用户名: 密码: 验证码:
农业生态安全与评估体系研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
20世纪以来,随着科技进步和社会生产力的极大提高,人类创造了前所未有的物质财富,加速推进了文明发展的进程。与此同时,人口剧增、资源过度消耗、环境污染、生态破坏等问题日益彰显,严重地阻碍着经济的发展和人民生活质量的提高,威胁人类的未来生存。生态安全问题因此得到全球范围内的高度重视。我国生态环境基础原本就脆弱,现阶段水土流失、湖泊退化萎缩、江河断流、水资源严重短缺、水体和大气污染等一系列生态环境问题日益突显。湖南是我国中部农业精华地带的重要组成部分,与自然资源与环境关系最为密切的农业在全省区域经济体系占有十分重要的战略地位。近20年来,虽然国家和地方各级政府在湖南山江湖库等各个方面的生态建设上已经作出了显著的成绩,但是生态环境总体质量下降与退化造成的环境问题和与之相关的自然灾害,仍然是湖南经济发展的最大障碍因素之一。本论文开展的农业生态安全专题研究,对于湖南保持生态环境质量的省际优势,实现生态系统的良性运转和区域经济的持续发展具有重要的实践作用。在理论上,也丰富了生态评价的定量分析方法,完善和充实了区域生态学和农业生态学的理论体系。
     论文在充分吸纳前人对生态安全研究的基础上,提出生态安全应是一定时间尺度内,不同层次、不同类型的生态系统保持其自身正常结构与功能和满足人类持续发展需要的状态。强调农业生态安全是农业生态环境处于无污染、未破坏的不受威胁的健康状态。论文全面分析了当前我国生态环境质量和我国生态安全建设的主要问题,总结了我国生态安全建设在生态农业技术的运用、绿色产业和无公害农产品开发以及多类型生态农业模式推广等领域取得的瞩目成就。论文针对重点研究区域——湖南省的生态环境进行了系统研究,提出威胁湖南农业生态安全的主要问题是:(1)农村人口比重大,农业人口对资源环境压力大;(2)自然生态环境恶化,洪涝灾害加剧;(3)生态环境污染较重,治理难度大;(4)化肥投入过多,水体和土壤污染严重;(5)农药使用不合理,严重影响农产品质量和威胁人体健康。
     根据湖南区域生态、经济和社会发展的总体特征,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy
     Process,简称AHP),以县级行政单位作为评价的基本单元,采用农业资源生态环境压力、农业资源生态环境质量和农业资源与生态环境保护整治及建设能力三个方面指标体系,设计了湖南农业生态安全评价模型。模型计算分析结果表明,湖南省农业生态安全的总体状况相对良好,在参评的88个农村地域县市中,属于安全的(不安全系数U 1.5)的县市,占17%;属于较安全的(1.5<U 1.8)的县市,占41%;属于较不安全的(1.8<U 2)的县市,占27%;属于不安全的(U>2)的县市,占15%。评估结果还表明,湖南农业生态安全建设存在明显的地域分异:湘东的长沙、株洲、湘潭三市光热充足,降雨丰沛,经济发达,农村经济实力强,农业物质装备相对优良,农业现代化水平较高,农业机械总动力和农业总产值占全省的20%。区域经济对农业生态安全建设的投入保障程度较高,农业生态的总体安全度较高。在参评的
    
    中南林学院博士学位论文:农业生态安全与评估体系研究一以湖南省为例
    12个县(市)当中,属于安全的县(市)8个,较安全的4个,分别占参评总数的67%和好
    33%,没有不安全和较不安全的县(市);湘北洞庭湖区的岳阳、益阳、常德三市土地平坦、
    土壤肥沃,气候温和,光照充足,水域宽广,农业资源相当丰富。但由于天然降水的非均衡
    性、泥沙淤积不断增加和江湖关系变迁的影响,湖泊生态环境演替频繁,生态环境和自然资
    源质量下降。以洪灾为主的自然灾害为害严重,对农业生态安全构成严重威胁。加之区域经
    济实力不是很强,农业生态建设的投入与建设任务仍然存在较大的差距,农业生态安全的总
    体水平不高。在参评的17个县市当中,没有安全的县市,较安全的7个,较不安全5个,不
    安全5个。其中不安全的县市占全省所有参评县市的不安全县市总数的38.5%;湘中的邵阳、
    娄底两市,区内丘陵起伏,红壤广布,光照充足,农业自然条件相对优越。但农村经济实力
    相对较低,秋冬干旱严重,对农业生态安全的威胁较大。农业生态安全的总体保障水平不高。
    区内安全县(市)1个,较安全的4个,较不安全4个,不安全4个;湘南的衡阳、郴州、永
    州三市热量丰富、降水充沛,但区内农村经济实力也不强,农业物质装备水平不高,农业机
    械化水平低。尤其是水资源的相对缺乏,农业生态安全的总体保障水平中等。在参评的25个
    县市当中,安全县(市)1个,较安全的10个,较不安全9个,不安全5个;湘西区的张家
    界市、怀化市和自治州农业自然生态环境保护相对良好,林地面积大,牧草资源丰富,农业
    生态质量总体状况相对良好,农业生态安全的总体保障程度较高。在参评的21个县市当中,
    安全县市4个,较安全的9个,较不安全7个,不安全1个。论文针对湖南省生态安全中存
    在的四个重大生态问题,提出了系列的治理对策,指出湖南要在严格控制人口增长,缓解人
    地矛盾,减轻农业资源环境压力的基础上,主要从10个方面加强生态安全建设:(1)加强
    农业生态环境教育,树立国民的可持续发展观;
The rapid development of science and technology has made great contribution to the improvemeiits in life quality and social productivity for mankind since 20th century. However, many ecological problems, such as rapid population growth, natural resources depletion, environmental pollution and deterioration, have also become more and more severe at the same time, and are inhibiting further development of economy and improvement of the life quality, even menacing the existing of human life in the future. Therefore, the ecological security attracts more and more attention in the world. In China, a series of ecological problems, such as water and soil loss, shrinking and disappearing of lakes, drying of rivers, water shortage and water & air pollution, are even more severe than those in other countries because of its fragile foundation of natural ecosystems. Hunan province is one of the important parts of China's essential area for agricultural production. Agriculture in this province plays a very important role
