基于免疫计算的无线通信网络资源优化
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摘要
随着3G通信系统的迅速发展和无线接入技术的不断进步，越来越多的人们能够享受到无线通信带来的便捷。以移动通信为代表的无线通信系统是一种资源受限的系统，随着无线业务需求的高速增长，无线资源(基站站址资源、频谱资源、码资源、功率资源、带宽资源等)日渐紧缺。如何有效地利用有限的无线资源来满足日益增长的业务需求，已经成为国内外研究者和移动网络运营商共同关注的问题。无线资源管理(Radio Resource Management, RRM)是无线通信网络的一个重要研究内容。通过对无线通信网络的资源进行分配优化，可以提供更大的覆盖范围、系统容量和系统性能，从而实现在无线资源有限的情况下接入尽可能多的用户。本文对无线通信网络的资源分配优化模型及优化算法进行了系统的研究，主要研究工作如下：
1.基站选址对无线通信网络的服务质量有着重要的影响，在选址时应全面考虑基站覆盖面积、基站建设代价、维护方便程度等要素。基站选址优化是无线通信网络优化的一个重要内容，即在考虑信号质量、建设代价、覆盖约束以及其它网络参数的情况下优化基站的数目和位置，其目标是用较低的基站建设代价来获得一个高覆盖率的网络。本文对无线通信网络的基站选址优化问题进行了研究。首先，针对TD-SCDMA网络基站选址问题的特点，构建了选址优化模型，设计了基于实数编码的克隆增殖算子、克隆变异算子及克隆选择算子，提出了一种基于免疫计算的TD-SCDMA网络基站选址优化方案。接着，对WCDMA网络基站选址问题进行了研究。由于WCDMA网络存在较明显的呼吸效应，即容量与覆盖相互影响，其基站规划问题较为复杂。本文利用链路预算确定WCDMA网络的最大可接受路径损耗，从而计算出小区的最大半径、基站的最大覆盖面积以及容量约束下需要的基站总数目；利用负载因子估计每个基站支持的用户总数目；提出了一种基于免疫计算的WCDMA网络基站选址优化方案。最后，对IEEE802.16j网络的基站及中继站联合选址优化问题进行了研究。当IEEE802.16j中继系统工作在透明中继模式时，移动终端必须处在基站的覆盖范围内以保证能中继传播。本文构建了IEEE802.16j网络基站及中继站联合选址优化模型，并提出了求解模型的免疫优化算法。仿真实验结果表明，本文所提的基站选址优化方案能以较小的网络建设代价满足覆盖要求，其性能优于文献方案，具有较好的理论价值。
2.导频信道与其他下行信道共同分享下行功率。由于基站的最大发射功率是额定的，导频功率占的比例大了，分给下行信道的功率所占比例就会减少。过大的导频功率会增加下行链路干扰和小区重叠面积，还会导致导频污染；另一方面，若导频功率过小，会导致小区主导面积下降，从而导致相邻小区超载或出现网络覆盖漏洞。因此，需要根据基站覆盖区域及业务支持能力的需求，对基站导频功率进行优化。本文对WCDMA网络基站导频功率优化问题进行了研究，构建了WCDMA网络基站导频功率优化问题的数学模型，提出了一种基于免疫计算的基站导频功率优化方案。考虑到家庭基站在解决局部区域网络容量、盲区覆盖等问题的重要作用，本文还对家庭基站的导频功率优化问题进行了研究，基于网络拓扑结构和传播流量分布，提出了家庭基站导频功率及毫微微小区半径的优化配置方案。仿真实验结果验证了本文所提方案的有效性，具有较好的理论价值。
3.各种异构接入网络的无缝融合是下一代通信网络的显著特征之一。联合会话接纳控制是针对异构无线通信系统的一种宏观资源管理，其目的是使用户会话在各个无线接入网络中均衡分布。本文对单运营商异构网络环境下的联合会话接纳控制问题进行了研究，构建了联合会话接纳控制问题的数学模型，提出了基于免疫计算的联合会话接纳控制方案，并通过仿真实验验证了本文方案。实验结果表明，与文献方案相比，本文方案在阻塞率和频谱效用之间获得了更好的性能折中，同时更好地兼顾了同一运营商内各个接入网络之间的公平。
4.在异构网络融合场景下，垂直切换是保证无线业务连续性的有效手段，同时也是调整各个无线接入网络负载的有效方法，垂直切换判决方案决定了垂直切换的性能。本文对异构网络融合场景下的垂直切换判决问题进行了研究，构建了垂直切换判决问题的数学模型，提出了一种基于简谐振子免疫优化算法的垂直切换判决方案，并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明，本文方案能够有效地平衡网络负载、增加终端电池的生存时间。
5.在融合多种无线接入技术的异构网络环境中，用户业务在时域和空域上分布的不均衡性是影响整个异构网络性能的主要因素。本文对异构网络融合场景下的负载均衡问题进行了研究，提出了一种基于接入选择和业务转移的动态负载均衡机制。本文把接入选择建模为约束优化问题，利用求得的结果把接入任务均衡地分配到各个基站小区中。另外，为了削弱热点小区突发性业务对系统负载均衡性的破坏，本文还提出了基于基站负载率阈值的业务转移策略。仿真实验结果表明，本文所提出的动态负载均衡方案在接入阻塞率、切换掉线率、负载均衡性、系统利用率等指标上均优于文献方案。
With the rapid development of3G communications systems and wireless accesstechnology, more and more people can enjoy the convenience brought by the wirelesscommunication. Mobile communications systems are resource-constrained systems.With the needs of the wireless business in the sustained rapid growth, the wirelessresources, such as base station location resources, spectrum resources, code resources,power resources, bandwidth resources and so on, are becoming more and moreshortages. Thus how to effectively utilize the limited wireless resources to meet growingbusiness needs have become the issues of common concern for researchers and mobilenetwork operators. Radio resource management (RRM) is an important research hot ofthe wireless communication network. It can provide the maximum coverage, systemcapacity and system performance, by optimizing the allocation of the resources of thewireless communication network, so as to support many users to access the limitedradio resources. The optimization model and optimization algorithm for resourcesallocation of wireless communication network are researched. The author’s majorcontributions are outlined as follows:
