陕西省观音山自然保护区植被与优势植物区系特征研究
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摘要
陕西观音山自然保护区地处秦岭中段南坡,佛坪县境内。东和陕西天华山自然保护区相接,西与佛坪国家级自然保护区相邻,北同周至国家级自然保护区毗邻,南与佛坪娘娘山自然保护区接壤,是秦岭自然保护区群的核心位置。本文通过实际调查,对陕西省观音山自然保区植被资源和优势植物区系特征进行了研究,主要研究结果如下:
(1)根据《中国植被》分类单位的划分标准,观音山自然保护区自然植被可划分为4个植被型组,10个植被型,15个植被亚型或群系组,52个群系。
(2)据调查统计,陕西观音山自然保护区有野生种子植物130科,563属,1326种(含种下类群),分别占全国种子植物科、属、种数的43.2%、18.9%、5.4%。在野生种子植物中裸子植物5科,11属,15种;被子植物125科,552属,1311种,被子植物中双子叶植物112科,449属,1096种,单子叶植物13科,103属,215种。
(3)陕西观音山自然保护区森林植被面积占总面积的92.5%,其森林植被的建群种多为北温带分布属,如栎树Quercus、桦属Betula、杨树Populus、鹅耳枥属Carpinis、松属Pinus、冷杉属Abies、云杉属Picea等。
(4)属热带—亚热带分布类型的属也很常见,但多作为伴生植物,如黄檀属Dalbergia、卫茅属Euonymus、柿属Diospyros、朴属Celtis、泡花树属Meliosma、山胡椒属Litsea等。
(5)组成我国亚热带森林的主要科如樟科、壳斗科、山茶科、金缕梅科的植物在本区均有出现,如香叶树Lindera communis、椆Cyclobalanopsis glauce、铁橡树Q.spinsa、陕西紫茎Stewartia shensiensis、枫香Liquidambar formosana等。
(6)从植被优势植物种的区系地里成分看,不同植被垂直带表现出较大差异和一定的替代现象。海拔2000m以下,建群种以华北成分为主,如栓皮栎Q.variabilis、锐齿栎Q.aliena var.acuteserrata、油松P.tabulaeformis等。同时也有许多华中成分和华东成分成为建群种或优势种,如华中成分铁杉Tsuga chinensis、秦岭冷杉Abies chinensis等,华东成分如铁橡树Q.glandulifera var.brevipetiolata、化香Platycarya strobilacea、光皮桦Betula luminifera、榉Zelkova serrata、板栗Castanea mollissima等。
(7)从垂直分布看,海拔2000m以上森林群落的建群种以华中成分为主,如纸皮桦B.albo-siensis、糙皮桦B.albo-sinensis septentrionalis、铁橡树Q.spinosa、铁杉Tsuga chinensis、巴山冷杉Abies fargesii、秦岭冷杉A.chinensis等。其他成分如西南成分华山松Pinus armandii、秦岭特有成分太白杨Populus purdomii也可形成优势。而华北成分除青杆Picea wilsonii外,在这一范围仅作为混生成分出现在群落中。
(8)在海拔2500m以上与森林群落呈镶嵌分布的块状亚高山灌丛及草甸中,优势植物主要为温带成分如太白杜鹃Rhododendron purdomii和中国—喜马拉雅成分如川康苔草Carex schneideri以及北极高山成分如球穗蓼Polygonum sphaerostanchyum等。
(9)因本区位于暖温带与亚热带的过渡区域,植被区系成分复杂,联系广泛,各种不同地理成分的植物在植物群落中结合在一起的现象十分普遍。如铁橡树林中,热带性质的黄檀、化香Platycarya与温带性质的胡枝子Lespedeza、杜鹃Rhododendron等同居一个林下;热带成分求米草Oplismenus与典型的北温带成分鹿蹄草Pyrola、水晶兰Monotropa在同一个群落中混生存在。
近缘种在垂直向上的替代现象也比较明显,如海拔1300以下为栓皮栎居优势,1300～1500m则为小橡子树取代,1500～2000m锐齿栎占据了绝对优势;松属的油松分布于海拔1000～1750m,以上则为华山松替代。胡枝子属Lespedeza的胡枝子L.bicolor沿海拔梯度在数量上明显地表现出被美丽胡枝子L.formosa和绿叶胡枝子L.buergeri取代的趋势。另外蔷薇属Rosa、忍冬属Lonicera、荚蒾属Viburnum等也有类似的替代现象。
Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve lies in the south slope of middle Qinling Moutain, and in the Fuping county, it easten the Fuping National Nature Reserve, southen the Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, westen the Tianhuashan Nature Reserve, and northen the Fuping Niangniangshan Nature Reserve, situated the centre of the Qinling nature reserve group. The paper studied the Vegetation Resources and dominant plant flora Characteristics in Nature Reserve, and the result shows:
(1) According to the classify standard of《China Vegetation》,the vegetation in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve can be classified 4 vegetation type groups, 10 vegetation type, 15 vegetation sub-types or formation groups, 52 formations.