     in its regional economic system. In the past 20 years, although the central government and regional governments of all levels have made great efforts in the environmental engineering for lakes, rivers, mountainous areas construction, the environmental quality of this province is still worsening. Ecological deterioration and natural disasters are still the main obstacles for the regional economic and agricultural development in this province. This dissertation, mainly based on the research project on the agricultural ecological security of Hunan province, can provide practical instructions to the maintenances of ecosystem and sustainable development of regioaal economy of Hunan province. Theoretically, it also expands the research realm of regional ecology and agricultural ecology, especially by improving the methods of quantitative evaluation of ecological security. A new concept of ecological security was defined as the state of ecosystems at different hierarchical scales and categories in certain period t
    hat can maintain its normal inaer structure and functions and can meet the needs of sustainable development of human life. Furthermore, the agricultural ecological security was defined as the healthy state of agricultural environment and ecosystem that is not polluted, destroyed or menaced. A general study was carried out to analysis the current quality of ecological environment, the main problems in the construction of ecological security and great achievements of application of ecological agricultural technologies, the extension of multi-class ecological agricultural models, the development of green industry and no harmful agricultural products of China in the past two decades in the beginning of this dissertation. Based on a detail study which concentrates on the systematic appraisal of ecological environment of Hunan province-the AOI (area of interest) of this dissertation, the main problems
    
    
    menacing the ecological security of Hunan province are given out as following: (1) too great pressure of large rural population on the environment and resources; (2) deterioration of natural ecological environment and natural disasters; (3) severe pollution of environment and its difficulty in harnessing; (4) overuse and abuse of chemical fertilizer and its resulted water & soil pollution; (5) overuse and abuse of pesticide and its severe negative impacts on the quality of agricultural products and menacing to human health. A mathematic model for ecological security was also employed to qualify Hunan agricultural ecological security, using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). In this quantitative evaluation, the basic unit was confined to administration region at county level. The evaluation index were composed of 3 classes, i.e., indexes reflecting pressure of agricultural resource, environment and ecology, indexes reflecting the quality of agricultural resource, environment and ecology, and indexes reflecting the reconstruction ability of agricultural resource, environment and ecology. Quantitative evaluation result
引文
