毛乌素沙地生物结皮光合固碳过程及对土壤碳排放的影响
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摘要
生物土壤结皮具有独特的生理生态特性,是荒漠生态系统至关重要的组成部分,在全球广泛分布。在荒漠生态系统中,由于高等植物的盖度相对低,生物结皮有机体占活有机体盖度的70%以上。已有研究证明,它们的出现增加了土壤有机碳库储量。但是,直接测定的生物结皮固碳速率在两个数量级变化(0.1～11.5μmolm-2s-1),具有很大的变异性,并且缺乏野外原位监测数据。生物结皮光合固碳和结皮覆被对土壤碳排放影响的研究,对全面认知生物结皮在碳循环中的作用有重要意义。
本文以毛乌素沙地南缘广泛分布的藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮为研究对象,以生物结皮发育过程中的碳固定和对土壤碳排放的影响为主线,利用Li-6400-17光合仪和Li-8150土壤碳通量系统,分别在控制条件和野外自然条件下,监测并分析三类结皮光合作用对水分、温度和光照的响应机制以及自然状态下生物结皮的光合固碳量及对土壤碳排放的影响,旨在揭示沙区生物结皮在荒漠生态系统碳循环中的碳汇源问题。主要研究结果如下：
(1)水分是影响生物结皮光合作用最主要的环境因子,光合作用的水分补偿点和饱和点均表现为：藻结皮<地衣结皮<苔藓结皮,光合作用的补偿点高于呼吸作用的补偿点。因此,在失水过程中,三类结皮均存在碳损失。生物结皮光合作用对温度需求的范围较广,藻、地衣和苔藓结皮的最适温度分别是20～27℃、15℃和20℃；光补偿点表现为苔藓结皮<藻结皮<地衣结皮,光饱和点表现为地衣结皮<藻结皮<苔藓结皮。生物结皮对环境因子响应的研究,既可以清楚认识其发挥固碳功能对环境条件的要求,也可以解释结皮在沙区的空间分布特征。
(2)研究区地衣结皮的优势种是能生长在低营养、剧烈变化地表的坚韧胶衣(Collena tenax)和柳叶胶衣(Collena coccophrorum)。生物结皮具有富集有机质和全氮的特性,但对其影响范围仅限于表层土壤。三类结皮的年固碳能力表现为：苔藓结皮>地衣结皮>藻结皮,分别为51.57、32.71和30.64g·C m-2a-1。虽然藻结皮光合作用对水分条件的要求与苔藓结皮相比较低,能够利用对苔藓结皮无效的水分,但苔藓的年光合固碳量高于藻结皮,说明影响生物结皮光合固碳量的最主要因素是净光合速率。
(3)藻结皮和苔藓结皮的存在能够分别减少土壤向大气排放CO2的23.15%和8.87%,地衣结皮的存在对土壤碳排放没有显著的影响。在干燥状态下,生物结皮破坏后,土壤立即由“碳汇”变为“碳源”；没有生物结皮的保护,土壤中的细粒物质减少,使土壤有机碳含量减少。
研究结果对科学评价生物结皮的固碳能力和正确认识其在荒漠生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要的意义,为合理制定荒漠生态系统管理方法和措施提供理论依据。
Biological soil crusts are widely spreading in the world and they are the crucial part in desert ecosystems. They have rich species compositon, complicated structure and they have particular physiological and ecological characteristicsc. The cover of the vascular plants was rather low, and the cover of the biological soil crusts was more than70%of the total cover. Available researched proved that their presence enhanced the organic carbon in the soil, while the value of the carbon fixation varied between two magnitudes by direct measurement, in addition, litter works has been done in the field condition. It is an important complementarity for comprehensively cognizing the ecological function of biological soil crusts whose cover was more than40%percent in the arid environment. This study is an important precondition to recognize the energy flow and matter flow in the desert ecosystem, and it will supply basic data for recognizing the ecological functions of desert ecosystem in the global change, carbon balance in the global.
Biological soil crust widely spreading in the Yanchi research station in Mu Us sandland. Algae lichen and moss soil crusts were selected as the research objects in this study. The response of environmental factors to photosynthesis of biological soil crust in laboratory and photosynthetic carbon fixation and carbon release in field was measured using Li-6400-17photosythetic system and Li-8150automated chamber system. The objective of the study is to understand the role of biological soil crust in carbon cycle.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Water was the main factor influence photosysnthesis of biological soil crust, average optimumwater content and water compentsation point were showed:algaecrust is quite wide, Optimum temperature for photosynthesis of cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss was20～27℃,15℃and20℃, respectively. Light saturation point was showed:lichencrusts on environmental factors can clearly understand the environmental requirements of carbon fixation by photosynthesis, also can explain the distribution characteristics of biological soil crust in the area of space.
