陇西黄土高原和新疆伊犁盆地黄土有机碳同位素的变化及其古环境意义
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摘要
国内外学者对我国黄土高原东部地区(本文专指六盘山以东的黄土高原地区)10多个黄土剖面末次冰期以来有机质碳同位素(δ13Corg)开展了研究,基本上查明了该区域末次冰期以来黄土δ13Corg变化特征,即末次冰期黄土13Corg值相对于全新世古土壤更为偏负,指示了该区域末次冰期至全新世,陆地生态系统中C4植物相对丰度明显增加。相对于黄土高原东部地区而言,处于六盘山以西的陇西黄土高原,其末次冰期以来黄土δ13Corg变化的研究,不仅已开展研究的剖面数量较少,目前得到的结果也不如黄土高原东部地区那样一致。为了查明陇西黄土高原末次冰期以来黄土δ13Corg变化特征及其指示意义,我们对陇西黄土高原东南部的张家川剖面末次冰期以来的13Corg开展了研究。
张家川黄土剖面是一个典型的末次冰期以来的黄土/古土壤剖面,对该剖面按照2cm/样的密度共采集黄土样品165个。对这些黄土样品进行的有机质碳同位素分析测试结果表明,该剖面δ13Corg值变化范围在-21.5‰--23.4‰之间,平均值约-22.6‰,末次冰期以来有机质碳同位素值逐渐偏正,即全新世δ13Corg值整体偏正于末次冰期,这一变化趋势与黄土高原东部地区数个剖面所得研究结果是一致的,即C4植物相对丰度由末次冰期至全新世有一定程度的增加。进一步将黄土高原东部的偃师剖面、陇西黄土高原东南部的张家川剖面及其西北部的靖远剖面末次冰期以来黄土13Corg变化情况进行对比分析,发现陇西黄土高原末次冰期以来陆地生态系统中C3/C4植物相对丰度变化情况比黄土高原东部地区更加复杂,很可能在该区域内部还存在一些地区性差异。该区域东部和南部地区末次冰期至全新世,C4植物相对丰度有一定程度的增加(但其增加的幅度明显要小于黄土高原东部地区)；而该区域西北部地区则很可能末次冰期至全新世都以C3植物占绝对优势,C4植物相对生物量贡献可以忽略不计。
来自欧洲黄土有机碳同位素的研究结果显示,该区域不但整个末次间冰期以来的黄土δ13Corg值较为偏负(绝大部分数据偏负于-24‰),且古土壤发育时期的δ13Corg值偏负于黄土堆积时期(这与前述黄土高原东部地区的结果是相反的),作者认为其黄土δ13Corg记录反映了末次间冰期以来该区域陆地生态系统中主要以C3植被占绝对优势地位。基于我们上述陇西黄土高原相关研究所获得的认识,即陇西黄土高原西北部地区,末次冰期以来的区域陆地植被同样主要以C3植被占绝对优势地位,C4植物相对生物量贡献可以忽略不计(以靖远剖面研究结果为代表)。那么,处于欧洲和我国黄土高原之间的,属于同一纬度带的中亚干旱区的黄土风成沉积物,其有机碳同位素变化如何?指示了什么样的陆地生态系统C3/C4相对丰度变化规律?其黄土δ13Corg变化是不是同样也记录了C3植被对不同气候条件的响应?目前相关的研究开展很少,需开展进一步的研究来验证。
我们对来自新疆伊犁盆地东部的阿西克剖面的黄土样品进行了TOC含量和黄土δ13Corg值的分析测试,结合其他研究者报道的同一剖面的黄土环境磁学研究结果,发现在该剖面底部的3层弱发育土壤地层当中,对应的黄土δ13Corg值为3个明显的偏负阶段,相应的TOC含量和频率磁化率则处于高值阶段。可见,该剖面黄土δ13Corg值与古土壤发育存在“负相关”的模式,这一特征与黄土高原东部地区的研究结果是相反的,而与陇西黄土高原西北部地区和欧洲地区黄土δ13Corg变化特征非常一致。因此,我们初步认为阿西克剖面黄土δ13Corg值指示了占绝对优势地位的C3植物的碳同位素组成对不同气候条件的响应。大量现代C3植物碳同位素组成的研究结果表明,其主要受到降水量的影响,表现出其与降水量之间良好的负相关关系；因此,新疆黄土δ13Corg很可能是一个潜在的古降水量指示器。进一步开展中亚干旱区现代C3植物和/或者表土有机碳同位素与降水量之间定量关系的研究,在此基础上,利用干旱区黄土有机碳同位素开展古降水量重建是该区域进行古气候定量重建的一个可能的途径。
Scholars from both domestic and abroad have studied soil organic carbon isotopic composition (513Corg) of more than10loess profiles in the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP. refers to the part of the CLP east to the Liupan Mountains in this paper) since the Last Glacial (LG), basically found out the variation characteristics that the loess δ13Corg values of the loess accumulated during the LG is more negative than those of the paleosol developed during Holocene in this region, indicating that the relative abundance of C4plants was increased from the LG to the Holocene in the terrestrial ecosystems. Relative to the eastern CLP, while only few studies of loess813Corg have been conducted in the Longxi Loess Plateau (the western part of the CLP that west to the Liupan Mountains), and the variations of the relative abundance of C3/C4plants since the LG in the western CLP is not so consistent as the results of the eastern part of the CLP. To investigate variation characteristics and corresponding paleoclimatic significance of the loess δ13Corg in the Longxi Loess Plateau since the LG, we present the high resolution δ13Corg records from the Zhang Jiachuan loess profile located in the southeastern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau.