1 肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.2002.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容[J].应用生态学报,13(3):354-359
    2 延军平,黄春长,陈瑛.1999.跨世纪全球环境问题及行为对策[M].北京:科学出版社
    3 王敬国,张玉龙,陈英旭.2000.资源与环境概论[M].北京.中国农业大学出版社
    4 尚勇,苏靖.1999.中国21世纪可持续发展道路[M].北京:中国经济出版社
    5 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED).1987. Our common future[M]. Oxford University Press: New York
    6 Duraiappah, A.K. 2003. Ecological security and capabilities: a conceptual framework for sustainable development [A]. The Proceedings of the third conference on the capability approach: from sustainable development to sustainable freedom [C]. University of Pavia, Italy
    7 尹晓波.2003.我国可持续发展生态安全面临的挑战及对策[J].计划与生产探索,2:24-26
    8 The World Bank. 2001. China: air, land and water. Environmental priorities for a new millennium[M]. Washington, D.C.
    9 吴迪,段昌群,杨良.2003.生态安全与国家安全[J].城市环境与城市生态,16(sup):40-42
    10 邹长新,沈渭寿.2003.生态安全研究进展[J].农村生态环境,19(1):56-59
    11 曲格平.2002.关注生态安全之一:生态环境问题已经成为国家安全的热门话题[J].环境保护,5:3-5
    12 吴豪,许刚,虞孝感.2001.关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探计[J].地域研究与开发,20(2):34-37
    13 郭中伟.2001.国家生态安全预警系统与维护体系[J].科技导报,(1):54-56
    14 蒋信福.2000.入世对我国生态安全的挑战与战略对策[J].环境保护,(10):23-25
    15 陈国阶.2002.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,24(3):1-4
    16 史德明.2002.加强水土保持是保障国家生态安全的战略措施[J].中国水土保持,2:8-10
    17 江伟钰.2003.论依法架构国家生态安全体系[J].天中学刊,18(3):46-48
    18 程漱兰,陈焱.1999.全力维护国家生态安全,着力改善生态环境[J].生态经济,5:9-11
    19 吴国庆.2001.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,16(3):227-233
    20 吴国庆.2001.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究—以浙江省嘉兴市为例.中国农业资源与区划,22(4):26-30
    21 马光等编著.2003.环境与可持续发展导论[M].北京:科学出版社,pp6
    22 L.R.布朗.1984.建设一个可持续发展的社会[M].北京:科技技术文献出版社
    
    
    23 方创琳,张小雷.2001.干旱区生态重建与经济可持续发展的研究进展[J].生态学报,21(7):1163-1170
    24 周国富.2003.生态安全与生态安全研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),21(3):105-108
    25 White House. 1999. A national security stragety for a new century, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/
    26 Russian Federation Security Council. 2000. Russian national security, http://www.rusiaeurope. mid.ru/Russian_Europe
    27 孙明玺译.1994.在过渡时期俄罗斯的生态安全问题.管理科学文摘,2
    28 Jyldyz S. Ecological security: an urgent necessity for cental Aisa. http://www.cacianalyst.org/ Headline 2.htm
    29 Conca, K. 2002. A decade since Rio: what legacy for the Earth Summit? [A]. Politics and the Life Sciences, Harrsion Symposium Ⅱ, 21(2): 41-45
    30 Rogers, K.S. 1999. Ecological security and multinational corporation, http://www.ecsp.si.edu/ ecsplib.nsf, 11-13.
    31 Mark H. 2000. State of the art review of environment, security and development co-operation[A]. Working paper of conducted on behalf of the OECD DAC Working Party on Development and Environment[C]. 43
    32 Cynil O. 1997. Environmental conflict and national security in Nigeria: ramification of the ecology security nexus for subregional peace[A]. ACDIS Occasional Paper[C]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    33 Gerald B., Helman and S. R. Ratner. 1992. Saving failed states, foreign policy 89. Winter
    34 Dennis P. Ecological security: micro-threats to human well-being. Occasional Paper No.13, Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/harrison/papers/paper13.htra.
