肾上腺素能受体对前额叶皮层兴奋性突触传递的调控
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摘要
前额叶皮层(prefrontal cortex,PFC)在思维、推理、行为的计划和组织等许多脑的高级功能中起着关键作用。去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE)是一种广泛分布于外周和中枢神经系统的神经递质,以往的行为学和生理学研究表明,NE系统在调控PFC认知功能中起重要作用。
前额叶皮层的NE能受体分为α_1,α_2,和β三种亚型。以往的工作多采用行为学手段,着重研究α_1和α_2受体对前额叶皮层认知功能的调控,在细胞水平研究这些受体在前额叶突触传递中的作用的工作尚不多。我们的工作采用离体脑片膜片钳记录、在体场电位记录等电生理手段,并结合免疫组化技术,首次研究了β和α_2受体在前额叶皮层兴奋性突触传递中的调控作用。
第一部分;内侧前额叶皮层β受体参与对兴奋性突触传递的调控
本部分实验采用脑片膜片钳全细胞记录手段,研究肾上腺素能β受体在大鼠内侧前额叶第Ⅴ/Ⅵ层锥体细胞兴奋性突触传递中的调控作用。实验显示,给予β受体激动剂,异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO),引起自发兴奋性突触后电流(sEPSCs)的频率增加,幅度增大,引起微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSCs)的频率增大,但不影响其幅度。当Cd~(2+)存在时,ISO对mEPSCs的易化效应被阻断。给予ISO令非NMDA受体和NMDA受体介导的诱发兴奋性突触后电流(eEPSC)的幅度增大,并使其双脉冲易化(PPF)值变小。在对压力给药或灌流给药方式引起的NMDA诱发的内向电流上,ISO令其幅度显著增大。当电极内液中加入PKA的抑制剂后,ISO对NMDA受体介导的eEPSC和NMDA诱发的内向电流的易化效应被抑制。免疫组化的结果显示,β_1受体在内侧前额叶皮层的突触前末梢和神经元上均存在。本工作首次提供了直接的电生理证据,表明β受体通过突触前和突触后的双重机制,易化内侧前额叶皮层的兴奋性突触传递。
第二部分;内侧前额叶皮层α_2受体参与对兴奋性突触传递的调控
前人的研究表明,内侧前额叶皮层的α_2受体,特别是α_(2A)受体激活后,对工作记忆、注意力调节和行为抑制等前额叶的认知功能有改善作用。α_2受体激动剂在临床上被用于治疗注意力缺损多动症、创伤后应激综合症和精神分裂症等疾病。但是,α_2受体调控前额叶皮层功能的生理机制尚不清楚。
我们将α_2受体激动剂clonidine或α_(2A)受体激动剂guanfacine用全身给药或内侧前额叶局部给药的方式注射入实验大鼠,在麻醉大鼠和清醒大鼠上记录兴奋性突触后场电位(fEPSP),观察药物对这一指标的影响。我们亦应用全细胞膜片钳记录手段,在离体大鼠脑片上,观察激动剂对内侧前额叶皮层第Ⅴ/Ⅵ层锥体细胞的诱发兴奋性突触后电流(eEPSC)的影响。实验结果显示,α_2受体和α_(2A)受体的激动剂均能显著抑制fEPSP和eEPSC,并且对双脉冲易化没有影响;这种抑制效应被α_2受体拮抗剂yohimbine和Gi抑制剂NF023阻断。本部分工作表明,大鼠内侧前额叶皮层α_2受体激活后,抑制兴奋性突触传递,并且这一效应可能是通过突触后α_(2A)受体实现的。
The prefrontal cortex(PFC)plays a critical role in behaviors requiring a high level of mental integration.Norepinephrine(NE)is a neurotransmitter which is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.Previous behavioral and physiological studies have demonstrated that NE system exerts an important influence on PFC cognitive functions.
The adrenoceptors in the PFC compriseα_1-,α_2-,andβ-adrenoceptors(ARs).Previous studies focus on the role ofα_1- andα_2-adrenoceptors in the PFC,using behavioral approach, however,little is known about the role of adrenoceptors in excitatory synaptic transmission in the PFC.In the present study,we examined the modulation effects ofβ-andα_2-adrenoceptors activation on excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial PFC,using the whole-cell patch clamp recordings,field recordings in vivo and immunohistochemistry technique.