1. The base station location has an important influence on the quality of service forwireless communications networks.It should take full account of the coverage area ofbase station, construction cost, maintenance convenience, and other factors, when weplan base stations location. Base station location optimization is an important element ofthe wireless communication network optimization,it's task is to optimize the numberand location of base stations with considering signal quality, construction costs, andcoverage constraints, and other network parameters, it's target is to obtain a highercoverage network with a lower base station construction cost. The problem of basestation location planning in wireless network has been studied. Firsty, the locationoptimization model for TD-SCDMA network base station was expound, three cloningoperators with real-number encoding were designed, a solution of base station locationplanning based on immune computing was proposed. Secondly, the problem of basestation location planning in the WCDMA network has been studied. There is obviousrespiratory effect in the WCDMA network, capacity and coverage of mutual influence,which makes the problem of base station location planning becoming very complicated.The link budget is used to determine the maximum acceptable path loss of WCDMAnetwork, in order to estimate the radius of a cell and the coverage area of a base station.The load factor is used to estimate the total number of users supported by each base station. The solution of optimization locations based on immune algorithm is proposed.Finally, the location planning problem of base station and relay station in IEEE802.16jnetwork has been studied. When IEEE802.16j relay system works in a transparentrepeater mode, mobile terminals must be in the coverage of the base station in order toensure that the relay propagation. The mathematical model of location planning of basestation and relay station is expounded, a solution of location planning based on immunecomputing is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed solution ofoptimization locations can meet the coverage needs with low cost of networkconstruction relatively, and has the advantages of good theoretical value.
2. The pilot channel shares downlink power with the other for downlink channel.Since the maximum transmit power of base stations is rated, pilot power accounts for alarge proportion, the proportion of other downstream channel power will be reduced.Too large pilot power will increase the downlink interference, cell overlapping area,also lead to a larger area of the pilot pollution. On the other hand, if the pilot power istoo small, then it will lead to decreased cell coverage area, which will lead tooverloading of the adjacent cell or network coverage holes. Therefore, it is verynecessary to optimize the base station pilot power according to the demand of basestation coverage and business support capabilities. The femtocell can effectivelyimprove the network capacity of local area, and solve the problem of coverage blindspots, so the femtocell pilot power allocation problem in next-generation cellularnetwork has been studied in this paper. Based on the network topology structure andcommunication flow distribution, an allocation solution for the pilot power of femtocelland the radius of femto cell are given. Experimental result shows that the proposedsolution can effectively allocate pilot power, and has the advantages of good theoreticalvalue.
