Internet服务故障管理
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摘要
随着Internet逐渐向面向服务体系架构(SOA)演化，服务提供商(SP)开始发现Internet服务能带来潜在的高额利润，因此，近年来出现了各种各样的Internet服务，如IP电话、IP电视、视频点播、网络游戏、VPN等。为了维持已有顾客群并吸引更多新用户，SP需要保证所提供服务的服务质量(QoS)。
故障管理对于服务QoS保证非常重要，服务的不可用或性能降级都会引起SLA(Service Level Agreement，服务等级协定)违约，影响SP的信誉，并造成经济损失。因此，SP需要面向服务的故障管理机制，在服务发生故障时能迅速定位故障并采取相应措施，以缩短服务宕机时间和性能降级时间。本文围绕着Internet服务的故障管理体系及其相关算法进行了研究，研究的侧重点在于基于图论技术的服务故障诊断，服务故障传播模型建立，故障定位算法的分析和改进，跨多个自治域的服务故障管理框架、以及基于资源规划的服务性能降级故障处理。论文的主要工作包含以下几个方面：
(1) 分析造成服务故障的复杂原因，比较了现有的故障诊断技术，选择图论技术作为本文研究的理论工具，采用二分图作为服务的故障传播模型，提出了分层的故障传播模型，并提出了建模方法。分层模型通过将故障管理任务划分到多个独立的层次，简化了故障诊断过程。
(2) 将二分图故障传播模型的故障诊断问题转化为集合覆盖问题，借鉴启发式贪婪算法，设计了最大覆盖算法MCA和MCA+。MCA和MCA+算法是基于时间窗口的，其中MCA+算法是MCA算法的扩展版本，综合考虑了丢失和虚假症状对故障诊断造成的影响。仿真结果证明了MCA和MCA+算法能够获得比现有算法更高的故障检测率和更低的误判率，并且算法稳定，计算复杂度较低。
(3) 为了改进基于时间窗口算法在时间窗口设置不合适的情况下的性能，提出了多时间窗口故障诊断算法MFD。基于时间窗口的算法存在着固有缺陷，即算法的准确度依赖于时间窗口的设置值。MFD算法在MCA+算法的基础上增加了相邻时间窗口关联关系分析，能在一定程度上克服时间窗口设置不准确对算法造成的影响。仿真结果表明，MFD在时间窗口设置准确的情况下能获得与MCA+类似的性能；而在时间窗口设置不准确(包括大窗口和小窗口)的情况下，MFD算法能获得比MCA+算法更高的故障检测率和更低的误判率，并且其算法复杂度与MCA+相同。
(4) 分析了在多域异构网络环境中服务故障管理存在的问题，提出了基于PDB
As Internet migrates gradually to SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), Service Providers (SP) find out that Internet services have the potential to bring great profits. Thus various Internet services appeared in recent decades, such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD, Internet Game, VPN and etc. In order to maintain traditional customers and attract new users, SP should provide QoS (Quality of Service) for their services.
Fault management is crucial for QoS guarantee, since service unavailability or performance degradation may cause Service Level Agreement (SLA) violation, which will affect the SP's credit and cause the financial loss. Therefore, in order to shorten the unavailable and performance degradation period when a service failure happens, SP needs service oriented fault management to localize the fault and take counter measures. This dissertation focuses on the fault management architecture for Internet services and the related algorithms. Graph theory based fault diagnosis, FPM (fault propagation model) modeling, fault localization algorithms analysis and improvement, and the multi-domain fault management framework for Internet services are examined in this dissertation. The main contributions are as follows:
(1) The complicated causes of Internet services failure are analyzed. Based on the comparison of current fault diagnosis techniques, graph theory is chosen to be the theoretical tool and bipartite graph is employed as the FPM for Internet services. A layering FP.M with the modeling approach is proposed. By dividing the fault management task into separated layers, the layering model can simplify the fault diagnosis process.
(2) By transforming the fault diagnosis in bipartite FPM into a set-covering problem, two window-based fault localization algorithms MCA (Max-Covering Algorithm) and MCA+ are proposed, based on the heuristic greedy algorithm. MCA+ is an extension of MCA, taking the loss and spurious symptoms into account. Simulation results prove that MCA and MCA+ can achieve higher fault detection rate and lower false positive rate than current algorithms. They are more stable and have lower complexity in addition.
