Measuring Local Campaign Effects:Labour Party Constituency Campaigning at the 1987 General Election",in Political Studies(1994),XLⅡ;Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.176-200.
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.122.
[3]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.18-19.
[4]John Smith,“Membership is Vital”,in Labour Party News 4(September/October):5.
[1]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.110.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.216.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.114.
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第48页。
[4]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.115.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.28.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p,115.
[3]John Gyford,National Parties and Local Poliitcs,George Allen & Unwin,1983,p.67.
[4]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980.Yale University Ph.D.,1991.p.226.
[5]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第48页。
[1]殷叙彝:《当代西欧社会党人物传》,黑龙江人民出版社,1988年版,第88页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第42页。
[3]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.219.
[4]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.27-29.
[5]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第49页。
[6][意]罗伯特·米歇尔斯:《寡头统治铁律》,天津人民出版社,2004年版。
[1]毛里齐奥·科塔:《定义政党和政府》,出自[法]让·布隆代尔、[意]毛里齐奥·科塔主编:《政党政府的性质——一种比较性的欧洲视角》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第55页。
[2]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.635.
[3]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.15 !.
[4]改革前,在工党年会的议案表决和选举中一直实行集团投票制,由工会领导人代表其工会全体成员投票,其工会领导人投了赞成票,就算是该工会所有成员都投了赞成票,反之亦然。由于少数大工会领导人口袋中装有上百万张选票,其权力之大不言而喻。在年会中几个大工会的投票权就高达2/3。
[5]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:the Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.21.
[1]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第39页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第39-40页。
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第51页。
[4]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.167.
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第224页。
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.148.
[2]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第25页。
[3][英]托尼·布莱尔:《新英国——我对一个年轻国家的展望》,世界知识出版社,1998年版,第160页。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第225页。
[1]刘建飞:《英国政党制度与主要政党研究》,中国审计出版社,1995年版,第279页。
[2]刘建飞:《英国政党制度与主要政党研究》,中国审计出版社,1995年版,第279页。
[3]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第192页。
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第284页。
[1]Brian Brivati,etc,The Labour Party:ACentenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P236.
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第284页。
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第193页。
[5]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.104.
[6]Tony Blair,Change and National Renewal,London:Labour Party,1994,p.19.
[1]胡宁:《英国工党新领袖托尼·布莱尔》,《欧洲》,1994年第6期。
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.123.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press.Inc..2000.p.159.
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第290页。
[5]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第291页。
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第119页。
[2]裘援平:《当代社会民主主义与“第三条道路”》,当代世界出版社,2004年版,第193页。
[3]Dennis Kavanagh,British Politics-Continuities and Change,Oxford University Press,2000,p.220.
[4]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第120页。
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文。第120页.
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.19.
[3]张迎红:《英国工党组织体系的现代化》,《当代世界社会主义问题》,2002年第3期。
[4][英]托尼·布莱尔:《新英国:我对一个年轻国家的展望》,世界知识出版社,1998年版,第12页。
[5]林建华、李华锋:《论英国工党与工会关系嬗变的特质》,《理论学刊》,2008年第4期。
[1]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.38-43.
[1]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.24.
[2]The Guardian,5 May 1999.
[3]Patick Seyd,Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization,in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.102-103.
[1]Patick Seyd,Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization,in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.103-104.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.128.
[3]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[4]L.Steve,New Labour in Government,New York.St.Martin's Press,2001,p.80.
[1]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第34页。
[2]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第34页。
[3]英国工党“权力伙伴关系介绍(Introduction to partnership in Power)",见英国工党网站(http://www.labour.org.uk/)。
[4]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.25.
[1]英国工党网站(http://www.Labour.org.uk)
[2]陈露:《西欧社会党的组织改革及政党现代化进程》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2004年第1期。
[3]英国工党:“工党民主(Labour democracy)”,见英国工党网站(http://www.labour.org.uk/)。
[4]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[1]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[2]Patick Seyd,"Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization",in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.108.
[3]杨雪冬、薛晓源主编:《“第三条道路”与新的理论》,社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第196页。
[4]杨雪冬、薛晓源主编:《“第三条道路”与新的理论》,社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第192页。
[1]Marie Woolf,"Labour membership falls below 250,000",in Independent,Wednesday,11 June 2003.
[2]Gerge Jones,"Labour in Decline:One of Its Party Members Leaves Every 20 Minutes",http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/27/npolitics27.xml.