3. The seamless integration of various heterogeneous access networks is one of thesalient features of the next-generation network. The joint session admission control ismacro perspective resource management for heterogeneous wireless communicationsystem, its purpose is to the user session in various wireless access network balanceddistribution. The joint call admission control problem in heterogeneous networkenvironment of single operator has been studied. The mathematical model of joint calladmission control problem is expounded, a novel joint call admission control solutionbased on immune computing is proposed, and simulation experiments are done tovalidate the proposed solution. Experimental result shows that the proposed solution, compared with other solutions, obtains better performance tradeoffs between recentutility and frequency spectrum, balances preferably each radio access network of thesame operator.
4. Vertical handoff in heterogeneous network convergence scenario is an effectivemeans to ensure wireless business continuity, and also an effective way to adjust thevarious wireless access network load distribution. The vertical handoff decisionalgorithm determines the performance of vertical handoff. The vertical handoff decisionproblem in heterogeneous network convergence scenario has been studied. In this paper,a mathematical model for vertical handoff decision problem is expounded, an artificialsimple harmonic oscillator immune algorithm-based vertical handoff decision scheme isproposed, and simulation experiments are done to validate proposed solution.Experimental result shows that the proposed solution, compared with literature solutions,can not only balance the overall load among all networks but also increase the collectivebattery lifetime of mobile terminals, and has the advantage of good reference value.
5. In heterogeneous network environment integrated multiple radio accesstechnology, the non-uniform distribution of users' calls in the time domain and in theairspace is the important factor affecting the performance of heterogeneous wirelessnetwork. The load balance problem in heterogeneous network convergence scenario hasbeen studied, and a novel dynamic load balance scheme based on access selection andcalls transfer is proposed. In this paper, access selection is modeled as a constrainedoptimization problem, and the access calls is assigned to all base station evenly inaccordance with the optimization result. In addition, in order to weaken thedestructiveness of sudden calls from hot area to the system load balance, a calls transferstrategy based on the threshold of base station load rate is given. Experimental resultshows that the proposed solution performs better than literature solutions in accessblocking rate, calls dropping rate, load balance and system utilization rate.
1.基站选址对无线通信网络的服务质量有着重要的影响，在选址时应全面考虑基站覆盖面积、基站建设代价、维护方便程度等要素。基站选址优化是无线通信网络优化的一个重要内容，即在考虑信号质量、建设代价、覆盖约束以及其它网络参数的情况下优化基站的数目和位置，其目标是用较低的基站建设代价来获得一个高覆盖率的网络。本文对无线通信网络的基站选址优化问题进行了研究。首先，针对TD-SCDMA网络基站选址问题的特点，构建了选址优化模型，设计了基于实数编码的克隆增殖算子、克隆变异算子及克隆选择算子，提出了一种基于免疫计算的TD-SCDMA网络基站选址优化方案。接着，对WCDMA网络基站选址问题进行了研究。由于WCDMA网络存在较明显的呼吸效应，即容量与覆盖相互影响，其基站规划问题较为复杂。本文利用链路预算确定WCDMA网络的最大可接受路径损耗，从而计算出小区的最大半径、基站的最大覆盖面积以及容量约束下需要的基站总数目；利用负载因子估计每个基站支持的用户总数目；提出了一种基于免疫计算的WCDMA网络基站选址优化方案。最后，对IEEE802.16j网络的基站及中继站联合选址优化问题进行了研究。当IEEE802.16j中继系统工作在透明中继模式时，移动终端必须处在基站的覆盖范围内以保证能中继传播。本文构建了IEEE802.16j网络基站及中继站联合选址优化模型，并提出了求解模型的免疫优化算法。仿真实验结果表明，本文所提的基站选址优化方案能以较小的网络建设代价满足覆盖要求，其性能优于文献方案，具有较好的理论价值。
2.导频信道与其他下行信道共同分享下行功率。由于基站的最大发射功率是额定的，导频功率占的比例大了，分给下行信道的功率所占比例就会减少。过大的导频功率会增加下行链路干扰和小区重叠面积，还会导致导频污染；另一方面，若导频功率过小，会导致小区主导面积下降，从而导致相邻小区超载或出现网络覆盖漏洞。因此，需要根据基站覆盖区域及业务支持能力的需求，对基站导频功率进行优化。本文对WCDMA网络基站导频功率优化问题进行了研究，构建了WCDMA网络基站导频功率优化问题的数学模型，提出了一种基于免疫计算的基站导频功率优化方案。考虑到家庭基站在解决局部区域网络容量、盲区覆盖等问题的重要作用，本文还对家庭基站的导频功率优化问题进行了研究，基于网络拓扑结构和传播流量分布，提出了家庭基站导频功率及毫微微小区半径的优化配置方案。仿真实验结果验证了本文所提方案的有效性，具有较好的理论价值。
3.各种异构接入网络的无缝融合是下一代通信网络的显著特征之一。联合会话接纳控制是针对异构无线通信系统的一种宏观资源管理，其目的是使用户会话在各个无线接入网络中均衡分布。本文对单运营商异构网络环境下的联合会话接纳控制问题进行了研究，构建了联合会话接纳控制问题的数学模型，提出了基于免疫计算的联合会话接纳控制方案，并通过仿真实验验证了本文方案。实验结果表明，与文献方案相比，本文方案在阻塞率和频谱效用之间获得了更好的性能折中，同时更好地兼顾了同一运营商内各个接入网络之间的公平。