    35 吴开亚.2003.生态安全理论形成的背景探析[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),17(5):24-27
    36 王春.2002.关注中国的生态安全[J].成都水利,(2):11-12
    37 赵永新.2001.关注国家生态安全[N].人民日报,02-09:12
    38 王韩民,郭玮,程漱兰.1999.保障国家生态安全的政策建议[N].人民日报,07-06:12
    39 石山.1998.树立生态安全新思想[J].生态农业研究,6(4):1-3
    40 陈国阶.2000.可持续发展的若干理论问题论[J].重庆环境科学,(4):3-6
    41 安华轩,彭靖里,齐欢.2001.在经济全球化发展进程中要切实加强我国“生态安全”管理[J].中国农业科技导报,3(3):57-59
    
    
    42 陈国生.2003.论我国生态安全建设的法律保障[J].南华大学学报(社会科学版),4(3):74-78
    43 郭中伟.2001.建立国家生态安全预警系统和维护体系—面对严重的生态危机的对策[J].科学导报,54-56
    44 明寰.2002.生态安全——国家安全的重要基石[J].福建环境,2:1
    45 王朝科.2003.建立生态安全评价指标体系的几个理论问题[J].统计研究,9:17-20
    46 杨京平.2002.生态安全的系统分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社
    47 郭芳华.2000.生态保护型林业与国家生态安全的关系[J].北京林业大学学报,22(1):101-102
    48 左伟,王桥,王文杰等.2002.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,18(1):67-71
    49 方创琳.2000.两北干旱区生态安全系统结构与功能的监控思路初论[J].中国沙漠,20(3):326-328
    50 刘沛林,田亚平.2003.湘江流域红壤区土地退化及生态安全体系建设研究[J].衡阳师范学院学报(自然科学),24(3):87-93
    51 俞孔坚著,高中朝译.1999.景观生态和环境保护规划的生态安全格局途径[J].陕西环境,6(4): 44-46
    52 俞孔坚.1998.可持续环境与发展规划的途径及其有效性[J].自然资源学报,13(1):8-15
    53 关文彬,谢春华,马克明.2003.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途径[J].生态学报,23(1):64-73
    54 邹长新.2003.内陆河流域生态安全研究-以黑河为例(硕士学位论文)[D].南京:南京气象学院
    55 王礼茂,郎一环.2002.中国资源安全研究的进展及问题[J].地球科学进展,21(4):333-340
    56 董志峰.2001.生物安全问题[J].中国家禽,23(21):19-20
    57 钱茜,王玉秋.2003.生物入侵对我国生态安全的影响及防治建议[J].中国环保产业,3:12-13
    58 陈春.2003.浅谈生物入侵危害与生态安全对策[J].乌鲁木齐成人教育学院学报(综合版),2:79-81
    59 郭传友,王中生,方炎明.2003.外来种入侵与生态安全[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),27(2):73-78
    60 Sherley G. 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: a tecical review and draft regional strategy [R]. South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme
    61 薛达元,I.Virgin.1999.生物安全管理与实践-南京生物安全国际研讨会论文集[C].北京:中国环境科学出版社
    62 张永军,吴孔明,彭于发等.2002.转抗虫基因植物生态安全性研究进展.昆虫知识,39(5):321-327
    
    
    63 王根绪,陈国栋,钱鞠.2003.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,14(9):1551-1556
    64 牛文元.1997.持续发展导论[M].北京:科学出版社
    65 陈文琳.2000.农村可持续发展战略[M].北京:中国农业出版社
    66 Toman, M.A. and P.M.S. Ashton. 1995. Sustainable forest ecosystems and management: a review article [J]. Forest Science, 42(3): 366-377
    67 王志琴.2003.小城镇地区生态安全研究初探(硕士学位论文)[D].北京:中国农业大学
    68 杨正礼,杨改河,张大鹏.2001.中国西部生态安全与农业可持续发展中几个科学问题的讨论[J].干旱地区农业研究.19(2):89-93
    69 Falkenmark, M. 2002. Analytical summary: human security versus ecological security-compatible or non-compatible goals? [A]. Preceedings of balancing human security and ecological security interests in a catchment-towards upstream/downstream hydrosolidarity [C]. Stockholm: International Water Institute
    70 Cabezas, H. C.W. Pawlowski, A.L. Mayer et al. 2003. Sustainability: ecological, social, economic, technological and systems perspectives [J]. Clean Technology Environmental Policy, 5:167-180
    71 蔡晓明编著.2000.生态系统生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,pp6-12
    72 Kristin, S. 1994. Ecosystem health: a new paradigm for ecological assessment? [J]. Trend in Eoulogy and Evolution, 9:456-457