(3) MFD (Multi-window Fault diagnosis) algorithm is proposed to improve the performance of window-based algorithms in the case that the time window is set improperly. The intrinsic shortcoming of window-based algorithms is that their accuracy depends on whether the time window size is set correctly. By considering the correlation of adjacent time windows, MFD can alleviate the
故障管理对于服务QoS保证非常重要，服务的不可用或性能降级都会引起SLA(Service Level Agreement，服务等级协定)违约，影响SP的信誉，并造成经济损失。因此，SP需要面向服务的故障管理机制，在服务发生故障时能迅速定位故障并采取相应措施，以缩短服务宕机时间和性能降级时间。本文围绕着Internet服务的故障管理体系及其相关算法进行了研究，研究的侧重点在于基于图论技术的服务故障诊断，服务故障传播模型建立，故障定位算法的分析和改进，跨多个自治域的服务故障管理框架、以及基于资源规划的服务性能降级故障处理。论文的主要工作包含以下几个方面：
(1) 分析造成服务故障的复杂原因，比较了现有的故障诊断技术，选择图论技术作为本文研究的理论工具，采用二分图作为服务的故障传播模型，提出了分层的故障传播模型，并提出了建模方法。分层模型通过将故障管理任务划分到多个独立的层次，简化了故障诊断过程。
(2) 将二分图故障传播模型的故障诊断问题转化为集合覆盖问题，借鉴启发式贪婪算法，设计了最大覆盖算法MCA和MCA+。MCA和MCA+算法是基于时间窗口的，其中MCA+算法是MCA算法的扩展版本，综合考虑了丢失和虚假症状对故障诊断造成的影响。仿真结果证明了MCA和MCA+算法能够获得比现有算法更高的故障检测率和更低的误判率，并且算法稳定，计算复杂度较低。
(3) 为了改进基于时间窗口算法在时间窗口设置不合适的情况下的性能，提出了多时间窗口故障诊断算法MFD。基于时间窗口的算法存在着固有缺陷，即算法的准确度依赖于时间窗口的设置值。MFD算法在MCA+算法的基础上增加了相邻时间窗口关联关系分析，能在一定程度上克服时间窗口设置不准确对算法造成的影响。仿真结果表明，MFD在时间窗口设置准确的情况下能获得与MCA+类似的性能；而在时间窗口设置不准确(包括大窗口和小窗口)的情况下，MFD算法能获得比MCA+算法更高的故障检测率和更低的误判率，并且其算法复杂度与MCA+相同。
(4) 分析了在多域异构网络环境中服务故障管理存在的问题，提出了基于PDB
As Internet migrates gradually to SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), Service Providers (SP) find out that Internet services have the potential to bring great profits. Thus various Internet services appeared in recent decades, such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD, Internet Game, VPN and etc. In order to maintain traditional customers and attract new users, SP should provide QoS (Quality of Service) for their services.
Fault management is crucial for QoS guarantee, since service unavailability or performance degradation may cause Service Level Agreement (SLA) violation, which will affect the SP's credit and cause the financial loss. Therefore, in order to shorten the unavailable and performance degradation period when a service failure happens, SP needs service oriented fault management to localize the fault and take counter measures. This dissertation focuses on the fault management architecture for Internet services and the related algorithms. Graph theory based fault diagnosis, FPM (fault propagation model) modeling, fault localization algorithms analysis and improvement, and the multi-domain fault management framework for Internet services are examined in this dissertation. The main contributions are as follows:
(1) The complicated causes of Internet services failure are analyzed. Based on the comparison of current fault diagnosis techniques, graph theory is chosen to be the theoretical tool and bipartite graph is employed as the FPM for Internet services. A layering FP.M with the modeling approach is proposed. By dividing the fault management task into separated layers, the layering model can simplify the fault diagnosis process.
(2) By transforming the fault diagnosis in bipartite FPM into a set-covering problem, two window-based fault localization algorithms MCA (Max-Covering Algorithm) and MCA+ are proposed, based on the heuristic greedy algorithm. MCA+ is an extension of MCA, taking the loss and spurious symptoms into account. Simulation results prove that MCA and MCA+ can achieve higher fault detection rate and lower false positive rate than current algorithms. They are more stable and have lower complexity in addition.