(2) From the investigation and the statistics, there are 130 families, 1326species(include the category under the species)of wild spermatophyte in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, which occuping respectively 43.2%,18.9%, and 5.4% of total spermatophyte in the whole China. Among the spermatophyte, there are 5 families, 11 genera, 15 species of gymnospermae; there are 125 families,552 genera, 552 species of angiospermae. Among the angiospermae, there are 112 families,449 genera, 1096 species of dicotyledons; there are 13 families, 103 genera, 215 species ofmonocotyledons.
(3) The forest vegetation coverage in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, is 92.5%, among which the constructive species is mostly the species of north temperate, such as Quercus, Betula, Populus, Carpinis, Pinus, Abies, Picea, and so on.
(4) The genera of tropical-subtropical is common in the reserve, it always be companion species, such as Dalbergia,Euonymus,Diospyros,Celtis,Meliosma,Litsea, and so on.
(5) Some species in laurel,beech, tea, and witchazel families, which form the main families of sub-tropical zone in China, also occur in the reserve, such as Lindera communis,Cyclobalanopsis glauce,Q. spinsa,Stewartia shensiensis,Liquidambar formosana, and so on.
(6)From the geological component of the vegetation dominant plant flora, there is a big difference and replacement in different vegetation vertical zone. Under the 2000m sea-level, the constructive species is mainly middle-north-China component, such as Q. variabilis, Q. aliena var. acuteserrata,P. tabulaeformis, and so on. At meantime, there are many middle-China component and east-China component become constructive species or dominant species, such as Tsuga chinensis, Abies chinensis, Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata, Platycarya strobilacea,Betula luminifera,Zelkova serrata,Castanea mollissima, and so on.
(7) From the vertical distribution, the constructive species above 2000m sea-level is mainly middle-China component, such as B. albo-siensis, albo-sinensis septentrionalis,Q. spinosa, Tsuga chinensis,Abies fargesii,A. chinensis and so on. Southwest-China component, such as Pinus armandii, special Qinling mountain component, such as Populus purdomii, also can dominate the community. But the middle-China component, such as Picea wilsonii just accompany the dominant species, and so on.
(8) For the alpine shrub community and meadow, which lie above 2500m of sea-level, the dominant plant is mainly temperate zone component, such as Rhododendron purdomii, and China-Himalayan component, such as Carex schneideri, and north-Pole alpine component, such as sphaerostanchyum,
(9) Because the reserve lies in the transition area of warm-temperate and sub-tropical, the flora is very complicated, and is very common that many different component plant grow together. For example, in the oak forest, the Platycarya which belongs to tropical component, grow together with Lespedeza, and Rhododendron, which belongs to temperate component; Oplismenus, which belongs to tropical component, grow together with Pyrola, Monotropa in the same community.
Sibling replacement is clear by vertical changes, for example, Q. variabilis dominates under the sea level of 1300m, small oak tree dominates in the sea level of 1300～1500m , Q. aliena var. acuteserrata dominates clearly in the sea level of 1500～2000m; For pine tree, P. tabulaeformis distribute in the sea level of 1000～1750m, but Pinus armandii distribute above; for Lespedeza, L. bicolor will be replaced by L. Formosa and L. buergeri when sea level enhance. The Rosa,Lonicera, Viburnum also have such replacement.