4.在异构网络融合场景下，垂直切换是保证无线业务连续性的有效手段，同时也是调整各个无线接入网络负载的有效方法，垂直切换判决方案决定了垂直切换的性能。本文对异构网络融合场景下的垂直切换判决问题进行了研究，构建了垂直切换判决问题的数学模型，提出了一种基于简谐振子免疫优化算法的垂直切换判决方案，并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明，本文方案能够有效地平衡网络负载、增加终端电池的生存时间。
5.在融合多种无线接入技术的异构网络环境中，用户业务在时域和空域上分布的不均衡性是影响整个异构网络性能的主要因素。本文对异构网络融合场景下的负载均衡问题进行了研究，提出了一种基于接入选择和业务转移的动态负载均衡机制。本文把接入选择建模为约束优化问题，利用求得的结果把接入任务均衡地分配到各个基站小区中。另外，为了削弱热点小区突发性业务对系统负载均衡性的破坏，本文还提出了基于基站负载率阈值的业务转移策略。仿真实验结果表明，本文所提出的动态负载均衡方案在接入阻塞率、切换掉线率、负载均衡性、系统利用率等指标上均优于文献方案。
With the rapid development of3G communications systems and wireless accesstechnology, more and more people can enjoy the convenience brought by the wirelesscommunication. Mobile communications systems are resource-constrained systems.With the needs of the wireless business in the sustained rapid growth, the wirelessresources, such as base station location resources, spectrum resources, code resources,power resources, bandwidth resources and so on, are becoming more and moreshortages. Thus how to effectively utilize the limited wireless resources to meet growingbusiness needs have become the issues of common concern for researchers and mobilenetwork operators. Radio resource management (RRM) is an important research hot ofthe wireless communication network. It can provide the maximum coverage, systemcapacity and system performance, by optimizing the allocation of the resources of thewireless communication network, so as to support many users to access the limitedradio resources. The optimization model and optimization algorithm for resourcesallocation of wireless communication network are researched. The author’s majorcontributions are outlined as follows:
1. The base station location has an important influence on the quality of service forwireless communications networks.It should take full account of the coverage area ofbase station, construction cost, maintenance convenience, and other factors, when weplan base stations location. Base station location optimization is an important element ofthe wireless communication network optimization,it's task is to optimize the numberand location of base stations with considering signal quality, construction costs, andcoverage constraints, and other network parameters, it's target is to obtain a highercoverage network with a lower base station construction cost. The problem of basestation location planning in wireless network has been studied. Firsty, the locationoptimization model for TD-SCDMA network base station was expound, three cloningoperators with real-number encoding were designed, a solution of base station locationplanning based on immune computing was proposed. Secondly, the problem of basestation location planning in the WCDMA network has been studied. There is obviousrespiratory effect in the WCDMA network, capacity and coverage of mutual influence,which makes the problem of base station location planning becoming very complicated.The link budget is used to determine the maximum acceptable path loss of WCDMAnetwork, in order to estimate the radius of a cell and the coverage area of a base station.The load factor is used to estimate the total number of users supported by each base station. The solution of optimization locations based on immune algorithm is proposed.Finally, the location planning problem of base station and relay station in IEEE802.16jnetwork has been studied. When IEEE802.16j relay system works in a transparentrepeater mode, mobile terminals must be in the coverage of the base station in order toensure that the relay propagation. The mathematical model of location planning of basestation and relay station is expounded, a solution of location planning based on immunecomputing is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed solution ofoptimization locations can meet the coverage needs with low cost of networkconstruction relatively, and has the advantages of good theoretical value.