Zhang Jiachuan loess profile is a typical loess/paleosol profiles accumulated since the LG, we collect165loess samples from this profile with the sampling density of2cm per sample. The813Corg values of these loess samples are ranged from-21.5%o to-23.4‰with an average value of-22.6‰, and the δ13Corg values were gradually more positive since the LG, indicating that the relative abundance of C4plants was increased from the LG to the Holocene in the study site which is similar to the results from the eastern CLP. Furthermore, we compared the813Corg results of Yanshi profile located in the eastern CLP、Jingyuan profile located in the northwest part of Longxi Loess Plateau with our results of Zhang Jiachuan profile since the LG. The comparison indicates that the variations of the relative abundance of C3/C4plants in terrestrial ecosystems in the Longxi Loess Plateau since the LG is more complex than that in the eastern CLP, which suggests that there still has some internal differences in C3/C4variations between different parts in the Longxi Loess Plateau. The relative abundance of the C4plants increased from the LG to the Holocene in the eastern and southern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau with much more small magnitude than that in the eastern CLP. However, in the northwestern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau, it seems that this area was predominated by C3plants and the signal from C4could be ignored in terrestrial ecosystems since the LG.
The loess δ13Corg values from the Western Europe are extremely negative since the last interglacial (with most data are more negative than-24‰), and even more negative in paleosols formed during the interglacial periods, which is opposite to the results of the eastern CLP. The authors suggested that the Western Europe was predominated by C3plants since the last interglacial. As above mentioned, the northwestern Longxi Loess Plateau was also predominated by C3plants since the LG, with the negligible signal from C4plants (represented by the results of the Jingyuan profile). The arid Central Asia falls into the similar latitudinal band as the Western Europe and CLP, also with lots of loess distributed in this region (for example, the Xinjiang loess). However, until now, little is known about the variations and paleoclimatic significance of the loess δ13Corg in this region.
Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and δ13Corg of the loess samples from Axike (AXK) loess/paleosol profile located in eastern Ili basin, eastern Central Asia, have been measured. Three stages with peak negative δ13Corg data occurs in the three paleosol layers observed in the field in lower part of the AXK profile, broadly corresponding to the stages with higher TOC concentrations, as well as MSfd values reported recently by other researchers. Therefore, loess δ13Corg data from AXK profile show a "negative correlation model" with the paleosol layers with strong pedogenesis intensity, which is opposite with the results from the eastern CLP, while consistent with previous reported data from the Western Europe and northwestern CLP. Which means the loess δ13Corg data from AXK profile recorded the responses of δ13C of local predominate C3plants to paleoclimatic variations. Numerous studys indicate that δ13C of modern C3plants mainly responded to the variations of local precipitation, and there is a negative correlation between δ13C of modern C3plants and local mean annual precipitation. Therefore, loess δ13Corg data from Xinjiang loess area may be a potential indicator for paleoprecipitation. Further investigation about the quantitative correlation between the δ13C of modern C3plants or/and surface soils in arid Central Asia and the corresponding precipitations needs to promote. After that, paleoprecipitation reconstruction based on the loess δ13Corg in this area is a feasible way for the quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction.