(1)根据《中国植被》分类单位的划分标准,观音山自然保护区自然植被可划分为4个植被型组,10个植被型,15个植被亚型或群系组,52个群系。
(2)据调查统计,陕西观音山自然保护区有野生种子植物130科,563属,1326种(含种下类群),分别占全国种子植物科、属、种数的43.2%、18.9%、5.4%。在野生种子植物中裸子植物5科,11属,15种;被子植物125科,552属,1311种,被子植物中双子叶植物112科,449属,1096种,单子叶植物13科,103属,215种。
(3)陕西观音山自然保护区森林植被面积占总面积的92.5%,其森林植被的建群种多为北温带分布属,如栎树Quercus、桦属Betula、杨树Populus、鹅耳枥属Carpinis、松属Pinus、冷杉属Abies、云杉属Picea等。
(4)属热带—亚热带分布类型的属也很常见,但多作为伴生植物,如黄檀属Dalbergia、卫茅属Euonymus、柿属Diospyros、朴属Celtis、泡花树属Meliosma、山胡椒属Litsea等。
(5)组成我国亚热带森林的主要科如樟科、壳斗科、山茶科、金缕梅科的植物在本区均有出现,如香叶树Lindera communis、椆Cyclobalanopsis glauce、铁橡树Q.spinsa、陕西紫茎Stewartia shensiensis、枫香Liquidambar formosana等。
(6)从植被优势植物种的区系地里成分看,不同植被垂直带表现出较大差异和一定的替代现象。海拔2000m以下,建群种以华北成分为主,如栓皮栎Q.variabilis、锐齿栎Q.aliena var.acuteserrata、油松P.tabulaeformis等。同时也有许多华中成分和华东成分成为建群种或优势种,如华中成分铁杉Tsuga chinensis、秦岭冷杉Abies chinensis等,华东成分如铁橡树Q.glandulifera var.brevipetiolata、化香Platycarya strobilacea、光皮桦Betula luminifera、榉Zelkova serrata、板栗Castanea mollissima等。
(7)从垂直分布看,海拔2000m以上森林群落的建群种以华中成分为主,如纸皮桦B.albo-siensis、糙皮桦B.albo-sinensis septentrionalis、铁橡树Q.spinosa、铁杉Tsuga chinensis、巴山冷杉Abies fargesii、秦岭冷杉A.chinensis等。其他成分如西南成分华山松Pinus armandii、秦岭特有成分太白杨Populus purdomii也可形成优势。而华北成分除青杆Picea wilsonii外,在这一范围仅作为混生成分出现在群落中。
(8)在海拔2500m以上与森林群落呈镶嵌分布的块状亚高山灌丛及草甸中,优势植物主要为温带成分如太白杜鹃Rhododendron purdomii和中国—喜马拉雅成分如川康苔草Carex schneideri以及北极高山成分如球穗蓼Polygonum sphaerostanchyum等。
(9)因本区位于暖温带与亚热带的过渡区域,植被区系成分复杂,联系广泛,各种不同地理成分的植物在植物群落中结合在一起的现象十分普遍。如铁橡树林中,热带性质的黄檀、化香Platycarya与温带性质的胡枝子Lespedeza、杜鹃Rhododendron等同居一个林下;热带成分求米草Oplismenus与典型的北温带成分鹿蹄草Pyrola、水晶兰Monotropa在同一个群落中混生存在。
近缘种在垂直向上的替代现象也比较明显,如海拔1300以下为栓皮栎居优势,1300～1500m则为小橡子树取代,1500～2000m锐齿栎占据了绝对优势;松属的油松分布于海拔1000～1750m,以上则为华山松替代。胡枝子属Lespedeza的胡枝子L.bicolor沿海拔梯度在数量上明显地表现出被美丽胡枝子L.formosa和绿叶胡枝子L.buergeri取代的趋势。另外蔷薇属Rosa、忍冬属Lonicera、荚蒾属Viburnum等也有类似的替代现象。
Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve lies in the south slope of middle Qinling Moutain, and in the Fuping county, it easten the Fuping National Nature Reserve, southen the Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, westen the Tianhuashan Nature Reserve, and northen the Fuping Niangniangshan Nature Reserve, situated the centre of the Qinling nature reserve group. The paper studied the Vegetation Resources and dominant plant flora Characteristics in Nature Reserve, and the result shows:
(1) According to the classify standard of《China Vegetation》,the vegetation in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve can be classified 4 vegetation type groups, 10 vegetation type, 15 vegetation sub-types or formation groups, 52 formations.
