扁穗牛鞭草与混生种互作的生理生态机理研究
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摘要
扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)在中国南方草地畜牧业系统中具有重要作用,但其冷季生长速率较低甚至停止生长,秋季随成熟度增加而品质很快下降,是主要缺点。采用“豆科—禾本科”混播系统和“暖季型—冷季型”互补系统,是提高扁穗牛鞭草草地牧草产量、质量、土壤地力和全年供青的有效方法。由于扁穗牛鞭草分泌化感物质,对混生种的生长发育具有限制作用,为此,本论文对扁穗牛鞭草和混生种的种间关系、光合生理生态特性和群落冠层结构进行了深入研究,以探索扁穗牛鞭草混播群落高产优质的生理生态机理。结果表明:
1、扁穗牛鞭草根、茎、叶水浸液对牧草种子萌发的化感作用大体包括延迟和抑制萌发2种方式;不同浓度的化感物质对幼根、幼苗的伸长的影响表现为促进、抑制或多种作用并存,有的浓度对幼根具有致畸变作用。扁穗牛鞭草较理想的混生种是多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)和红三叶(Trifolium pratense)。
2、扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶叶的解剖结构显示,扁穗牛鞭草届C_4植株(具有花环状结构),红三叶届C_3植物,这决定了两种草的光合途径不同。扁穗牛鞭草光补偿点约在5.89μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1),但在2200μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)光照强度下未达到光饱和。红三叶光补偿点为30.48μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)左右,光饱和点为1517.71μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)。扁穗牛鞭草光合作用的适宜温度为28～36.5℃,红三叶光合作用的适宜温度为27℃左右。扁穗牛鞭草的净光合速率(Pn)日变化在1月和7月晴天呈明显的单峰曲线,1月峰值出现在中午12:00左右,7月峰值出现在上午11:00左右。红三叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化在1月呈单峰曲线;7月呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在上午10:00和下午14:00,在中午12:00左右出现低谷。扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶的光合速率还呈现出明显的季节变化,扁穗牛鞭草的光合速率在7、8月份高,但在冬季、晚秋和早春却低于红三叶。扁穗牛鞭草全年的平均光合速率比红三叶高,单位面积全年的牧草产量也比红三叶高。
3、扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶的植高、株型、叶型、分枝习性和群体冠层叶面积等都不同,利用2种牧草植物的形态结构、生理生态差异,建立多年生暖季型禾本科牧草与多年生冷季型豆科牧草混播系统,可以更充分地利用太阳辐射,光能利用率较高。扁穗牛鞭草利用上部辐射光,喜光性强,光饱和点高,光能利用率
Limpograss (Hemarthria compressa) is a very important grass in the grassland husbandry system of Southern China, but it has some disadvantages such as slowly growth , stopping growth in cool-season, and the lower quality with ripe in autumn quickly. So to improve the yield , quality , productivity of soil , stable supply fresh forage of limpograss land, it is a good choice to apply the legume-grass mixture system , warm-season and cool-season complementary system. Limpograss inhibit growth and development of mixture species for its allelopathy . So to explore the ecophysiological mechanism of high yield and quality forages in the mixture community of limpograss, the interaction, characteristics of photosynthesis ecophysiology, canopy structure have been researched in the system mixed by limpograss and companion species. The results show that:1. The extraction solution of root, shoot, leaf of limpograss delay or inhibit the germination of other grass seeds for its allelopathy. Different concentration allelopathic substance extraction solution promote or inhibit the root and shoot elongation, some even make the roots deformity. After experiment, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) are the better companion species of limpograss.2. The anatomy of leaf blades showed limpograss is C_4 plant with "Kranz anatomy "structure, while red clover is C3 plant, which decide their different pathway for initial products of photosynthetic fixation of carbon. The light compensation point of limpograss and red clover are 5.89 and 30.48μmol.m~-2.s~-1 respectively, but no light saturation point of limpograss even under 2200umol.m~-2.s~-1 light intensity. The light saturation point of red clover is 1517.71μmol.m~-2.s~-1. The optimum temperature of photosynthesis of limpograss and red clover are 28~36.5℃
and around 27 °C, respectively. The daily change of net photosynthesis rate of limpograss is single peak curve in sunny day in January or July, the highest point in January is around 12:00 noon while that in July is about 11:00 a.m. The daily change of net photosynthesis rate of red clover is single peak curve in January and double peak curve in July, the highest point is 10:00 a.m. and 14:00 p.m., the lowest point is about 12:00 noon. Seasonal change of net photosynthesis rate is obvious, limpograss, higher in July and August, lower in winter, late autumn and early spring. The annual average photosynthesis rate of limpograss is higher than that of red clover , the same as the yield per unit in whole year.3. Limpograss and red clover are different from height, pasture of plant and leaf blade, tillers, and leaf area of canopy structure. According to the difference of the morphological and ecophysioloigical characteristics, construction a system mixed by perennial warm-season grass and cool-season legume can make good use of the incidence solar radiation from all orientation, and the higher light utilization ratio is . Limpograss, a light-like grass, with upper stem and leaf blade , smaller mean leaf inclination angle (MFIA) , higher light saturation point and utilization ratio, has little influence on the light utilization of the companion specie, red clover , for it can use the upper layer radiation of canopy. Red clover, with lower light saturation point and quantity of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells, use the lower layer radiation under limpograss . So the system mixed by limpograss and red clover can take advantage of the space, time, productivity of land, and improve the utilization radio of radiation.4. The canopy structure and the light distribution are different in the communities monocultured and mixed by limpograss and red clover. Radiation penetration (TR) and diffuse penetration (TD) are different in the canopy for different height and components of plant, posture and distribution of leaves, which cause the different net photosynthesis rate in single plant and community. The canopy structure, a complicated system, change the parameters with the growth and development of plant. The optimum leaf area index (LAI) decide by light intensity and posture of plant, the plant canopy extinction coefficient (K) of high yield forage is much bigger in the up-middle canopy, that means the canopy can get more light interception. The mean
