基于蒸渗仪的夏玉米耗水特征研究
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摘要
本研究针对华北地区夏玉米生产与水资源紧张的矛盾,使用24台称重式蒸渗仪研究了华北地区夏玉米的耗水特征,比较了不同株型和密度间夏玉米耗水特征的差异,同时建立了夏玉米叶面积指数与作物系数的关系方程,并分析了气象因素与夏玉米日耗水量的相关性。主要研究结果如下：
1.夏玉米全生育期总耗水量410.6mm,吐丝期至灌浆中期耗水量占总耗水量的38.7%,吐丝前和吐丝后耗水量比值大致为46：54,8月耗水量占全生育期耗水量的45.2%。玉米每5日耗水量平均为19.9mm。日耗水量变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在吐丝至灌浆中期,达6.6mm d-1,日耗水量昼：夜比为18：1。玉米日耗水速率变化表现为每日6：00开始增加,高峰出现在12：30-13：00,之后日耗水速率下降,持续约30-45分钟后,日耗水速率出现短时间(15-30分钟)小幅回升,15：00以后耗水速率保持下降趋势,18：00以后耗水速率逐渐趋于平稳,18：00至次日6：00耗水速率波动较小。
2.与小株型夏玉米(CF1002)相比,大株型夏玉米(CF3330)总耗水量高28.5mm,月耗水量平均高出5.6mm,5日耗水量平均高出1.3mm,8月两种株型夏玉米月耗水量相差12.9mm,吐丝-灌浆中期两种株型夏玉米耗水量差距最大,达14.7mm,吐丝后两种株型玉米耗水量相差18.2mm,大株型夏玉米全生育期在耗水速率高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率均高于小株型夏玉米,吐丝至灌浆中期,高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率大株型夏玉米较小株型夏玉米高16.9%。
3.密度由6株m-2增加到8株m-2使总耗水量增加55.0mm,月耗水量增加10.9mm,5日耗水量平均增加3.6mm。8月不同密度间夏玉米耗水量相差30.8mm,大喇叭口至吐丝期,两个密度夏玉米阶段耗水量、日耗水量的差异均达最大值,两个密度夏玉米高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率差值也达到最大。
4.玉米叶面积指数的变化呈单峰曲线,大喇叭口至吐丝期,叶面积每增加1m2,大株型夏玉米耗水量上升77.2mm,小株型夏玉米耗水量上升89.2mm,高密度条件夏玉米耗水量上升84.8mm,低密度条件夏玉米耗水量上升81.6mm。在生育前期13时-14时,玉米光合速率和耗水速率均呈下降趋势,在生育后期13时-14时两种株型玉米光合速率下降,耗水速率上升,高密度条件下夏玉米光合速率和耗水速率增加,低密度条件下夏玉米光合速率和耗水速率下降。大株型夏玉米较小株型夏玉米具有较高的产量潜力和水分利用效率,同一株型玉米低密度条件下水分利用效率更高。
5.Priestley-Taylor方程适用于计算本地区参考作物蒸散量,本地区作物系数(Kc)为1.00,初期阶段,发育阶段,中期阶段和后期阶段的作物系数分别为0.40,1.03,1.30和1.13。气象因素对不同株型夏玉米日耗水量的促进或抑制效果受到密度的影响。增密导致辐射对日耗水量的促进效果下降,使降水和日均湿度对日耗水的抑制效果增强,不同株型夏玉米表现一致。
In this study, characteristics of water consumption of summer maize was measured by24weighing lysimeters in North China Plain (NCP), the comparison of maize water consumption characteristicsbetween two plant types and two densities was conducted simultaneously, the relationship between Leaf Area Index and crop coefficient was established by an equation, the correlativity of daily meteorological factors and daily water consumption was also analyzed. The main results showed:
1. The amount of total water consumption of maize was410.6mm,38.7%of total water sonsumption was occupied during R1-R4, respectively, and45.2%of total water sonsumption was occupied in August. The ratio of water consumption of two periods partitioned by silking was46:54. The averaged amount of water consumption in five days was19.9mm. Daily water consumption presented an unimodal pattern, rised in a linear form from jointing stage to silking stage, arrived its peak at stage from silking to grain filling, which was6.6mm d-1. The ratio of water consumption between daytime and nighttime was18:1. The water consumption rate began to rise from6:00, and its apex appeared at12:30-13:00, and slightly rised again for half an hour after a decline lasting about two or three quarters, the downtrend of water consumption rate endured from15:00to18:00, then its fluctuation kept feeble till the6:00next day.