张家川黄土剖面是一个典型的末次冰期以来的黄土/古土壤剖面,对该剖面按照2cm/样的密度共采集黄土样品165个。对这些黄土样品进行的有机质碳同位素分析测试结果表明,该剖面δ13Corg值变化范围在-21.5‰--23.4‰之间,平均值约-22.6‰,末次冰期以来有机质碳同位素值逐渐偏正,即全新世δ13Corg值整体偏正于末次冰期,这一变化趋势与黄土高原东部地区数个剖面所得研究结果是一致的,即C4植物相对丰度由末次冰期至全新世有一定程度的增加。进一步将黄土高原东部的偃师剖面、陇西黄土高原东南部的张家川剖面及其西北部的靖远剖面末次冰期以来黄土13Corg变化情况进行对比分析,发现陇西黄土高原末次冰期以来陆地生态系统中C3/C4植物相对丰度变化情况比黄土高原东部地区更加复杂,很可能在该区域内部还存在一些地区性差异。该区域东部和南部地区末次冰期至全新世,C4植物相对丰度有一定程度的增加(但其增加的幅度明显要小于黄土高原东部地区)；而该区域西北部地区则很可能末次冰期至全新世都以C3植物占绝对优势,C4植物相对生物量贡献可以忽略不计。
来自欧洲黄土有机碳同位素的研究结果显示,该区域不但整个末次间冰期以来的黄土δ13Corg值较为偏负(绝大部分数据偏负于-24‰),且古土壤发育时期的δ13Corg值偏负于黄土堆积时期(这与前述黄土高原东部地区的结果是相反的),作者认为其黄土δ13Corg记录反映了末次间冰期以来该区域陆地生态系统中主要以C3植被占绝对优势地位。基于我们上述陇西黄土高原相关研究所获得的认识,即陇西黄土高原西北部地区,末次冰期以来的区域陆地植被同样主要以C3植被占绝对优势地位,C4植物相对生物量贡献可以忽略不计(以靖远剖面研究结果为代表)。那么,处于欧洲和我国黄土高原之间的,属于同一纬度带的中亚干旱区的黄土风成沉积物,其有机碳同位素变化如何?指示了什么样的陆地生态系统C3/C4相对丰度变化规律?其黄土δ13Corg变化是不是同样也记录了C3植被对不同气候条件的响应?目前相关的研究开展很少,需开展进一步的研究来验证。
我们对来自新疆伊犁盆地东部的阿西克剖面的黄土样品进行了TOC含量和黄土δ13Corg值的分析测试,结合其他研究者报道的同一剖面的黄土环境磁学研究结果,发现在该剖面底部的3层弱发育土壤地层当中,对应的黄土δ13Corg值为3个明显的偏负阶段,相应的TOC含量和频率磁化率则处于高值阶段。可见,该剖面黄土δ13Corg值与古土壤发育存在“负相关”的模式,这一特征与黄土高原东部地区的研究结果是相反的,而与陇西黄土高原西北部地区和欧洲地区黄土δ13Corg变化特征非常一致。因此,我们初步认为阿西克剖面黄土δ13Corg值指示了占绝对优势地位的C3植物的碳同位素组成对不同气候条件的响应。大量现代C3植物碳同位素组成的研究结果表明,其主要受到降水量的影响,表现出其与降水量之间良好的负相关关系；因此,新疆黄土δ13Corg很可能是一个潜在的古降水量指示器。进一步开展中亚干旱区现代C3植物和/或者表土有机碳同位素与降水量之间定量关系的研究,在此基础上,利用干旱区黄土有机碳同位素开展古降水量重建是该区域进行古气候定量重建的一个可能的途径。
Scholars from both domestic and abroad have studied soil organic carbon isotopic composition (513Corg) of more than10loess profiles in the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP. refers to the part of the CLP east to the Liupan Mountains in this paper) since the Last Glacial (LG), basically found out the variation characteristics that the loess δ13Corg values of the loess accumulated during the LG is more negative than those of the paleosol developed during Holocene in this region, indicating that the relative abundance of C4plants was increased from the LG to the Holocene in the terrestrial ecosystems. Relative to the eastern CLP, while only few studies of loess813Corg have been conducted in the Longxi Loess Plateau (the western part of the CLP that west to the Liupan Mountains), and the variations of the relative abundance of C3/C4plants since the LG in the western CLP is not so consistent as the results of the eastern part of the CLP. To investigate variation characteristics and corresponding paleoclimatic significance of the loess δ13Corg in the Longxi Loess Plateau since the LG, we present the high resolution δ13Corg records from the Zhang Jiachuan loess profile located in the southeastern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau.