leaf inclination angle (MFIA) affected the interception and distribution of solar radiation in canopy, illustrated how much the leaves get the light interception and have great influence on K . Radiation penetration (TR) and diffuse penetration (TD) decreased exponentially. Daily changes of photosynthesis of communities are relative to the predominant specie. The photosynthesis rate at different layer canopy has different contribution, the monocultured red clover group, middle layer> upper layer> lower layer, The mixture groups and monocultured limpograss group, upper layer > middle layer > lower layer. The photosynthesis rate in the upper and middle layer increased with more limpograss in the community. Mixture system cause the change of morphology characters such as tillers, height, diameter of shoot, which affect the biomass per plant and the total yield of community. The monocultuerd limpograss canopy , wasting some radiation, can intercept more radiation after mixing with limpograss. Among the mixture groups, the group mixed by 75% limpograss and 25% red clover is the best, which means the mixture community can produce high yield and quality forages if keeping a reasonable components and canopy structure.5. The yield of forage is poor in the early stage in the system mixed by limpograss and red clover. The nutritions of grass change a little with growth. The relative competition of limpograss is predominant in the mixture system, which cause the system damage about one year for short of red clover, so it is necessary to supply red clover seeds in the mixed system to keep the system. After experiment, the group mixed by 75% limpograss and 25% red clover is the best, yield amount to 12777.78 kg/hm2-DM, from the point of yield and quality.6. The system mixed by limpograss and red clover can make a reasonable canopy structure and change the ecotope of field. Under situation of mixture, the grass density is much bigger than that of monoculture. The weeds, growing under the grass canopy, can not get enough light and die. Mixture systems also change the weeds ecosystem ,which make them not propagate and keep the high quality grass population, reasonable canopy structure , high yield of forages.7. The water content of surface soil (0~20cm) fluctuated constantly in the system mixed by red clover and limpograss, mainly affected by rainfall. Limpograss
grassland system mixed with different percentage red clover can increase the nutrients of soil, such as organic matter 8.18%~ 16.09%, total N 6.25%~ 11.71 %, N 13.36%-17.43% , and the P or K level in the soil as well.8. In the limpograss- annual ryegrass complementary system , the two grasses belong to C4, C3 plant, with different optimum growth time, space niche and photosynthesis rate , and contribute different yield forage. Overseeding annual ryegrass into limpograss pastures in autumn can increase the yield of forage. The yield of forage get to 13254.6 kg/hm2 DM after harvesting 6 times (from Oct. 10 to July 14 next year), overseeding on Oct. 10 and overseeding rate 22kg/hm2. The total yield of forage by different overseeding rate (15kg/hm2, 22kg/hm2, 30kg/ hm2), increase 1749.0 kg/ hm2 DM, 1874.4 kg/ hm2 DM, 1515.5 kg/ hm2 DM respectively, which are higher than the yield of that without overseeding treatment significantly. The yield is the highest (13080.7 kg/ hm2 DM) which overseeding rate by 22kg/ hm2, and cure protein improve 750.9 kg/ hm2 DM, more than that of no overseeding treatment. Overseeding change the dominant species in limpograss grassland. Ryegrass is dominant position (56% of total production) during winter and spring, and can control weeds efficiently.9. Ryegrass does not affect the stability and persistence of limpograss grassland when it vanished from the complementary system. The community structure would be recover and the yield increase with the optimum growth time coming of limpograss. The emergerance, elongation and senescence of ryegrass leaf blades are controlled by genetic and environmental factors. So cutting at right time can control senescence of lower leaves and increased the yield of forage. The best overseeding time should be September to October for the limpograss-annual ryegrass complementary system in the humid subtropic area, from the point of forage yield and sustainable utility of limpograss grassland.