(3) MFD (Multi-window Fault diagnosis) algorithm is proposed to improve the performance of window-based algorithms in the case that the time window is set improperly. The intrinsic shortcoming of window-based algorithms is that their accuracy depends on whether the time window size is set correctly. By considering the correlation of adjacent time windows, MFD can alleviate the
引文
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[1] Irene Katzela, A. T. Bouloutas, Seraphin B. Calo: Centralized vs distributed fault localization. Integrated Network Management 1995: 250-261
[2] Katzela and M. Schwartz, "Schemes for Fault Identification in Communication Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 3, December 1995
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[4] M. Steinder and A.S. Sethi, "Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis in Communication Systems through Incremental Hypothesis Updating." Computer Networks Vol. 45, 4 (July 2004), pp. 537-562
[5] Carmen Mas and Patrick Thiran "A review on fault location methods and their application to optical networks", Optical Network Magazine Volume 2, Number 4, July/August 2001
[6] J. Pearl, "Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference", San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988
[7] M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, Increasing robustness of fault localization through analysis of lost, spurious, and positive symptoms. 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), New York, NY, 2002.
[8] Richard M. Karp. "Reducibility among Combinatorial Problems." In Complexity of Computer Computations, Proc. Sympos. IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y.. New York: Plenum, p.85-103. 1972[1] M. Steinder and A.S. Sethi, "Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis in Communication Systems through Incremental Hypothesis Updating." Computer Networks Vol. 45, 4 (July 2004), pp. 537-562
[2] Yemini, S.A., Kliger, S., Mozes, E., Yemini, Y., Ohsie, D., "High speed and robust event correlation", Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 34, Issue 5, May 1996 Page(s):82 - 90
[3] Xiaohui Huang, Shihong Zou, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng, "Fault Management for Internet Service: Modeling and Algorithms", IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE ICC 2006, Istanbul, Jun. 2006[1] K. Nichols and B. Carpenter, "Definition of Differentiated Services Per Domain Behaviors and Rules for their Specification", RFC 3086, April 2001
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[4] Xiaohui Huang, Yu Lin, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng,"QoSJava: An End-to-End QoS Solution", IFIP/IEEE 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005, LNCS 3754, pp.302-313
[5] Darst, C.; Ramanathan, S., Measurement and Management of Internet Services, Integrated Network Management, 1999. Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Management for the Networked Millennium, 24-28 May 1999, Pages: 125-140
[6] Qinzheng Kong; Chen, G.; Hussain, R.Y. A Management Framework for Internet Services, Network Operations and Management Symposium, 1998. NOMS 98., IEEE, Volume: 1,15-20 Feb. 1998 Pages:21-30 vol.1
[7] Deborah Caswell, Srinivas Ramanathan, Using Service Models for Management of Internet Services, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume: 18, Issue: 5, Pages:686 -701, May 2000
[8] Alexandre Bronstein, Joydip Das, etc, Self-Aware Services: Using Bayesian Networks for Detecting Anomalies in Internet-based Services, Technical Report HPL-2001-23 (R. 1), HP Laboratories Palo Alto, "www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2001/HPL-2001-23R1.ps", 2001
[9] IBM Redbook, Business Service Management Best Practices, http://IBM.com/redbooks[10] Andreas Hanemann, Martin Sailer, David Sehmitz, Assured Service Quality by Improved Fault Management-Service-Oriented Event Correlation, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Service oriented computing, November 2004
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[14] 肖峻峰，崔毅东，王文东，程时端，“一种多业务IP网络中的服务等级规范(SLS)监测系统”，高技术通讯，2005年第15卷第10期，Page：11-15
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[2] Chu, L.; Shen, K.; Tang, H.; Yang, T.; Zhou, J.; Dependency isolation for thread-based multi-tier Internet services; INFOCOM 2005.24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings IEEE; Volume 2, 13-17 March 2005 Page(s):796-806 vol. 2
[3] Florin Sultan, Kiran Srinivasan, Deepa Iyer, Liviu Iftode; "Migratory TCP: Connection Migration for Service Continuity in the Internet", ICDCS 2002[4] Sultan, F.; Bohra, A.; Smaldone, S.; Pan, Y.; Gallard, P.; Neamtiu, I.; Iftode, L.; Recovering Internet service sessions from operating system failures; IEEE Internet Computing, Volume 9, Issue 2, March-April 2005 Page(s): 17-27
[5] S. Brugnoni and G. Bruno, "An expert system for real time fault diagnosis of the Italian telecommunications network", Integrated Network Management, pages 617-628, North-Holand, 1993. Elsevier.
[6] G. Jakobson and M. Weissman, "Alarm Correlation", IEEE Network, 7(6), November, 1993.