    73 Rapport, D.J. 1998. Ecosystem health [M]. Oxford: Blackwell Science, Inc.
    74 Cech, J.J. 1998. Multiple stresses in ecosystem [M]. Boston: Lewis Publisher
    75 左伟,周慧珍,王桥.2003.区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究[J].土壤,2:2-7
    76 郭中伟,甘雅玲.2003.关于生态系统服务功能的几个科学问题[J].生物多样性,11(1):63-69
    77 任志远.2003.生态系统服务经济价值评价的前沿问题[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),33(1):103-106
    78 高吉喜.2001.可持续发展理论探索—可持续生态承载理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
    79 Roe, E. and M. Vaneeten. 2001. Threshold-based resource management: a framework for comprehensive ecosystem management. Environmental Management, 27(2): 195-214
    80 金岚主编.1992.环境生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社
    81 Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology [M]. New York: John Wiley & Sons
    82 李辉,魏德洲.2003.环境影响评价的新领域—生态安全评价[J].安全与环境学报,3(3):68-70
    
    
    83 傅伯杰等.2001.生态系统综合评价的内容与方法[J].生态学报,21(11):1885-1892
    84 毕小丽,洪伟.2001.生态环境综合评价方法的研究进展[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,17(2):122-126
    85 李祥妹.2003.区域环境质量评价片法及实证研究—以湖北省为例[J].自然灾害学报,12(2):8-63
    86 徐燕,周华荣.2003.初论我国生态环境质量评价研究进展[J].干旱区地理,26(2):166-172
    87 屠玉麟,贺秋华,何谋军.2003.贵州省生态环境质量评价及生态环境质景区划[J].贵州科学,21(1-2):128-134
    88 巫建华,许学宏,陈斌等.2003.江苏中部典型农区耕地环境质量评价及应用研究—以海安县为例[J].土壤,35(5):387-391
    89 Surer Ⅱ, G.W. 1993. Ecological risk assessment[M]. Boca Raton: Lewis publisher, 1993:538
    90 Moore, I.D. 1991. Modelling the fate of chemicals in the environment [M]. Canberra: The Australian National University
    91 Bardwell, L.V. 1991. Problem-framing: a perspective on environmental problem solving. Environment Management, 15:603-612
    92 Beck, U. 1992. From industrial society to risk society: questions of survival, social structure and ecological enlightenment. Theory, Culture and Society, 9:97-123
    93 Warner, F. 1992. Risk assessment, perception and management [M]. London: the Royal Society
    94 沈孝宙,钱迎倩等.2002.基因工程的现状、生态风险与对策[J].高技术通讯,12(4):100-105
    95 钱迎倩,田彦.1998.转基因植物的生态风险评价[J].植物生态学报,22(4):289-299
    96 李博主编.2000.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,372
    97 Ramanathan, R. 2001. A note on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 63:27-35
    98 Norton, T.W., T. Beer, and S.R. Dovers. 1996. Risk and uncertainty in environmental management. Preceedings of the 1995 Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the environment[C]. Canberra: The Australian National University.