[3]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.108.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.125-128.
[1]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.105.
[2]罗云力:《西欧政党政治的危机与解析》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
[3]William Moloney and Grant Jordan,The Protest Business? Mobilizing Campaign Groups.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997.
[4]Jeremy Richardson,The Market for Political Activism:Interest Group as a Challenge to Political Parties,Bologna:European University Institute,1994,p.17.
[5]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.32.
[6]Stuart Weir and David Beetham,Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain,London:Routledge,1999,p.66-67.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.207-210.
[2]彭斌:《英国工党地方选举失利为哪般》,《当代世界》,2006年第6期。
[1]李路曲:《论欧美政党组织形态和权力结构的变迁》,《政治学研究》,2007年第4期。
[1]R.Gibson,"Election Campaigning on the WWW in the US and UK:A Comparative Analysis",in Party Politics,Vol.9,No 1.
[2]徐锋:《当代西方政党组织形态变化述评》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期。
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[2]Janda Kenneth and Colman Tyle,"A feel of involvement",op,cit.
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1、英国工党网站:http://www.labour.org.uk/
2、英国职工大会网站:http://www.tuc.org.uk/
3、英国保守党网站:http://www.conservative.org.uk/
4、英国官方文件网:http://www.official-documents.uk/
5、英国《卫报》网站:http://politics.guardian.co.uk/
6、英国《独立者报》网站:http://www.independent.co.uk/
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[3]徐锋、朱昔群:《国外政党基层组织比较研究》,《马克思主义与现实》,2007年第4期
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[2]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[3]谢峰:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版。
[4]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士学位论文。
[5]李小虎:《布莱尔时期英国工党改革研究》,《社科纵横》,2007年12月。
[6]龚少情:《西方政党基层党员责任意识的缺失与唤醒》,《上海党史与党建》,2008年8月号。
[1]参见周淑真:《政党和政党制度比较研究》,人民出版社,2001年版,第45页;徐锋:《政党和政党制度比较研究》,东华大学出版社,2005年版,第59页。
[2]参见王长江主编:《世界政党比较概论》,中共中央党校出版社,2003年版,第132页。
[3]参见周淑真:《政党和政党制度比较研究》,人民小版社,2001年版,第47页;徐锋:《政党和政党制度比较研究》,东华大学出版社,2005年版,第60页。
[4]施雪华:《政党政治》,三联书店(香港)有限公司,1993年版,第126页;王长江:《世界政党比较概论》,中共中央党校出版社,2003年版,第131-132页。
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[3]董卫华:《英国主流政党基层组织运作的特点与问题》,《党建》,2008年第9期。
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[4]钱乘旦、许洁明:《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社,2002年版,第286页。
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[1][美]A·L·罗威尔:《英国政府:政党制度之部》,上海人民出版社,1959年版,第137页。
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[3]钱乘旦、许洁明:《英国通史》,上海社会科学院出版社,2002年版,第281页。
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:The British Labour Party 1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.21.
[2][美]A·L·罗威尔:《英国政府:政党制度之部》,上海人民出版社,1959年版,第161页。
[3][美]A·L·罗威尔:《英国政府:政党制度之部》,上海人民出版社,1959年版,第161页。
[1][美]A·L·罗威尔:《英国政府:政党制度之部》,上海人民出版社,1959年版,第158页。
[2]Susan D.Pennybaeker,A Vision for London:1889-1914,London:Routledge,1995,p.105-106.
[3]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.450.
[4][英]莫尔顿等:《英国工人运动史(1770—1920)》,三联书店,1962年版,第185页。
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第316页。
[2]参见The Independent Labour Party",in The Economic Journal,Vol.4,No.14,1894.
[3]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.20.
[4][英]C.R.艾德礼:《工党的展望》,商务印书馆,1961年版,第18页.
[5][英]A.L.罗威尔:《英国政府:政党制度之部》,上海人民出版社,1959年版,第163页。
[6]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.450.
[7]Susan D.Pennybacker,A Vision for London:1889-1914,London:Routledge,1995,p.107.
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第16页。
[2]林建华、李华锋:《论英国工党与工会关系嬗变的特质》,《理论学刊》,2008年第4期。
[3]Brian Brivati(ed.) The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,p.16.