2. Total water consumption of maize with big plant type was28.5mm more than the small type,5days water consumption of maize with big plant type was1.3mm more than the small plant type, the difference of monthly water consumption between two types averaged for5.6mm, its crest value occurred in August with a difference of12.9mm, similar to biggest difference of stage water consumption happened in stage from silking to mid filing, which was14.7mm. The discrepancies of water consumption between two plant types before and after silking stage was10.3mm and18.2mm, respectively. The summit time of water consumption rate appeared in12:30-13:00, maize with big plant type showed higher water consumption rate than the small type at the summit time through whole growth stage, and the higher propotion was16.9between two types at the stage from silking to mid-filling.
3. Total water consumption increased by55.0mm in pace with the density rising from6plant m-2to8plant m-2, monthly water consumption and5-days water consumption increased by10.9mm and3.6mm, respectively. August was the month that biggest discrepancy of monthly water consumption between two densities occurred, with an amount of30.8mm, which is bigger than the discrepancy of stage water consumption between two densities occurred in stage from V12-VT, with an amount of20.6mm. The max discrepancy value of daily water consumption between two densities was1.20mm d-1at the stage from V13-VT, which was also the biggest difference of water consumption rate happened.
4. The development of LAI was an unimodalcurve, during the period from V13to silking, water consumption rised77.2mm for maize with big plant type synchronized with each1m2of LAI enlargements well as89.2mm for maize with small plant type,84.8mm for maize under8plant m-2and84.8mm for maize under6plant m-2,respectively. At the time of13:00-14:00, photosynthsis rate and water consumption rate decreased for both plant types and densities before silking, however, photosynthsis rate descended while water consumption rate rised at the same time after silking, the two rates mentioned above rised under high plant density and decreased under low density. Compared to maize with small plant type, the big type exhibited a higher yield potential and water use efficiency, higher WUE appeared under lower density for same plant type.
5. Local Crop coefficient was1.00, which calculated by the Priestley-Taylor equation resulted from its fine performance ofestimation on local reference evapotranspiration. Four crop coefficients of different periods according to the FAO classification was0.40,1.03,1.30and1.13, respectively. The impact of meteorologic factors on daily water consumption was influenced by density. Both two plant types showed concordant trend:increased density weakened the promotion of radiation on daily water consumption, also enhanced the inhibition of precipitation and daily humidity on daily water consumption.
1.夏玉米全生育期总耗水量410.6mm,吐丝期至灌浆中期耗水量占总耗水量的38.7%,吐丝前和吐丝后耗水量比值大致为46：54,8月耗水量占全生育期耗水量的45.2%。玉米每5日耗水量平均为19.9mm。日耗水量变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在吐丝至灌浆中期,达6.6mm d-1,日耗水量昼：夜比为18：1。玉米日耗水速率变化表现为每日6：00开始增加,高峰出现在12：30-13：00,之后日耗水速率下降,持续约30-45分钟后,日耗水速率出现短时间(15-30分钟)小幅回升,15：00以后耗水速率保持下降趋势,18：00以后耗水速率逐渐趋于平稳,18：00至次日6：00耗水速率波动较小。
2.与小株型夏玉米(CF1002)相比,大株型夏玉米(CF3330)总耗水量高28.5mm,月耗水量平均高出5.6mm,5日耗水量平均高出1.3mm,8月两种株型夏玉米月耗水量相差12.9mm,吐丝-灌浆中期两种株型夏玉米耗水量差距最大,达14.7mm,吐丝后两种株型玉米耗水量相差18.2mm,大株型夏玉米全生育期在耗水速率高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率均高于小株型夏玉米,吐丝至灌浆中期,高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率大株型夏玉米较小株型夏玉米高16.9%。
3.密度由6株m-2增加到8株m-2使总耗水量增加55.0mm,月耗水量增加10.9mm,5日耗水量平均增加3.6mm。8月不同密度间夏玉米耗水量相差30.8mm,大喇叭口至吐丝期,两个密度夏玉米阶段耗水量、日耗水量的差异均达最大值,两个密度夏玉米高峰期(12：30-13：00)耗水速率差值也达到最大。
4.玉米叶面积指数的变化呈单峰曲线,大喇叭口至吐丝期,叶面积每增加1m2,大株型夏玉米耗水量上升77.2mm,小株型夏玉米耗水量上升89.2mm,高密度条件夏玉米耗水量上升84.8mm,低密度条件夏玉米耗水量上升81.6mm。在生育前期13时-14时,玉米光合速率和耗水速率均呈下降趋势,在生育后期13时-14时两种株型玉米光合速率下降,耗水速率上升,高密度条件下夏玉米光合速率和耗水速率增加,低密度条件下夏玉米光合速率和耗水速率下降。大株型夏玉米较小株型夏玉米具有较高的产量潜力和水分利用效率,同一株型玉米低密度条件下水分利用效率更高。
5.Priestley-Taylor方程适用于计算本地区参考作物蒸散量,本地区作物系数(Kc)为1.00,初期阶段,发育阶段,中期阶段和后期阶段的作物系数分别为0.40,1.03,1.30和1.13。气象因素对不同株型夏玉米日耗水量的促进或抑制效果受到密度的影响。增密导致辐射对日耗水量的促进效果下降,使降水和日均湿度对日耗水的抑制效果增强,不同株型夏玉米表现一致。