Zhang Jiachuan loess profile is a typical loess/paleosol profiles accumulated since the LG, we collect165loess samples from this profile with the sampling density of2cm per sample. The813Corg values of these loess samples are ranged from-21.5%o to-23.4‰with an average value of-22.6‰, and the δ13Corg values were gradually more positive since the LG, indicating that the relative abundance of C4plants was increased from the LG to the Holocene in the study site which is similar to the results from the eastern CLP. Furthermore, we compared the813Corg results of Yanshi profile located in the eastern CLP、Jingyuan profile located in the northwest part of Longxi Loess Plateau with our results of Zhang Jiachuan profile since the LG. The comparison indicates that the variations of the relative abundance of C3/C4plants in terrestrial ecosystems in the Longxi Loess Plateau since the LG is more complex than that in the eastern CLP, which suggests that there still has some internal differences in C3/C4variations between different parts in the Longxi Loess Plateau. The relative abundance of the C4plants increased from the LG to the Holocene in the eastern and southern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau with much more small magnitude than that in the eastern CLP. However, in the northwestern part of the Longxi Loess Plateau, it seems that this area was predominated by C3plants and the signal from C4could be ignored in terrestrial ecosystems since the LG.
The loess δ13Corg values from the Western Europe are extremely negative since the last interglacial (with most data are more negative than-24‰), and even more negative in paleosols formed during the interglacial periods, which is opposite to the results of the eastern CLP. The authors suggested that the Western Europe was predominated by C3plants since the last interglacial. As above mentioned, the northwestern Longxi Loess Plateau was also predominated by C3plants since the LG, with the negligible signal from C4plants (represented by the results of the Jingyuan profile). The arid Central Asia falls into the similar latitudinal band as the Western Europe and CLP, also with lots of loess distributed in this region (for example, the Xinjiang loess). However, until now, little is known about the variations and paleoclimatic significance of the loess δ13Corg in this region.
Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and δ13Corg of the loess samples from Axike (AXK) loess/paleosol profile located in eastern Ili basin, eastern Central Asia, have been measured. Three stages with peak negative δ13Corg data occurs in the three paleosol layers observed in the field in lower part of the AXK profile, broadly corresponding to the stages with higher TOC concentrations, as well as MSfd values reported recently by other researchers. Therefore, loess δ13Corg data from AXK profile show a "negative correlation model" with the paleosol layers with strong pedogenesis intensity, which is opposite with the results from the eastern CLP, while consistent with previous reported data from the Western Europe and northwestern CLP. Which means the loess δ13Corg data from AXK profile recorded the responses of δ13C of local predominate C3plants to paleoclimatic variations. Numerous studys indicate that δ13C of modern C3plants mainly responded to the variations of local precipitation, and there is a negative correlation between δ13C of modern C3plants and local mean annual precipitation. Therefore, loess δ13Corg data from Xinjiang loess area may be a potential indicator for paleoprecipitation. Further investigation about the quantitative correlation between the δ13C of modern C3plants or/and surface soils in arid Central Asia and the corresponding precipitations needs to promote. After that, paleoprecipitation reconstruction based on the loess δ13Corg in this area is a feasible way for the quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction.
引文
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