[1][英]鲍尔:《英国政党》,国立编译馆(台湾),1988年版,第44页。
[2]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes &Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.31.
[3]Alan R.Ball,British Political Parties:The Emergence of British Political Parties,Macmillan Press Ltd,1981,p.49.
[4]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第28页.
[5]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[6]Angelo Panebianco,Political Parties:Organization and Power,Cambridge University Press,1988,p.90.
[7]Angelo Panebianco,Political Parties:Organization and Power,Cambridge University Press,1988,p.90.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.55.
[2]Angelo Panebianco,Political Parties:Organization and Power,Cambridge University Press,1988,p.90..
[3]Angelo Panebianco,Political Parties:Organization and Power,Cambridge University Press,1988,p.91.
[4]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.10.
[1]Henry Pelling,Origins of the Labour Parry(1880-1900),Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983,p.210-211.
[2][英]亨利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第13页。
[3]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Parry 1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.23.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Parry and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.6.
[2]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[3]参见Alan R.Ball,British Political Parties:The Emergence of British Political Parties,Macmillan Press Ltd,1981,p.69-70.
[4]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.6.
[5]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.444-445.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.5.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.5.
[4]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford university Press,1974,p.7-8.
[5]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.8.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.6.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.7.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.4-5.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.20-21.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.21.
[2]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.25.
[3]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party.from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.5.
[4]Duncan Tanner,Political Change andthe Labour Party:1900-1918,Cambridge University Press,1990,p.94.
[5]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.22.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.72.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Parry,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.25.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Parry:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.38.
[1][英]艾伦·胡特:《英国工会运动简史》,世界知识社,1954年版,第48页。
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.9.
[3]Alan R.Ball,British Political Parties:The Emergence of British Political Parties,Macmillan Press Ltd,1981,p.69.
[4]参见Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.36.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.25.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.26.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.24.
[1]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.450.
[2]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.450.
[1]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.451.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.16.
[3]Duncan Tanner,Political Change andthe Labour party:1900-1918,Cambridge University Press,1990,p.90.
[1]G.D.H Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914.London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.10.
[2][英]享利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第34页。
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.10.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.36-37.
[3]参见[法]莫里斯·迪维尔热:《政党概论》,(台湾)青文文化事业有限公司,1991年版,第11页。
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第342页。
[2][英]肯尼思·摩根:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第549页。
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第354页。
[2][英]肯尼思·摩根:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第546页。
[1][英]韦伯夫妇:《英国工会运动史》,商务印书馆,1959年版,第441-442页。
[2]http://www.tuc.org.uk/the_tuc/tuc-3073-f8.cfm#tuc-3073-8.
[1]参见Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Parry,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.36.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.36.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.158.
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.41-42.
[1][英]肯尼思·摩根:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第587页。
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.38.
[1]David Lindsay Keir,The Constitutional History of Modern Britain:Since 1485,London:Black,A.& C.,1960,p.473.
[2]Joseph Lapalombara and Myron Weiner,Political Parties and Political Development.Princeton University Press,1966,p.9.
[3]Henry Pelling(ed.),A Short History of the Labour Party,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,1996,P.37.
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.49-50.
[2]Eric Shaw,Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party:the Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party,1951-87,Manchester University Press,1988,p.1-2.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.94.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.98-99.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.47.
[1]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P.38.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.71-72.
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:The British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.52-53.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.50.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford university Press,1974,p.137.
[2]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford university Press,1974,p.138.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.72.
[2]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.540.
[3]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:The Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.545-547.
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第48页。
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.158.
[2]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.141.
[3]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.143.
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.144.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.128.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.159-160.
[2]Eric Shaw,Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party:the Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party,1951-87,Manchester University Press,1988,p.12-15.
[1]Justin Fisher,David Denver and Gordon Hands,"Unsung Heroes:Constituency Elections Agents in British General Elections",in Political Studies,Vol.8,2006.
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the british labour party 1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.53.
[3]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.143.
[1]Ross Mckibbin,The Evolution of the Labour Party:1910-1924,Oxford University Press,1974,p.143.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.19.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.22.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.247-248.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.248-249.
[2]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.23.
[1][英]肯尼思·摩根《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第562页。
[2][英]C.R.艾德礼:《工党的展望》,商务印书馆,1961年版,第28-29页。
[3]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.452.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.24-27.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.28-29.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.29-30.
[1]Lewis Baston,Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,ST.Martin'Press,2000,p.454.