2. The pilot channel shares downlink power with the other for downlink channel.Since the maximum transmit power of base stations is rated, pilot power accounts for alarge proportion, the proportion of other downstream channel power will be reduced.Too large pilot power will increase the downlink interference, cell overlapping area,also lead to a larger area of the pilot pollution. On the other hand, if the pilot power istoo small, then it will lead to decreased cell coverage area, which will lead tooverloading of the adjacent cell or network coverage holes. Therefore, it is verynecessary to optimize the base station pilot power according to the demand of basestation coverage and business support capabilities. The femtocell can effectivelyimprove the network capacity of local area, and solve the problem of coverage blindspots, so the femtocell pilot power allocation problem in next-generation cellularnetwork has been studied in this paper. Based on the network topology structure andcommunication flow distribution, an allocation solution for the pilot power of femtocelland the radius of femto cell are given. Experimental result shows that the proposedsolution can effectively allocate pilot power, and has the advantages of good theoreticalvalue.
3. The seamless integration of various heterogeneous access networks is one of thesalient features of the next-generation network. The joint session admission control ismacro perspective resource management for heterogeneous wireless communicationsystem, its purpose is to the user session in various wireless access network balanceddistribution. The joint call admission control problem in heterogeneous networkenvironment of single operator has been studied. The mathematical model of joint calladmission control problem is expounded, a novel joint call admission control solutionbased on immune computing is proposed, and simulation experiments are done tovalidate the proposed solution. Experimental result shows that the proposed solution, compared with other solutions, obtains better performance tradeoffs between recentutility and frequency spectrum, balances preferably each radio access network of thesame operator.
4. Vertical handoff in heterogeneous network convergence scenario is an effectivemeans to ensure wireless business continuity, and also an effective way to adjust thevarious wireless access network load distribution. The vertical handoff decisionalgorithm determines the performance of vertical handoff. The vertical handoff decisionproblem in heterogeneous network convergence scenario has been studied. In this paper,a mathematical model for vertical handoff decision problem is expounded, an artificialsimple harmonic oscillator immune algorithm-based vertical handoff decision scheme isproposed, and simulation experiments are done to validate proposed solution.Experimental result shows that the proposed solution, compared with literature solutions,can not only balance the overall load among all networks but also increase the collectivebattery lifetime of mobile terminals, and has the advantage of good reference value.
5. In heterogeneous network environment integrated multiple radio accesstechnology, the non-uniform distribution of users' calls in the time domain and in theairspace is the important factor affecting the performance of heterogeneous wirelessnetwork. The load balance problem in heterogeneous network convergence scenario hasbeen studied, and a novel dynamic load balance scheme based on access selection andcalls transfer is proposed. In this paper, access selection is modeled as a constrainedoptimization problem, and the access calls is assigned to all base station evenly inaccordance with the optimization result. In addition, in order to weaken thedestructiveness of sudden calls from hot area to the system load balance, a calls transferstrategy based on the threshold of base station load rate is given. Experimental resultshows that the proposed solution performs better than literature solutions in accessblocking rate, calls dropping rate, load balance and system utilization rate.
引文
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