In this study, characteristics of water consumption of summer maize was measured by24weighing lysimeters in North China Plain (NCP), the comparison of maize water consumption characteristicsbetween two plant types and two densities was conducted simultaneously, the relationship between Leaf Area Index and crop coefficient was established by an equation, the correlativity of daily meteorological factors and daily water consumption was also analyzed. The main results showed:
1. The amount of total water consumption of maize was410.6mm,38.7%of total water sonsumption was occupied during R1-R4, respectively, and45.2%of total water sonsumption was occupied in August. The ratio of water consumption of two periods partitioned by silking was46:54. The averaged amount of water consumption in five days was19.9mm. Daily water consumption presented an unimodal pattern, rised in a linear form from jointing stage to silking stage, arrived its peak at stage from silking to grain filling, which was6.6mm d-1. The ratio of water consumption between daytime and nighttime was18:1. The water consumption rate began to rise from6:00, and its apex appeared at12:30-13:00, and slightly rised again for half an hour after a decline lasting about two or three quarters, the downtrend of water consumption rate endured from15:00to18:00, then its fluctuation kept feeble till the6:00next day.
2. Total water consumption of maize with big plant type was28.5mm more than the small type,5days water consumption of maize with big plant type was1.3mm more than the small plant type, the difference of monthly water consumption between two types averaged for5.6mm, its crest value occurred in August with a difference of12.9mm, similar to biggest difference of stage water consumption happened in stage from silking to mid filing, which was14.7mm. The discrepancies of water consumption between two plant types before and after silking stage was10.3mm and18.2mm, respectively. The summit time of water consumption rate appeared in12:30-13:00, maize with big plant type showed higher water consumption rate than the small type at the summit time through whole growth stage, and the higher propotion was16.9between two types at the stage from silking to mid-filling.
3. Total water consumption increased by55.0mm in pace with the density rising from6plant m-2to8plant m-2, monthly water consumption and5-days water consumption increased by10.9mm and3.6mm, respectively. August was the month that biggest discrepancy of monthly water consumption between two densities occurred, with an amount of30.8mm, which is bigger than the discrepancy of stage water consumption between two densities occurred in stage from V12-VT, with an amount of20.6mm. The max discrepancy value of daily water consumption between two densities was1.20mm d-1at the stage from V13-VT, which was also the biggest difference of water consumption rate happened.
4. The development of LAI was an unimodalcurve, during the period from V13to silking, water consumption rised77.2mm for maize with big plant type synchronized with each1m2of LAI enlargements well as89.2mm for maize with small plant type,84.8mm for maize under8plant m-2and84.8mm for maize under6plant m-2,respectively. At the time of13:00-14:00, photosynthsis rate and water consumption rate decreased for both plant types and densities before silking, however, photosynthsis rate descended while water consumption rate rised at the same time after silking, the two rates mentioned above rised under high plant density and decreased under low density. Compared to maize with small plant type, the big type exhibited a higher yield potential and water use efficiency, higher WUE appeared under lower density for same plant type.
5. Local Crop coefficient was1.00, which calculated by the Priestley-Taylor equation resulted from its fine performance ofestimation on local reference evapotranspiration. Four crop coefficients of different periods according to the FAO classification was0.40,1.03,1.30and1.13, respectively. The impact of meteorologic factors on daily water consumption was influenced by density. Both two plant types showed concordant trend:increased density weakened the promotion of radiation on daily water consumption, also enhanced the inhibition of precipitation and daily humidity on daily water consumption.
引文
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