鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生作用及其对CO_2加富的响应
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摘要
赤潮是全球性的生态灾害,赤潮爆发严重影响了海洋经济的可持续发展,因此寻求切实有效和环境友好型的赤潮防治方法成为人们颇受关注的问题之一。其中,利用大型海藻对赤潮微藻的克生作用进行赤潮防治是目前赤潮研究工作的热点之一。同时大气CO2浓度升高也成为全球性的重大环境问题之一,研究CO2加富对海洋藻类及其相互之间的克生作用的影响对于揭示全球气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响有重要意义。本文以大型海藻鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和赤潮微藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为材料,研究了鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生作用及其对CO2加富的响应变化,初步探讨了藻间克生作用及其对CO2加富响应的可能机理,分析了利用大型海藻进行赤潮防控的可能性。实验结果如下：
1.鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应
鼠尾藻新鲜组织和干粉末对中肋骨条藻的种群生长均有抑制效应,种群细胞密度和生长参数(环境负载能力K和最大增长率r)显著降低(P<0.05),随着鼠尾藻新鲜组织和干粉末浓度的增加,抑制作用愈加明显；而且高浓度(2.4 gFD·L-1)的干粉末对中肋骨条藻具有致死效应。由直线内插法得到鼠尾藻新鲜组织对中肋骨条藻的半数有效抑制浓度EC50约为3.5 g FW·L-1,干粉末对中肋骨条藻的半数有效抑制浓度EC50约为1.8 g FD·L-1。证实鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻存在克生效应。
鼠尾藻水溶性抽提液对中肋骨条藻的生长有明显的抑制作用,抑制作用随浓度的升高而加强。鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著抑制和致死效应。证实鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生作用主要是通过向环境分泌克生物质的方式完成的。
经过高温煮沸的鼠尾藻水溶性抽提液和培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻的种群生长仍然表现出显著的抑制作用。鼠尾藻培养水过滤液不论是在一次性还是在半连续添加方式下,中肋骨条藻的种群生长均受到了显著抑制,并在实验结束时完全致死。证明鼠尾藻分泌的克生物质相对稳定。
2.CO2加富引起鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应的变化
研究结果表明,CO2加富培养的新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液使中肋骨条藻的细胞密度和种群生长参数(环境负载能力K和最大增长率r)显著降低(P<0.05),说明CO2加富培养引起了鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应的变化,使其对中肋骨条藻种群生长的抑制作用加强。
经CO2加富培养的鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液对中肋骨条藻的克生效应加强,而培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻种群生长的影响由加富前的显著抑制作用变化为加富后的无明显影响。因此我们推测CO2加富培养可能改变了鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻克生作用的方式,由原来的通过分泌克生物质的作用方式变化为细胞直接接触传递的方式。
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) has been considered as a global ecological disaster which severely threaten the sustainable development of marine economy. Therefore, effective and environment-friendly methods of HABs mitigation are necessary. Recently, many researchers focus on the allelopathic effect of aquatic macroalgae on HABs causative algae which is deemed to be a promising method to control HABs. The steady enrichment of CO2 at unprecedented speed has become one of the seriously global environment problems. Thereby, it is important to investigate the effect of CO2 enrichment on marine algae and on the interaction between them, and the result will be useful to reveal the influence of global climatic change on marine ecosystem. In the present study, marine macroalga Sargassum thunbergii and HABs causative microalga Skeletonema costatum were selected to investigate the allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum as well as the response of the allelopathic effect to CO2 enrichment. The mechanisms of allelopathic effect between marine algae and its response to CO2 enrichment were also discussed, and the responsibility of using macroalgae to control HABs was evaluated. The results showed that:
1. The allelopathic effect of Sargassum thunbergii on Skeletonema costatum
The fresh tissue and dry power of S. thunbergii showed significantly inhibitory effect on the population growth of S. costatum. The carrying capability (K) and growth rate (r) of S. costatum population decreased significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was strengthened with the increasing concentration of fresh tissue and dry power, and dry power at a higher concentration of 2.4 g FD·L-1 had lethal effect on S. costatum. The EC50 of fresh tissue of S. thunbergii was estimated as 3.5 g FW·L-1 by straight line interpolation and the EC50 of dry power was 1.8 FD·L-1. The results confirmed that the macroalga S. thunbergii had allelopathic effect on S. thunbergii.
The aqueous extract of S. thunbergii had significantly inhibitory effect on the population growth of S. costatum, and the inhibitory effect strengthen with the increasing concentration of aqueous extract. And the culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii also had significantly inhibitory and lethal effect on S. costatum. The results indicated that S. thunbergii secreted allelopathic substance to influence S. costatum.
The boiled aqueous extract and culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii also had significant inhibitory effect on S. costatum. Culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii appeared remarkably inhibitory effect on S. costatum under either initial filtrate addition or semi-continuous addition, and all S. costatum were killed at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that the allelopathic substances secreted by S. thunbergii were relative stable.
2. Response of allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum to CO2 enrichment
The fresh tissue, dry power and aqueous extract of S. thunbergii which were culture under CO2 enrichment condition obviously led to a decrease in population density and the value of K and r(P<0.05) compared with them cultured under normal condition. The results demonstrated that CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum.