Part 1:β-adrenergic activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats
The present study investigated the modulation byβ-adrenoceptor of excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), using whole-cell patch clamp recording.Treatment with isoproterenol(ISO),a selectiveβ-AR agonist,induced a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents(sEPSCs)and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSCs).The facilitation effect of ISO on the frequency of mEPSCs no longer existed when cadmium was pre-administered.Treatment with ISO produced a significant enhancement in the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents(eEPSCs)mediated by non-NMDA and NMDA receptors and a marked decrease in the paired-pulse facilitation of the non-NMDA-R and NMDA-R mediated eEPSCs.ISO significantly enhanced the currents induced by pressure-delivered or bath-applied NMDA.The ISO-induced facilitation of NMDA-R eEPSC or NMDA-induced current was partly or completely blocked in the presence of Rp-cAMPS,a protein kinase A inhibitor.Immunohistochemistry staining showed thatβ_1-AR exists in both nervel terminals and neurons in the mPFC.The present study provides a strong demonstration thatβ-AR activation facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission in the mPFC through both pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms.
Part 2:α_2-adrenergic activation inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats in vivo and in vitro
Stimulation ofα_2-,especiallyα_(2A)-adrenoceptor(AR),in the prefrontal cortex(PFC) produces a beneficial effect on cognitive functions such as working memory.α_2-adrenergic agonists like clonidine and guanfacine have been used experimentally and clinically for treatment of psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and schizophrenia.However,the neurophysiological actions ofα_2-ARs in the PFC are poorly understood.Field excitatory postsynaptic potential(fEPSP),evoked excitatory post-synaptic current(eEPSC)were recorded in the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)of rats,using in vivo field-potential recording and in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques.Effects of theα_2-AR agonist clonidine and the selectiveα_(2A)-AR agonist guanfacine on fEPSP and eEPSC were examined.Systemic or intra-mPFC application of clonidine or guanfacine significantly reduced fEPSP in the mPFC in a dose-dependent way,either in anesthetized or freely-moving rats.Consistently,bath-application of guanfacine suppressed eEPSC in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons,and this effect was blocked by theα_2-AR antagonist yohimbine or the Gi inhibitor NF023.Moreover,treatment with guanfacine had no effect on paired-pulse facilitation(PPF)of fEPSP and eEPSC.The present study provides the first electrophysiological evidence that stimulation ofα_(2A)-AR inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the mPFC through a post-synaptic mechanism.
前额叶皮层的NE能受体分为α_1,α_2,和β三种亚型。以往的工作多采用行为学手段,着重研究α_1和α_2受体对前额叶皮层认知功能的调控,在细胞水平研究这些受体在前额叶突触传递中的作用的工作尚不多。我们的工作采用离体脑片膜片钳记录、在体场电位记录等电生理手段,并结合免疫组化技术,首次研究了β和α_2受体在前额叶皮层兴奋性突触传递中的调控作用。
第一部分;内侧前额叶皮层β受体参与对兴奋性突触传递的调控
本部分实验采用脑片膜片钳全细胞记录手段,研究肾上腺素能β受体在大鼠内侧前额叶第Ⅴ/Ⅵ层锥体细胞兴奋性突触传递中的调控作用。实验显示,给予β受体激动剂,异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO),引起自发兴奋性突触后电流(sEPSCs)的频率增加,幅度增大,引起微小兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSCs)的频率增大,但不影响其幅度。当Cd~(2+)存在时,ISO对mEPSCs的易化效应被阻断。给予ISO令非NMDA受体和NMDA受体介导的诱发兴奋性突触后电流(eEPSC)的幅度增大,并使其双脉冲易化(PPF)值变小。在对压力给药或灌流给药方式引起的NMDA诱发的内向电流上,ISO令其幅度显著增大。当电极内液中加入PKA的抑制剂后,ISO对NMDA受体介导的eEPSC和NMDA诱发的内向电流的易化效应被抑制。免疫组化的结果显示,β_1受体在内侧前额叶皮层的突触前末梢和神经元上均存在。本工作首次提供了直接的电生理证据,表明β受体通过突触前和突触后的双重机制,易化内侧前额叶皮层的兴奋性突触传递。
第二部分;内侧前额叶皮层α_2受体参与对兴奋性突触传递的调控
前人的研究表明,内侧前额叶皮层的α_2受体,特别是α_(2A)受体激活后,对工作记忆、注意力调节和行为抑制等前额叶的认知功能有改善作用。α_2受体激动剂在临床上被用于治疗注意力缺损多动症、创伤后应激综合症和精神分裂症等疾病。但是,α_2受体调控前额叶皮层功能的生理机制尚不清楚。
我们将α_2受体激动剂clonidine或α_(2A)受体激动剂guanfacine用全身给药或内侧前额叶局部给药的方式注射入实验大鼠,在麻醉大鼠和清醒大鼠上记录兴奋性突触后场电位(fEPSP),观察药物对这一指标的影响。我们亦应用全细胞膜片钳记录手段,在离体大鼠脑片上,观察激动剂对内侧前额叶皮层第Ⅴ/Ⅵ层锥体细胞的诱发兴奋性突触后电流(eEPSC)的影响。实验结果显示,α_2受体和α_(2A)受体的激动剂均能显著抑制fEPSP和eEPSC,并且对双脉冲易化没有影响;这种抑制效应被α_2受体拮抗剂yohimbine和Gi抑制剂NF023阻断。本部分工作表明,大鼠内侧前额叶皮层α_2受体激活后,抑制兴奋性突触传递,并且这一效应可能是通过突触后α_(2A)受体实现的。