(2) From the investigation and the statistics, there are 130 families, 1326species(include the category under the species)of wild spermatophyte in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, which occuping respectively 43.2%,18.9%, and 5.4% of total spermatophyte in the whole China. Among the spermatophyte, there are 5 families, 11 genera, 15 species of gymnospermae; there are 125 families,552 genera, 552 species of angiospermae. Among the angiospermae, there are 112 families,449 genera, 1096 species of dicotyledons; there are 13 families, 103 genera, 215 species ofmonocotyledons.
(3) The forest vegetation coverage in Guan Yin Shan Mountain Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, is 92.5%, among which the constructive species is mostly the species of north temperate, such as Quercus, Betula, Populus, Carpinis, Pinus, Abies, Picea, and so on.
(4) The genera of tropical-subtropical is common in the reserve, it always be companion species, such as Dalbergia,Euonymus,Diospyros,Celtis,Meliosma,Litsea, and so on.
(5) Some species in laurel,beech, tea, and witchazel families, which form the main families of sub-tropical zone in China, also occur in the reserve, such as Lindera communis,Cyclobalanopsis glauce,Q. spinsa,Stewartia shensiensis,Liquidambar formosana, and so on.
(6)From the geological component of the vegetation dominant plant flora, there is a big difference and replacement in different vegetation vertical zone. Under the 2000m sea-level, the constructive species is mainly middle-north-China component, such as Q. variabilis, Q. aliena var. acuteserrata,P. tabulaeformis, and so on. At meantime, there are many middle-China component and east-China component become constructive species or dominant species, such as Tsuga chinensis, Abies chinensis, Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata, Platycarya strobilacea,Betula luminifera,Zelkova serrata,Castanea mollissima, and so on.
(7) From the vertical distribution, the constructive species above 2000m sea-level is mainly middle-China component, such as B. albo-siensis, albo-sinensis septentrionalis,Q. spinosa, Tsuga chinensis,Abies fargesii,A. chinensis and so on. Southwest-China component, such as Pinus armandii, special Qinling mountain component, such as Populus purdomii, also can dominate the community. But the middle-China component, such as Picea wilsonii just accompany the dominant species, and so on.
(8) For the alpine shrub community and meadow, which lie above 2500m of sea-level, the dominant plant is mainly temperate zone component, such as Rhododendron purdomii, and China-Himalayan component, such as Carex schneideri, and north-Pole alpine component, such as sphaerostanchyum,
(9) Because the reserve lies in the transition area of warm-temperate and sub-tropical, the flora is very complicated, and is very common that many different component plant grow together. For example, in the oak forest, the Platycarya which belongs to tropical component, grow together with Lespedeza, and Rhododendron, which belongs to temperate component; Oplismenus, which belongs to tropical component, grow together with Pyrola, Monotropa in the same community.
Sibling replacement is clear by vertical changes, for example, Q. variabilis dominates under the sea level of 1300m, small oak tree dominates in the sea level of 1300～1500m , Q. aliena var. acuteserrata dominates clearly in the sea level of 1500～2000m; For pine tree, P. tabulaeformis distribute in the sea level of 1000～1750m, but Pinus armandii distribute above; for Lespedeza, L. bicolor will be replaced by L. Formosa and L. buergeri when sea level enhance. The Rosa,Lonicera, Viburnum also have such replacement.
引文
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