    99 Iwasa, Y., H. Hakoyama, M. Nakamaru et al. 2000. Estimate of population extinction risk and its application to ecological risk management [J]. Population Ecology, 42:73-80
    100 Hope, B.K, J.A. Peterson. 2000. A procedure for performing population-level ecological risk assessments [J]. Environmental Management, 25(3): 281-289
    
    
    101 H.C.H.G. van der Valk. 1997. Community structure and dynamics in desert ecosystems: potential implications for insecticide risk assessment [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32:11-21
    102 King, R.S. 2003. Integrating bioassessment and ecological risk assessment: an approach to developing numerical water-quality criteria [J]. Environmental Management, 31(6): 795-809
    103 Preston, B.L. and J. Shackelford. 2002. Risk-based analysis of environmental monitoring data: application to heavy metals in north Carolina surface waters [J]. Environmental Management, 30(2): 279-293
    104 Barnthouse, L.W. and R.G. Stahl. 2002. Quantifying natural resource injuries and ecological service reduction: challenges and opportunities [J]. Environmental Management, 30(1): 1-12
    105 Kooistra, L., R.S.E.W Leuven, and P.H. Nienhuis. 2001. A procedure for imcorporating spatial variability in ecological risk assessment of Dutch River Floodppains [J]. Environmental Management, 28(3): 359-373
    106 OStwald, M. 2002. GIS-based support tool system for decision-making regarding local forest protection illustration from Orissa, India [J]. Emvironmental Management, 30(1): 35-45
    107 Rogalski, J. 1999. Decision making and management of dynamic risk [J]. Cognition Technology & Work, 1:247-256
    108 任海,彭少麟编著.2001.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,pp116-117
    109 Slocombe, D. S. 1998. Defining goals and criteria for ecosystem-based management. Environmental Management, 22(4): 483-493
    110 Costanza, R., B.G. Norton and B.D. Haskell. 1992. Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management[M]. Washington, D.C.: Island Press
    111 FAO. 1997. Land and quality indicators and their use in sustainable agriculture and rural development [A]. Preceedings of the workshop organized by the Land and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department, 2:5
    112 曹凤中.1999.中国城市环境可持续发展指标体系研究手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,pp11
    113 单宜虎.2002.区域城镇化进程中的生态安全研究(硕士学位论文)[D].南京:南京农业大学
    114 谢季坚等.2000.模糊数学方法及其应用[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,pp1-7
    115 汪应洛主编.1992.系统工程理论、方法与应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社
    116 王郁平,候亚明,晁红霞等.2003.模糊聚类分析在大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].21(3):354-356
    
    
    117 林立忠,朱斌.2003.模糊优化方法在泉港区大气环境质量评价中的应用[J].福州大学学报(自然科学版),31(2):139-143
    118 胡永宏等.2000.综合评价方法[M].北京:科学出版社
    119 Saaty, T.L. 1980. The analytic hierarchy process: planning, priority setting and resource allocation [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill
    120 Elkarni, F. and I. Mustafa. 1993. Increasing the utilization of solar energy technology in Jordan: analytic hierarchy process [J]. Energy Policy, 21:978-984
    121 Shim, J.P. 1989. Bibliographical research on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) [J]. SocioEconomicc Planning Sciences, 23:161-167
    122 Ramananthan, R. 2001. A note on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 63:27-35
    123 李素美.2003.生态安全的经济评价方法及总体思路[J].山西林业科技,2:26-28