The fresh tissue, dry power and aqueous extract of S. thunbergii cultured under CO2 enrichment condition had a stronger allelopathic effect compared with them cultured under normal condition, but the allelopathic effect of culture medium filtrate decreased remarkably. Accordingly, it was speculated that the action way of allelopathic effect might be changed by CO2 enrichment, which changed from secreting allelopathic substance to direct cell contact transmission.
1.鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应
鼠尾藻新鲜组织和干粉末对中肋骨条藻的种群生长均有抑制效应,种群细胞密度和生长参数(环境负载能力K和最大增长率r)显著降低(P<0.05),随着鼠尾藻新鲜组织和干粉末浓度的增加,抑制作用愈加明显；而且高浓度(2.4 gFD·L-1)的干粉末对中肋骨条藻具有致死效应。由直线内插法得到鼠尾藻新鲜组织对中肋骨条藻的半数有效抑制浓度EC50约为3.5 g FW·L-1,干粉末对中肋骨条藻的半数有效抑制浓度EC50约为1.8 g FD·L-1。证实鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻存在克生效应。
鼠尾藻水溶性抽提液对中肋骨条藻的生长有明显的抑制作用,抑制作用随浓度的升高而加强。鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著抑制和致死效应。证实鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生作用主要是通过向环境分泌克生物质的方式完成的。
经过高温煮沸的鼠尾藻水溶性抽提液和培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻的种群生长仍然表现出显著的抑制作用。鼠尾藻培养水过滤液不论是在一次性还是在半连续添加方式下,中肋骨条藻的种群生长均受到了显著抑制,并在实验结束时完全致死。证明鼠尾藻分泌的克生物质相对稳定。
2.CO2加富引起鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应的变化
研究结果表明,CO2加富培养的新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液使中肋骨条藻的细胞密度和种群生长参数(环境负载能力K和最大增长率r)显著降低(P<0.05),说明CO2加富培养引起了鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻的克生效应的变化,使其对中肋骨条藻种群生长的抑制作用加强。
经CO2加富培养的鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液对中肋骨条藻的克生效应加强,而培养水过滤液对中肋骨条藻种群生长的影响由加富前的显著抑制作用变化为加富后的无明显影响。因此我们推测CO2加富培养可能改变了鼠尾藻对中肋骨条藻克生作用的方式,由原来的通过分泌克生物质的作用方式变化为细胞直接接触传递的方式。
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) has been considered as a global ecological disaster which severely threaten the sustainable development of marine economy. Therefore, effective and environment-friendly methods of HABs mitigation are necessary. Recently, many researchers focus on the allelopathic effect of aquatic macroalgae on HABs causative algae which is deemed to be a promising method to control HABs. The steady enrichment of CO2 at unprecedented speed has become one of the seriously global environment problems. Thereby, it is important to investigate the effect of CO2 enrichment on marine algae and on the interaction between them, and the result will be useful to reveal the influence of global climatic change on marine ecosystem. In the present study, marine macroalga Sargassum thunbergii and HABs causative microalga Skeletonema costatum were selected to investigate the allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum as well as the response of the allelopathic effect to CO2 enrichment. The mechanisms of allelopathic effect between marine algae and its response to CO2 enrichment were also discussed, and the responsibility of using macroalgae to control HABs was evaluated. The results showed that:
1. The allelopathic effect of Sargassum thunbergii on Skeletonema costatum
The fresh tissue and dry power of S. thunbergii showed significantly inhibitory effect on the population growth of S. costatum. The carrying capability (K) and growth rate (r) of S. costatum population decreased significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was strengthened with the increasing concentration of fresh tissue and dry power, and dry power at a higher concentration of 2.4 g FD·L-1 had lethal effect on S. costatum. The EC50 of fresh tissue of S. thunbergii was estimated as 3.5 g FW·L-1 by straight line interpolation and the EC50 of dry power was 1.8 FD·L-1. The results confirmed that the macroalga S. thunbergii had allelopathic effect on S. thunbergii.
The aqueous extract of S. thunbergii had significantly inhibitory effect on the population growth of S. costatum, and the inhibitory effect strengthen with the increasing concentration of aqueous extract. And the culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii also had significantly inhibitory and lethal effect on S. costatum. The results indicated that S. thunbergii secreted allelopathic substance to influence S. costatum.
The boiled aqueous extract and culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii also had significant inhibitory effect on S. costatum. Culture medium filtrate of S. thunbergii appeared remarkably inhibitory effect on S. costatum under either initial filtrate addition or semi-continuous addition, and all S. costatum were killed at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that the allelopathic substances secreted by S. thunbergii were relative stable.
2. Response of allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum to CO2 enrichment
The fresh tissue, dry power and aqueous extract of S. thunbergii which were culture under CO2 enrichment condition obviously led to a decrease in population density and the value of K and r(P<0.05) compared with them cultured under normal condition. The results demonstrated that CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in allelopathic effect of S. thunbergii on S. costatum.
The fresh tissue, dry power and aqueous extract of S. thunbergii cultured under CO2 enrichment condition had a stronger allelopathic effect compared with them cultured under normal condition, but the allelopathic effect of culture medium filtrate decreased remarkably. Accordingly, it was speculated that the action way of allelopathic effect might be changed by CO2 enrichment, which changed from secreting allelopathic substance to direct cell contact transmission.
引文
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