[2]参见Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:The British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.193-94.
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第374页。
[1]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第374页。
[2][英]肯尼思·摩根:《牛津英国通史》,商务印书馆,1993年版,第585页。
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.76.
[2]参见Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.81.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.158-159.
[4]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.42.
[1]G.D.H.Cole,A History of the Labour Party from 1914,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd,1948,p.469.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.343.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes &Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.82.
[5]Allen M.Potter,"British Party Organization,1950",in Political Science Quarterly,Vol.66,No.1,1951.
[1][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第3-4页。
[2][德]赫尔穆特·沃尔曼等:《比较英德公共部门改革——主要传统与现代化的趋势》,北京大学出版社,2004版,第9、12页。
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[1][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第469页。
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[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.47.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.50.
[3]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.50.
[1]John Gyford and Mari James,National Parties and Local Poliitcs,London:George Allen & Unwin Ltd,1983,p.184.
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.46.
[3]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.359-360.
[1][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第61-62页。
[2][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第64页。
[1]陈晓律:《当代英国》,贵州人民出版社,2001年版,第314页。
[1]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第90页。
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.236.
[1]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第90页。
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.15-17.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes &Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.111.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.2.
[1]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.82.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.342-343.
[3]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.545.
[4]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44-45.
[5]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44-45.
[6]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.83.
[7]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.83.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.44.
[1]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.20.
[2]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.145.
[3]参见Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.42.
[4][英]享利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第120页。
[5]Gerhard Loewenberg,"The British Constitution and the Structure of the Labour Party",in The American Political Science Review,Vol.52,No.3,1958.
[6][英]享利·佩林:《英国工党简史》,上海人民出版社,1977年版,第120页。
[1]Justin Fisher,David Denver and Gordon Hands,"Unsong Heroes:Constituency Election Agents in Britain General Elections",in Political Studies,Vol.8,2006.
[1]顾俊礼:《欧洲政党执政经验研究》,经济管理出版社,2005年版,第93页。
[2]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.157-158.
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191页。
[1]Keith Laybourn,The Rise of Labour:the British Labour Party,1890-1979,London:Edward Arnold,1988,p.157-158.
[2]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191页。
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第191-192页。
[4]最先对工人阶级政治的衰落进行探讨的是英国学者海德斯(Hindess),他指出工党正在失去传统工人阶级的支持。虽然他的观点遭到许多质疑,但却激发了更多学者的研究兴趣。参见Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publisher,Inc.,1976,p.124-126.
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第193页。
[6]Chris Hamnett,Linda Mcdowell and Philip Sarrc(ed.),The Changing Social Structure,London:SAGE Publications Ltd and The Open University,1994,p.120.
[7]Dennis Kavanagh(ed.),The Politics of the Labour Party,London:George Allen & Unwin,1982,p.99.
[1]David Wilson and Chris Game,Local Government in the United Kingdom,Palgrave MacMillan,2002,p.314.
[2]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.107.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[4]Roy Darke and Ray Walker(ed.),Local Government and the Public,London:Leonard Hill,1977,p.123-136.
[1]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[2]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Distribution Ltd,1988,p.108.
[3]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,p.204.
[4]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,p.18.
[1]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.95.
[2][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第499页。Darke and Ray Walker (ed.),Local Government and the Public,London:Leonard Hill,1977,p.127.
[3][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第473页。
[4]高岱:《英国通史纲要》,安徽人民出版社,2002年版,第393页。
[5]王振华:《重塑英国:布莱尔主义与“第三条道路”》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,203、204页。
[1]张幼文:《通货膨胀与经济增长》,上海社会科学院出版社,1991年版,第101页。
[2]罗志如、厉以宁:《二十世纪的英国经济:“英国病”研究》,人民出版社,1982年版,第146、147页。
[3][美]戴维·罗伯兹:《英国史:1688年至今》,中山大学出版社,1990年版,第499页。
[4][苏]Л·А·德罗波金娜:《英国财政与货币、信贷体系》,财政部财政科学院研究所、财经学院经济研究所,1982年版,第55页。
[5][英]阿瑟·马威克:《一九四五年以来的英国社会》,商务印书馆,1992年版,第186页。
[6]于维霈:《当代英国经济——医治“英国病”的调整与改革》,中国社会科学出版社,1990年版,第297页。
[7]Kevin Jefferys,The Labour Party Since 1943,London:Macmillan,1993,p.67,
[8][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第201页。
[1]Lewis Minkin,"The British Labour Party and the Trade Unions:Crisis and Compact",in Industrial and Labour Relations Review.Vol.28.No.1.1974.