[7] L. Lewis, "A Case-based Reasoning Approach for the Resolution of Faults in Communication Networks", Proceedings of the 3rd IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network Management, San Francisco, California, USA, April, 1993.
[8] M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, "Probabilistic Fault Localization in Communication Systems Using Belief Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol.12, No. 5, October 2004
[9] I. Katzela and M. Schwartz, "Schemes for Fault Identification in Communication Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 3, December 1995
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[11]M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, "Probabilistic event-driven fault diagnosis through incremental hypothesis updating", IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network Management, Colorado Springs, CO, 2003.
[12]M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, End-to-End Service Failure Diagnosis Using Belief Networks. Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Florence, Italy, 2002.
[13]Gopal, R.; "Layered model for supporting fault isolation and recovery", Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2000. NOMS 2000. 2000 IEEE/IFIP, 10-14 April 2000 Page(s):729 - 742
[14]Srikanth Kandula, Dina Katabi, Jean-Philippe Vasseur, "Shrink: A Tool for Failure Diagnosis in IP Networks", Sigcomm2005 MineNet Workshop
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[16]Andreas Hanemann, Martin Sailer, David Schmitz, "Assured Service Quality by Improved Fault Management - Service-Oriented Event Correlation", Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Service oriented computing, November 2004
[17]Kevin B. Korb, Ann E. Nicholson, "Bayesian Artificial Intelligence", Chapman & Hall/CRC press, ISBN 1-58488-387-1, 2003
[18]J. Pearl, "Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference", San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988
[19]Paul Dagum, Michael Luby, Approximating probabilistic inference in Bayesian belief networks is NP-hard, Artificial Intelligence, v.60 n.1, p.141-153, March 1993
[20]Poet, M. A. and Shachter, R. D., "Fusion and Propagation with multiple observations in belief networks", Articficial Intelligence, 48,299-318,2001
[21]Mas, C; Thiran, P., "An efficient algorithm for locating soft and hard failures in WDM networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume 18, Issue 10, Oct. 2000 Page(s):1900- 1911
[22]Saurabh Bagchi, Gautam Kar, Joe Hellerstein, "Dependency Analysis in Distributed Systems using Fault Injection: Application to Problem Determination in an e-commerce Environment", 12th International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management, DSOM'2001, Nancy France, 2001
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[25]Xiaohui Huang, Shihong Zou, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng, "MDFM: Multi-Domain Fault Management for Internet Services", 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005, New York: Springer-Verlag, LNCS 3754, pp. 121-132,2005
[26]Brown, A.; Kar, G.; Keller, A.; "An active approach to characterizing dynamic dependencies for problem determination in a distributed environment", IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Integrated Network Management, 2001 14-18 May 2001 Page(s):377 - 390
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[1] Irene Katzela, A. T. Bouloutas, Seraphin B. Calo: Centralized vs distributed fault localization. Integrated Network Management 1995: 250-261
[2] Katzela and M. Schwartz, "Schemes for Fault Identification in Communication Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 3, December 1995
[3] Yemini, S.A., Kliger, S., Mozes, E., Yemini, Y., Ohsie, D., "High speed and robust event correlation", Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 34, Issue 5, May 1996 Page(s):82 - 90
[4] M. Steinder and A.S. Sethi, "Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis in Communication Systems through Incremental Hypothesis Updating." Computer Networks Vol. 45, 4 (July 2004), pp. 537-562
[5] Carmen Mas and Patrick Thiran "A review on fault location methods and their application to optical networks", Optical Network Magazine Volume 2, Number 4, July/August 2001
[6] J. Pearl, "Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference", San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1988
[7] M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, Increasing robustness of fault localization through analysis of lost, spurious, and positive symptoms. 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), New York, NY, 2002.