1、扁穗牛鞭草根、茎、叶水浸液对牧草种子萌发的化感作用大体包括延迟和抑制萌发2种方式;不同浓度的化感物质对幼根、幼苗的伸长的影响表现为促进、抑制或多种作用并存,有的浓度对幼根具有致畸变作用。扁穗牛鞭草较理想的混生种是多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)和红三叶(Trifolium pratense)。
2、扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶叶的解剖结构显示,扁穗牛鞭草届C_4植株(具有花环状结构),红三叶届C_3植物,这决定了两种草的光合途径不同。扁穗牛鞭草光补偿点约在5.89μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1),但在2200μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)光照强度下未达到光饱和。红三叶光补偿点为30.48μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)左右,光饱和点为1517.71μmol.m~(-2).s~(-1)。扁穗牛鞭草光合作用的适宜温度为28～36.5℃,红三叶光合作用的适宜温度为27℃左右。扁穗牛鞭草的净光合速率(Pn)日变化在1月和7月晴天呈明显的单峰曲线,1月峰值出现在中午12:00左右,7月峰值出现在上午11:00左右。红三叶净光合速率(Pn)日变化在1月呈单峰曲线;7月呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在上午10:00和下午14:00,在中午12:00左右出现低谷。扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶的光合速率还呈现出明显的季节变化,扁穗牛鞭草的光合速率在7、8月份高,但在冬季、晚秋和早春却低于红三叶。扁穗牛鞭草全年的平均光合速率比红三叶高,单位面积全年的牧草产量也比红三叶高。
3、扁穗牛鞭草和红三叶的植高、株型、叶型、分枝习性和群体冠层叶面积等都不同,利用2种牧草植物的形态结构、生理生态差异,建立多年生暖季型禾本科牧草与多年生冷季型豆科牧草混播系统,可以更充分地利用太阳辐射,光能利用率较高。扁穗牛鞭草利用上部辐射光,喜光性强,光饱和点高,光能利用率
Limpograss (Hemarthria compressa) is a very important grass in the grassland husbandry system of Southern China, but it has some disadvantages such as slowly growth , stopping growth in cool-season, and the lower quality with ripe in autumn quickly. So to improve the yield , quality , productivity of soil , stable supply fresh forage of limpograss land, it is a good choice to apply the legume-grass mixture system , warm-season and cool-season complementary system. Limpograss inhibit growth and development of mixture species for its allelopathy . So to explore the ecophysiological mechanism of high yield and quality forages in the mixture community of limpograss, the interaction, characteristics of photosynthesis ecophysiology, canopy structure have been researched in the system mixed by limpograss and companion species. The results show that:1. The extraction solution of root, shoot, leaf of limpograss delay or inhibit the germination of other grass seeds for its allelopathy. Different concentration allelopathic substance extraction solution promote or inhibit the root and shoot elongation, some even make the roots deformity. After experiment, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) are the better companion species of limpograss.2. The anatomy of leaf blades showed limpograss is C_4 plant with "Kranz anatomy "structure, while red clover is C3 plant, which decide their different pathway for initial products of photosynthetic fixation of carbon. The light compensation point of limpograss and red clover are 5.89 and 30.48μmol.m~-2.s~-1 respectively, but no light saturation point of limpograss even under 2200umol.m~-2.s~-1 light intensity. The light saturation point of red clover is 1517.71μmol.m~-2.s~-1. The optimum temperature of photosynthesis of limpograss and red clover are 28~36.5℃
and around 27 °C, respectively. The daily change of net photosynthesis rate of limpograss is single peak curve in sunny day in January or July, the highest point in January is around 12:00 noon while that in July is about 11:00 a.m. The daily change of net photosynthesis rate of red clover is single peak curve in January and double peak curve in July, the highest point is 10:00 a.m. and 14:00 p.m., the lowest point is about 12:00 noon. Seasonal change of net photosynthesis rate is obvious, limpograss, higher in July and August, lower in winter, late autumn and early spring. The annual average photosynthesis rate of limpograss is higher than that of red clover , the same as the yield per unit in whole year.3. Limpograss and red clover are different from height, pasture of plant and leaf blade, tillers, and leaf area of canopy structure. According to the difference of the morphological and ecophysioloigical characteristics, construction a system mixed by perennial warm-season grass and cool-season legume can make good use of the incidence solar radiation from all orientation, and the higher light utilization ratio is . Limpograss, a light-like grass, with upper stem and leaf blade , smaller mean leaf inclination angle (MFIA) , higher light saturation point and utilization ratio, has little influence on the light utilization of the companion specie, red clover , for it can use the upper layer radiation of canopy. Red clover, with lower light saturation point and quantity of chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells, use the lower layer radiation under limpograss . So the system mixed by limpograss and red clover can take advantage of the space, time, productivity of land, and improve the utilization radio of radiation.4. The canopy structure and the light distribution are different in the communities monocultured and mixed by limpograss and red clover. Radiation penetration (TR) and diffuse penetration (TD) are different in the canopy for different height and components of plant, posture and distribution of leaves, which cause the different net photosynthesis rate in single plant and community. The canopy structure, a complicated system, change the parameters with the growth and development of plant. The optimum leaf area index (LAI) decide by light intensity and posture of plant, the plant canopy extinction coefficient (K) of high yield forage is much bigger in the up-middle canopy, that means the canopy can get more light interception. The mean