[2][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第209页。
[3][英]阿伦·斯克德、克里斯·库克:《战后英国政治史》,世界知识出版社,1985年版,第210页。
[4]钱乘旦等:《二十世纪的英国》,香港:香港商务印书馆,1997年版,第143页。
[5]王振华:《重塑英国:布莱尔主义与“第三条道路”》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版,204页。
[1]高岱:《英国通史纲要》,安徽人民出版社,2002年版,第403页。
[2][英]玛格丽特·撒切尔:《撒切尔夫人回忆录·唐宁街岁月》,远方出版社,1997年版,第69页。
[3]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.27.
[4]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.32.
[5]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.147-148.
[1][英]肯尼斯·哈里斯:《撒切尔首相传》,职工教育出版社,1989年版,第215页。
[2]Earl A.Reitan,The Thatcher Revolution,Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,2002,p.33.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[4]Tom Forester,The British Labour Party and the Working Class,New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers,Inc.,1976,p.9-80.
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p159.
[2]T.E.M.Mckitterick,"The Membership of the Party",in Political Quarterly,31,No.3,1960.
[3]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.344.
[4]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.42.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.49.
[1]参见Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.205.
[3]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P.459.
[4]Scatrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.225.
[5]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.4.
[1]Martin Saiz and Geser Hans,Local Parties in Political and Organizational Perspective,Westview Press,1999,p.102.
[2]Searrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.352.
[3]David Wilson and Chris Game,Local Government in the United Kingdom,Palgrave Macmillan,p.282.
[4]阎照祥:《英国政党政治史》,中国社会科学出版社,1993年版,第413页。
[5]Alan Martin and Philip Cowley,"Ambassadors in the Community? Labour Party Members in the Society",in Politics,1999,19(2),p.89-96.
[6]Searrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.227-228.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.353-354.
[2]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980.Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.358.
[1]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,p.461-462.
[2]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.21.
[3]Brian Brivati(ed.),The Labour Party:A Centenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,p.462.
[4]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.171.
[5]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p170.
[1]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.121.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.121.
[3]David G.Green,Power and Party in an English City:An Account of Single-Party Rule,Routledge,2007,p.25.
[4]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.173.
[1]Parkinson,M.,Liverpool on the Brink,London:Policy Journals,1985,p.174.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.122.
[3]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.175-176.
[1]Matthew Worley(ed.),Labour's Grass Roots:Essays on the Activities of Local Labour Parties and Members,1918-45,Ashgate Publishing Limited,2005,p.1.
[2]英国学界对选区工党在1950、60年代的政治倾向问题一直聚讼纷纭。有的学者以这一时期选区工党反对工党领袖在公有制问题上的退缩为由,认为选区工党是左倾的;有的学者则指出认为选区工党存在狂热的左翼势力是捕风捉影,与事实不符。但对于70年代选区工党左倾势力上升的趋势却是众口一词、没有异议的。
[3]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第175-176页。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第176页。
[5]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.177.
[1]Eric Shaw,Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party:the Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party,1951-87,Manchester University Press,1988,p.154.
[2]Weber,M.,The Theory of Social and Economic Organization,New York:Oxford University Press,1947,p.408.
[3]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.17.
[1]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.168.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.16.
[3]工会在60年代的左倾对选区工党的改革运动起了很大的推动作用。在工党历史上,工会领袖的态度多数是右倾的,协助工党领袖压制党内的左倾势力。但这一倾向在60年代开始发生转变,工会内部左翼力量的上升和工党政府限制工资的政策和工会改革的企图是促使工会左倾的主要因素。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第183页。
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第180页。
[1]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.12.
[2]Alan R.Ball,British Political Parties:The Emergence of British Political Parties,Macmillan Press Ltd,1981,p.203-204.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Education Ltd,1988,p.193.
[4]Adam Lent,"The Labour Left,Local authorities and New Social Movements in Britain in the eighties",Contemporary Politics,Vol.7,Number 1,2001.
[1]William Hampton,Local Government and Urban Politics,Longman Inc.,New York,1987,p.216.
[2]H.Butcher(ed.),Local Government and Thatcherism,Routledge 11New Fetter Lane,London,1990,p.251.