    124 熊鹰,王克林,吕辉红.2003湖南省农业生态安全与可持续发展初探[J].长江流域资源与环境,12(5):432-439
    125 贺建林.1997.湖南省水旱灾害极其时空分布[J].长江流域资源与环境,(2):
    126 Khon Kaen University. 1987. Proceedings of the 1985 international conference on rapid rural appraisal [C]. Thailand: Rural Systems Research Project and Farming Systems Research Project for Khon Kaen University
    127 Molnar, A. 1989. Community forestry: rapid appraisal. Community foresty note 3[M]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    128 陆守一,庸小明,王国胜.1998.地理信息系统实用教程[M].北京:中围林业出版社
    129 K Chang著.陈健飞译.2003.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社
    130 李其林,王显军,刘光德.2003.EXCEL在农业环境质量评价中的应用[J].农业环境与发展,2:38-39
    131 刘冀钊,伍玉容,杨成永.2003.层次分析法在自然保护区生态评价中的应用初探[J].铁道劳动安全卫生与环保,30(1):17
    132 冯仲科,余新晓.2000.“3S"技术及其应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社
    133 张佳华,符斌.1999.生物景估测模型中遥感信息与植物光合作用参数的关系研究[J].测绘学报,28(2):128-132
    
    
    134 Coops. Improvement in predicting stand growth of Pinus radiata (D. Don) across landscapes using NOAA AVHRR and Landsat MSS imagery combined with a forest growth process model (3-PGS) [J]. Photogrmmetric Enginerdng and Remote Sensing, 1999, 65(10): 1149-1156
    135 Lee, N.J., and K. Nakane. 1997. Forest vegetation classification and biomass estimation based on landsat TM data in a mountainous region of west Japan [A]. In Gholz, H.L., K. Nakanwe, and H.himoda eds: The use of remote sensing in the modeling of forest productivity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp159-171
    136 Birky, A.K. 2001. NDVI and a simple model of decidous forest seasonal dynamics [J]. Ecological Modelling, 143:43-58
    137 杨京平.2001.农业生态工程与技术[M].北京:化工出版社,28-31
    138 Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, R. Groot et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(15): 253-260
    139 王克林,章春华,易爱军.1998.洞庭湖区灾害的形成机理与生态环境减灾和流域管理对策[J].应用生态学报,(6):561-568
    140 陈艳.2002.湖南省土壤污染现状与修复[J].湖南农业科学,(6):31-33
    141 杨国栋,孙立宏.2001.我国农业环境保护研究的现状和展望[J].农业环境保护,20(1):62-64
    142 熊鹰,王克林,郭鄢.2003.湖南省农业生态环境问题及对策[J].国土与自然资源研究,(1):35-36
    143 卜跃先,柴铭.2001.洞庭湖水污染环境经济损害初步评估[J].人民长江,32(4):27-28
    144 熊美阳,吕焕哲,吴甫成.2003.湖南省大气污染特征与防治研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,26(1):89-92
    145 刘新甲,王克林,张梅.2003.21世纪前期湖南可持续发展的工业化对策研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,12(4):307-311
    146 屈宝香.农业中的化肥使用与环境影响[A].中国农科院农业资源和农业区划研究所,pp41-44
    147 刘红宇,赵波,贺耀光.2001.化肥的生态效应[J].中氮肥,5:11-12
    148 卫中华,张树学,徐海林等.2002.农用化肥对环境的影响[J].北方环境,1:38-39
    149 张(?).2003.略论农药对生物科学的影响[J].商斤师范学院学报,18(5):102-103
    150 方晓航,仇荣亮.2002.农药在土壤环境中的行为研究[J].土壤与环境,11(1):94-97
    151 赵玲,马永军,周旭辉.2002.有机氯农药残留对农产品质量的影响分析[J].中国生态农业学报,10(3):126-128
    152 武志杰.2003.农产品安全生产技术体系及其产业化[J].中国科技成果,24:23-24
    
    
    153 张志刚,普昭云.2003.对湖南省生态农业发展的思考[J].作物研究,1:1
    154 邓正春,陈革非.2003.湖南省农产品生产存在的问题及发展对策[J].长江蔬菜,4:47
    155 童潜明.2003.加强农业地质研究,解决湖南省农业可持续发展的重大问题[J].国土资源科技管理.1:8
    156 刘新平,高昌海,刘明等.2002.长江中游湿地生态替代产业开发模式与对策研究[J].资源科学,24(3):65-70
    157 毛德华,李景保.2000.湖南省洪涝灾害研究[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,pp6
    158 湖南省土壤肥料学会编.2001.土壤科学与农业可持续发展[M].长沙:湖南地图出版社
    159 陈仲伯等,2003,湖南省生态环境可持续发展战略研究
    160 陈仲伯等,2001,湘鄂渝黔桂省际边境区域经济发展战略.湖南科学技术出版社.
    161 王韩民,郭玮,程漱兰.2001.国家生态安全:概念、评估及对策[J].管理世界,2:
    162 张坤民.1997.可持续发展论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997
    163 袁留根.1992.辽宁省城市生态环境质量评价[J].环境科技,1992,12(1)

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700