leaf inclination angle (MFIA) affected the interception and distribution of solar radiation in canopy, illustrated how much the leaves get the light interception and have great influence on K . Radiation penetration (TR) and diffuse penetration (TD) decreased exponentially. Daily changes of photosynthesis of communities are relative to the predominant specie. The photosynthesis rate at different layer canopy has different contribution, the monocultured red clover group, middle layer> upper layer> lower layer, The mixture groups and monocultured limpograss group, upper layer > middle layer > lower layer. The photosynthesis rate in the upper and middle layer increased with more limpograss in the community. Mixture system cause the change of morphology characters such as tillers, height, diameter of shoot, which affect the biomass per plant and the total yield of community. The monocultuerd limpograss canopy , wasting some radiation, can intercept more radiation after mixing with limpograss. Among the mixture groups, the group mixed by 75% limpograss and 25% red clover is the best, which means the mixture community can produce high yield and quality forages if keeping a reasonable components and canopy structure.5. The yield of forage is poor in the early stage in the system mixed by limpograss and red clover. The nutritions of grass change a little with growth. The relative competition of limpograss is predominant in the mixture system, which cause the system damage about one year for short of red clover, so it is necessary to supply red clover seeds in the mixed system to keep the system. After experiment, the group mixed by 75% limpograss and 25% red clover is the best, yield amount to 12777.78 kg/hm2-DM, from the point of yield and quality.6. The system mixed by limpograss and red clover can make a reasonable canopy structure and change the ecotope of field. Under situation of mixture, the grass density is much bigger than that of monoculture. The weeds, growing under the grass canopy, can not get enough light and die. Mixture systems also change the weeds ecosystem ,which make them not propagate and keep the high quality grass population, reasonable canopy structure , high yield of forages.7. The water content of surface soil (0~20cm) fluctuated constantly in the system mixed by red clover and limpograss, mainly affected by rainfall. Limpograss
grassland system mixed with different percentage red clover can increase the nutrients of soil, such as organic matter 8.18%~ 16.09%, total N 6.25%~ 11.71 %, N 13.36%-17.43% , and the P or K level in the soil as well.8. In the limpograss- annual ryegrass complementary system , the two grasses belong to C4, C3 plant, with different optimum growth time, space niche and photosynthesis rate , and contribute different yield forage. Overseeding annual ryegrass into limpograss pastures in autumn can increase the yield of forage. The yield of forage get to 13254.6 kg/hm2 DM after harvesting 6 times (from Oct. 10 to July 14 next year), overseeding on Oct. 10 and overseeding rate 22kg/hm2. The total yield of forage by different overseeding rate (15kg/hm2, 22kg/hm2, 30kg/ hm2), increase 1749.0 kg/ hm2 DM, 1874.4 kg/ hm2 DM, 1515.5 kg/ hm2 DM respectively, which are higher than the yield of that without overseeding treatment significantly. The yield is the highest (13080.7 kg/ hm2 DM) which overseeding rate by 22kg/ hm2, and cure protein improve 750.9 kg/ hm2 DM, more than that of no overseeding treatment. Overseeding change the dominant species in limpograss grassland. Ryegrass is dominant position (56% of total production) during winter and spring, and can control weeds efficiently.9. Ryegrass does not affect the stability and persistence of limpograss grassland when it vanished from the complementary system. The community structure would be recover and the yield increase with the optimum growth time coming of limpograss. The emergerance, elongation and senescence of ryegrass leaf blades are controlled by genetic and environmental factors. So cutting at right time can control senescence of lower leaves and increased the yield of forage. The best overseeding time should be September to October for the limpograss-annual ryegrass complementary system in the humid subtropic area, from the point of forage yield and sustainable utility of limpograss grassland.
引文
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