The prefrontal cortex(PFC)plays a critical role in behaviors requiring a high level of mental integration.Norepinephrine(NE)is a neurotransmitter which is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.Previous behavioral and physiological studies have demonstrated that NE system exerts an important influence on PFC cognitive functions.
The adrenoceptors in the PFC compriseα_1-,α_2-,andβ-adrenoceptors(ARs).Previous studies focus on the role ofα_1- andα_2-adrenoceptors in the PFC,using behavioral approach, however,little is known about the role of adrenoceptors in excitatory synaptic transmission in the PFC.In the present study,we examined the modulation effects ofβ-andα_2-adrenoceptors activation on excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial PFC,using the whole-cell patch clamp recordings,field recordings in vivo and immunohistochemistry technique.
Part 1:β-adrenergic activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats
The present study investigated the modulation byβ-adrenoceptor of excitatory synaptic transmission in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), using whole-cell patch clamp recording.Treatment with isoproterenol(ISO),a selectiveβ-AR agonist,induced a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents(sEPSCs)and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSCs).The facilitation effect of ISO on the frequency of mEPSCs no longer existed when cadmium was pre-administered.Treatment with ISO produced a significant enhancement in the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents(eEPSCs)mediated by non-NMDA and NMDA receptors and a marked decrease in the paired-pulse facilitation of the non-NMDA-R and NMDA-R mediated eEPSCs.ISO significantly enhanced the currents induced by pressure-delivered or bath-applied NMDA.The ISO-induced facilitation of NMDA-R eEPSC or NMDA-induced current was partly or completely blocked in the presence of Rp-cAMPS,a protein kinase A inhibitor.Immunohistochemistry staining showed thatβ_1-AR exists in both nervel terminals and neurons in the mPFC.The present study provides a strong demonstration thatβ-AR activation facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission in the mPFC through both pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms.
Part 2:α_2-adrenergic activation inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats in vivo and in vitro
Stimulation ofα_2-,especiallyα_(2A)-adrenoceptor(AR),in the prefrontal cortex(PFC) produces a beneficial effect on cognitive functions such as working memory.α_2-adrenergic agonists like clonidine and guanfacine have been used experimentally and clinically for treatment of psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and schizophrenia.However,the neurophysiological actions ofα_2-ARs in the PFC are poorly understood.Field excitatory postsynaptic potential(fEPSP),evoked excitatory post-synaptic current(eEPSC)were recorded in the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)of rats,using in vivo field-potential recording and in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques.Effects of theα_2-AR agonist clonidine and the selectiveα_(2A)-AR agonist guanfacine on fEPSP and eEPSC were examined.Systemic or intra-mPFC application of clonidine or guanfacine significantly reduced fEPSP in the mPFC in a dose-dependent way,either in anesthetized or freely-moving rats.Consistently,bath-application of guanfacine suppressed eEPSC in layer V/VI pyramidal neurons,and this effect was blocked by theα_2-AR antagonist yohimbine or the Gi inhibitor NF023.Moreover,treatment with guanfacine had no effect on paired-pulse facilitation(PPF)of fEPSP and eEPSC.The present study provides the first electrophysiological evidence that stimulation ofα_(2A)-AR inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the mPFC through a post-synaptic mechanism.
引文
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