[8] Richard M. Karp. "Reducibility among Combinatorial Problems." In Complexity of Computer Computations, Proc. Sympos. IBM Thomas J. Watson Res. Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y.. New York: Plenum, p.85-103. 1972[1] M. Steinder and A.S. Sethi, "Probabilistic Fault Diagnosis in Communication Systems through Incremental Hypothesis Updating." Computer Networks Vol. 45, 4 (July 2004), pp. 537-562
[2] Yemini, S.A., Kliger, S., Mozes, E., Yemini, Y., Ohsie, D., "High speed and robust event correlation", Communications Magazine, IEEE Volume 34, Issue 5, May 1996 Page(s):82 - 90
[3] Xiaohui Huang, Shihong Zou, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng, "Fault Management for Internet Service: Modeling and Algorithms", IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE ICC 2006, Istanbul, Jun. 2006[1] K. Nichols and B. Carpenter, "Definition of Differentiated Services Per Domain Behaviors and Rules for their Specification", RFC 3086, April 2001
[2] CADENUS Project Consortium, Deliverable D1.2, End-user services in the Premium IP: Models, Architectures and Provisioning Scenarios, http://www.cadenus.org, November 2001
[3] 张晋豫，“IP-DiffServ，网络端到端定量QoS管理研究”，博士论文，北京邮电大学，2004年6月
[4] Xiaohui Huang, Yu Lin, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng,"QoSJava: An End-to-End QoS Solution", IFIP/IEEE 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005, LNCS 3754, pp.302-313
[5] Darst, C.; Ramanathan, S., Measurement and Management of Internet Services, Integrated Network Management, 1999. Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Management for the Networked Millennium, 24-28 May 1999, Pages: 125-140
[6] Qinzheng Kong; Chen, G.; Hussain, R.Y. A Management Framework for Internet Services, Network Operations and Management Symposium, 1998. NOMS 98., IEEE, Volume: 1,15-20 Feb. 1998 Pages:21-30 vol.1
[7] Deborah Caswell, Srinivas Ramanathan, Using Service Models for Management of Internet Services, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume: 18, Issue: 5, Pages:686 -701, May 2000
[8] Alexandre Bronstein, Joydip Das, etc, Self-Aware Services: Using Bayesian Networks for Detecting Anomalies in Internet-based Services, Technical Report HPL-2001-23 (R. 1), HP Laboratories Palo Alto, "www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2001/HPL-2001-23R1.ps", 2001
[9] IBM Redbook, Business Service Management Best Practices, http://IBM.com/redbooks[10] Andreas Hanemann, Martin Sailer, David Sehmitz, Assured Service Quality by Improved Fault Management-Service-Oriented Event Correlation, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Service oriented computing, November 2004
[11] M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, The present and future of event correlation: A need for end-to-end service fault localization. World Multi-Conf. Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics (SCI), Orlando, FL, 2001
[12] M. Steinder and A. S. Sethi, Increasing robustness of fault localization through analysis of lost, spurious, and positive symptoms. 21st Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), New York, NY, 2002.
[13] M. Steinder and A.S. Sethi, Multi-Domain Diagnosis of End-to-End Service Failures in Hierarchically Routed Networks, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. LNCS-3042, (2004), pp. 1036-1046, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
[14] 肖峻峰，崔毅东，王文东，程时端，“一种多业务IP网络中的服务等级规范(SLS)监测系统”，高技术通讯，2005年第15卷第10期，Page：11-15
[15] Iperf, University of Illinois, "http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/"[1] Braden, R., Clark, D. and Shenker, S., "Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview", Internet RFC 1633, June 1994
[2] D. Grossman, "New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv", RFC 3260, April 2002
[3] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture", RFC3031, January 2001
[4] R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog and S. Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) --Version 1 Functional Specification", RFC 2205, Sept. 1997
[5] CADENUS Project Consortium, Deliverable D1.2, End-user services in the Premium IP: Models, Architectures and Provisioning Scenarios, http://www.cadenus.org, November 2001
[6] TEQUILA Project Consortium, Deliverable D1.1, Functional Architecture Definition and Top Level Design, http://www.ist-tequila.org, September 2000
[7] AQUILA Project Consortium, Deliverable D1201, System Architecture and Specification for the first trial, http://www.ist-aquila.org, June 2000
[8] Y. Bernet, P. Ford, g. Yavatkar, F. Baker, L. Zhang, M. Speer, R. Braden, B. Davie, J. Wroclawski, E. Felstaine, "A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks", Internet RFC 2998, November 2000
[9] F. Le Fancheur, L. Wu, B. Davie, S. Davari, P.Vaananen, R. Krishnan, P. Cheval, J. Heinanen "Multi-Protocol Label Switching Support of Differentiated Services", Internet RFC 3270, May 2002
[10] Xiaohui Huang, Yu Lin, Wendong Wang, Shiduan Cheng, "QoSJava: An End-to-End QoS Solution", IFIP/IEEE 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia Networks and Services, MMNS 2005, LNCS 3754, pp.302-313
[11] Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein, "Introduction to Algorithms", The MIT Press
[12] Iperf, University of Illinois, http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/