[3]Gerry Stoker,The Politics of Local Government,Macmillan Education Ltd,1988,p.204.
[1][英]彼得·詹金斯:《撒切尔夫人的革命》,新华出版社,1990年版,第166页。
[2]Sue Goss,Local Labour and Local Government:A Study of Changing Interests,Politics and Policy in Southwark from 1919 to 1982,Edinburgh University Press,1988,p.151-153.
[1]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第32页。
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第32、33页。
[1]金重远:《战后西欧社会党》,上海人民出版社,1997年版,第34页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第28页。
[3]他认为工党自70年代以来面临三大危机:意识形态危机、党员人数危机、选举危机。参见Paul Whitdey,The Labour Party in Crisis,London:Methuen,1983,p.181.
[4]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[5]李华锋:《英国工党与会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第104页。
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.121.
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.121-122.
[4]David Bucher and Denis Kavangh,The British General Election of 1992,London:Macmillan,1992,p.245.
[1]David Denver and Gordon Hands,Modern Constituency Electioneering:Local Campaighing in the 1992 General Election,London:Frank Cass & Co.Ltd,1997;Charles Pattie,Paul Whiteley and Ron Johnston,'Measuring Local Campaign Effects:Labour Party Constituency Campaigning at the 1987 General Election",in Political Studies(1994),XLⅡ;Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:The Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.176-200.
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.122.
[3]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.18-19.
[4]John Smith,“Membership is Vital”,in Labour Party News 4(September/October):5.
[1]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.110.
[1]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany,1945-1980,Yale University Ph.D.,1991,p.216.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.114.
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第48页。
[4]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p.115.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.28.
[2]Eric Shaw,The Labour Party since 1979:Crisis and Transformation,London:Routledge,1994,p,115.
[3]John Gyford,National Parties and Local Poliitcs,George Allen & Unwin,1983,p.67.
[4]Scarrow,Susan Edith,Organizing for Victory:Political Party Members and Party Organization Strategies in Great Britain and West Germany.1945-1980.Yale University Ph.D.,1991.p.226.
[5]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第48页。
[1]殷叙彝:《当代西欧社会党人物传》,黑龙江人民出版社,1988年版,第88页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第42页。
[3]Andrew Thorpe,A History of the British Labour Party,Macmillan Press Ltd,1997,p.219.
[4]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.27-29.
[5]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第49页。
[6][意]罗伯特·米歇尔斯:《寡头统治铁律》,天津人民出版社,2004年版。
[1]毛里齐奥·科塔:《定义政党和政府》,出自[法]让·布隆代尔、[意]毛里齐奥·科塔主编:《政党政府的性质——一种比较性的欧洲视角》,北京大学出版社,2006年版,第55页。
[2]R.T.McKenzie,British Political Parties:the Distribution of Power within the Conservative and Labour Parties,Gregg Revivals,1992,p.635.
[3]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.15 !.
[4]改革前,在工党年会的议案表决和选举中一直实行集团投票制,由工会领导人代表其工会全体成员投票,其工会领导人投了赞成票,就算是该工会所有成员都投了赞成票,反之亦然。由于少数大工会领导人口袋中装有上百万张选票,其权力之大不言而喻。在年会中几个大工会的投票权就高达2/3。
[5]Patrick Seyd and Paul F.Whiteley,Labour's Grass Roots:the Politics of Party Membership,Clarendon Press,1992,p.21.
[1]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第39页。
[2]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第39-40页。
[3]胡淑慧:《金诺克与工党重建(1983—1992)》,华东师范大学2004年博士论文,第51页。
[4]Robert Garner and Richard Kelly,British Political Parties Today,Manchester University Press,1993,p.167.
[5]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第224页。
[1]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.148.
[2]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第25页。
[3][英]托尼·布莱尔:《新英国——我对一个年轻国家的展望》,世界知识出版社,1998年版,第160页。
[4]刘成:《理想与现实——英国工党与公有制》,江苏人民出版社,2003年版,第225页。
[1]刘建飞:《英国政党制度与主要政党研究》,中国审计出版社,1995年版,第279页。
[2]刘建飞:《英国政党制度与主要政党研究》,中国审计出版社,1995年版,第279页。
[3]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第192页。
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第284页。
[1]Brian Brivati,etc,The Labour Party:ACentenary History,London:Macmillan Press Ltd,2000,P236.