(2)Biological soil crusts have the characteristics of nutrient enrichment, but the effect on the soil nutrient was restricted to the surface soil. The potential net photosynthetic carbon sequestration were showed:algae (3)Algae and moss crusted soils were able to reduce C02emissions from soil to atmosphere, while lichen crusts had no significant effect on carbon emissions from soil. Disturbance of BSCs transforms soil from carbon sinks into carbon source under drought conditions. Loss of protective cover of bio-crusts, and fine-grained material decreased leading to nutrient depletion in disturbed sites.
This study is meaningful to evaluate BSC carbon fixation and understand carbon cycling process of desert ecosystems, providing theoretical basis to management and arrangement of desertification controls.
本文以毛乌素沙地南缘广泛分布的藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮为研究对象,以生物结皮发育过程中的碳固定和对土壤碳排放的影响为主线,利用Li-6400-17光合仪和Li-8150土壤碳通量系统,分别在控制条件和野外自然条件下,监测并分析三类结皮光合作用对水分、温度和光照的响应机制以及自然状态下生物结皮的光合固碳量及对土壤碳排放的影响,旨在揭示沙区生物结皮在荒漠生态系统碳循环中的碳汇源问题。主要研究结果如下：
(1)水分是影响生物结皮光合作用最主要的环境因子,光合作用的水分补偿点和饱和点均表现为：藻结皮<地衣结皮<苔藓结皮,光合作用的补偿点高于呼吸作用的补偿点。因此,在失水过程中,三类结皮均存在碳损失。生物结皮光合作用对温度需求的范围较广,藻、地衣和苔藓结皮的最适温度分别是20～27℃、15℃和20℃；光补偿点表现为苔藓结皮<藻结皮<地衣结皮,光饱和点表现为地衣结皮<藻结皮<苔藓结皮。生物结皮对环境因子响应的研究,既可以清楚认识其发挥固碳功能对环境条件的要求,也可以解释结皮在沙区的空间分布特征。
(2)研究区地衣结皮的优势种是能生长在低营养、剧烈变化地表的坚韧胶衣(Collena tenax)和柳叶胶衣(Collena coccophrorum)。生物结皮具有富集有机质和全氮的特性,但对其影响范围仅限于表层土壤。三类结皮的年固碳能力表现为：苔藓结皮>地衣结皮>藻结皮,分别为51.57、32.71和30.64g·C m-2a-1。虽然藻结皮光合作用对水分条件的要求与苔藓结皮相比较低,能够利用对苔藓结皮无效的水分,但苔藓的年光合固碳量高于藻结皮,说明影响生物结皮光合固碳量的最主要因素是净光合速率。
(3)藻结皮和苔藓结皮的存在能够分别减少土壤向大气排放CO2的23.15%和8.87%,地衣结皮的存在对土壤碳排放没有显著的影响。在干燥状态下,生物结皮破坏后,土壤立即由“碳汇”变为“碳源”；没有生物结皮的保护,土壤中的细粒物质减少,使土壤有机碳含量减少。
研究结果对科学评价生物结皮的固碳能力和正确认识其在荒漠生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要的意义,为合理制定荒漠生态系统管理方法和措施提供理论依据。
Biological soil crusts are widely spreading in the world and they are the crucial part in desert ecosystems. They have rich species compositon, complicated structure and they have particular physiological and ecological characteristicsc. The cover of the vascular plants was rather low, and the cover of the biological soil crusts was more than70%of the total cover. Available researched proved that their presence enhanced the organic carbon in the soil, while the value of the carbon fixation varied between two magnitudes by direct measurement, in addition, litter works has been done in the field condition. It is an important complementarity for comprehensively cognizing the ecological function of biological soil crusts whose cover was more than40%percent in the arid environment. This study is an important precondition to recognize the energy flow and matter flow in the desert ecosystem, and it will supply basic data for recognizing the ecological functions of desert ecosystem in the global change, carbon balance in the global.
Biological soil crust widely spreading in the Yanchi research station in Mu Us sandland. Algae lichen and moss soil crusts were selected as the research objects in this study. The response of environmental factors to photosynthesis of biological soil crust in laboratory and photosynthetic carbon fixation and carbon release in field was measured using Li-6400-17photosythetic system and Li-8150automated chamber system. The objective of the study is to understand the role of biological soil crust in carbon cycle.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Water was the main factor influence photosysnthesis of biological soil crust, average optimumwater content and water compentsation point were showed:algae
(2)Biological soil crusts have the characteristics of nutrient enrichment, but the effect on the soil nutrient was restricted to the surface soil. The potential net photosynthetic carbon sequestration were showed:algae
This study is meaningful to evaluate BSC carbon fixation and understand carbon cycling process of desert ecosystems, providing theoretical basis to management and arrangement of desertification controls.
引文
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