[2]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press,Inc.,2000,p.159.
[3]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第284页。
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第193页。
[5]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.104.
[6]Tony Blair,Change and National Renewal,London:Labour Party,1994,p.19.
[1]胡宁:《英国工党新领袖托尼·布莱尔》,《欧洲》,1994年第6期。
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.123.
[3]David Butler and Gareth Butler(ed.),Twentieth-Century British Political Facts,1900-2000,New York:St.Martins Press.Inc..2000.p.159.
[4]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第290页。
[5]刘建飞:《布莱尔:新首相与工党》,当代世界出版社,1997年版,第291页。
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第119页。
[2]裘援平:《当代社会民主主义与“第三条道路”》,当代世界出版社,2004年版,第193页。
[3]Dennis Kavanagh,British Politics-Continuities and Change,Oxford University Press,2000,p.220.
[4]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文,第120页。
[1]李华锋:《英国工党与工会关系研究》,华中师范大学2008年博士论文。第120页.
[2]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.19.
[3]张迎红:《英国工党组织体系的现代化》,《当代世界社会主义问题》,2002年第3期。
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[1]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.38-43.
[1]Steve Leach,The Changing Role of Local Politics in Britain,Policy Press,2006,p.24.
[2]The Guardian,5 May 1999.
[3]Patick Seyd,Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization,in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.102-103.
[1]Patick Seyd,Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization,in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.103-104.
[2]J.A.Chandler,Local Government Today,Manchester University Press,2001,p.128.
[3]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[4]L.Steve,New Labour in Government,New York.St.Martin's Press,2001,p.80.
[1]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第34页。
[2]谢锋:《英国工党第三条道路研究——兼论西欧社会民主党的革新》,贵州人民出版社,2003年版,第34页。
[3]英国工党“权力伙伴关系介绍(Introduction to partnership in Power)",见英国工党网站(http://www.labour.org.uk/)。
[4]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.25.
[1]英国工党网站(http://www.Labour.org.uk)
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[3]英国工党:“工党民主(Labour democracy)”,见英国工党网站(http://www.labour.org.uk/)。
[4]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[1]林德山:《英国新工党的现代化改革简析》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第2期。
[2]Patick Seyd,"Labour Government-Party Relations:Maturity or Marginalization",in Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.108.
[3]杨雪冬、薛晓源主编:《“第三条道路”与新的理论》,社会科学文献出版社,2000年版,第196页。
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[1]Marie Woolf,"Labour membership falls below 250,000",in Independent,Wednesday,11 June 2003.
[2]Gerge Jones,"Labour in Decline:One of Its Party Members Leaves Every 20 Minutes",http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/27/npolitics27.xml.
[3]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.108.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.125-128.
[1]Anthony King(ed.),Britain at the Polls,2001,New York:Seven Bridges Press,2002,p.105.
[2]罗云力:《西欧政党政治的危机与解析》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期。
[3]William Moloney and Grant Jordan,The Protest Business? Mobilizing Campaign Groups.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997.
[4]Jeremy Richardson,The Market for Political Activism:Interest Group as a Challenge to Political Parties,Bologna:European University Institute,1994,p.17.
[5]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.32.
[6]Stuart Weir and David Beetham,Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain,London:Routledge,1999,p.66-67.
[1]Paul F.Whiteley and Patrick Seyd,High-intensity Participation:the Dynamics of Party Activism in Britain,The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.207-210.
[2]彭斌:《英国工党地方选举失利为哪般》,《当代世界》,2006年第6期。
[1]李路曲:《论欧美政党组织形态和权力结构的变迁》,《政治学研究》,2007年第4期。
[1]R.Gibson,"Election Campaigning on the WWW in the US and UK:A Comparative Analysis",in Party Politics,Vol.9,No 1.
[2]徐锋:《当代西方政党组织形态变化述评》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期。
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[2]Janda Kenneth and Colman Tyle,"A feel of involvement",op,cit.
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1、英国工党网站:http://www.labour.org.uk/
2、英国职工大会网站:http://www.tuc.org.uk/
3、英国保守党网站:http://www.conservative.org.uk/
4、英国官方文件网:http://www.official-documents.uk/
5、英国《卫报》网站:http://politics.guardian.co.uk/
6、英国《独立者报》网站:http://www.independent.co.uk/
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