茄子连作障碍机理研究
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摘要
采用盆栽模拟试验初步研究了连作对茄子幼苗的危害。结果表明，苗龄45d的重茬茄苗在株高、叶面积、主根长、总根长方面明显低于正茬，且茄苗地上部和地下部鲜重下降。连作降低了茄子植株养分含量，根系发育不良是导致植株养分吸收下降的主要原因。
重茬茄苗在苗龄19d时就受到一定程度根结线虫的危害，且随苗龄增加根结线虫的危害加重。重茬土壤延缓茄子出苗，降低出苗率，播种后7d重茬土壤茄子出苗率比正茬低15％，而且对重茬土壤进行消毒，消除线虫的危害后，仍不能完全改善重茬茄苗的生长状况，表明化感作用可能是导致茄子连作障碍发生的一个重要原因。茄子连作障碍的发生是土传病害和化感物质等非生物因素共同作用的结果。
利用盆栽模拟试验，研究了茄子残茬在连作障碍中的作用。结果表明，茄子残茬明显抑制幼苗生长，其秸秆水提物抑制茄子胚根生长，进一步证明了残茬中化感物质的存在，同时也说明茄子地上部淋洗液和茄子残茬是导致茄子连作障碍的化感物质的重要来源之一。不同植物组织的残茬化感作用强度不同，其中叶片的作用最强，茎次之，根的作用最弱。
残茬水提物中的醇溶性组分对茄子胚根、胚芽生长的影响与水提物原液表现一致，而且对水培茄子幼苗的生长也有较强的抑制作用，表明醇溶性组分中含有大量的自毒物质。茄子幼苗的根系活力随水提物中醇溶性组分浓度的增加而降低，同时植株对NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)等离子的吸收受阻，因此抑制离子吸收是水提物中自毒物质的重要效应之一。
通过水培收集的根系分泌物对茄子胚根、胚芽生长有较强的抑制作用，利用萃取分离根系分泌物，其碱溶性组分和酸溶性组分都具有较强的生物活性，说明根系分泌物也是化感物质的重要来源之一。
利用柱层析、萃取和GC-MS对残茬、根系分泌物和重茬土壤中的化感物质进行分离和鉴定，结果在根系分泌物、残茬和重茬土壤中同时检测到邻苯二甲酸的多种衍生物、2，6—二甲基乙基苯酚等具有化感潜力的物质以及十六烷酸甲酯、十七烷酸甲酯，进一步证实土壤中的化感物质与根系分泌物和残茬有着密切的关系。
砂培茄子根系分泌物可以促进茄子黄萎病病菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长，不同品种茄子根系分泌物的促进作用存在差异，抗病性较强的圆杂2号根系分泌物促进黄萎病病菌孢子萌发的作用较小，而长茄9318的促进作用最强。根系分泌物中氨基酸含量的测定结果表明，氨基酸含量与这种促进作用有关。不同种类氨基酸对黄萎病病菌的影响不同，茄子根系分泌物中主要氨基酸均促进黄萎病病菌的菌丝生长，表明根系分泌物中的氨基酸组分与连作茄子病害的发生有关。
The effect of continuous mono-cropping of eggplant on seedling growth were studied in pot experiments. The 45-day-old seedlings height, leaf area, main root length and total root length of the eggplants under continuous mono-cropping decreased significantly than of no-replanting eggplants, which resulted in fresh weight reduction eggplants shoot and root. The main reason for the declined nutrients absorption was from bad root development.
Meloidogyne affected the 19-day-old seedlings growth, and the adverse effect from Meloidogyne became more severe with the development of eggplants. Although Meloidogyne were eliminated by autoclaving in continuous mono-cropping soil, eggplant seedling growth was not improved anyhow compared to no-replanting ones growing in sterilized soil. And 7 days after sowing, the germination of eggplant seeds under continuous mono-cropping were lower by 15% than that of no-replanting ones, suggesting Meloidogyne and allelopathy might play some roles.
The effect of eggplant residues were studied in continuous mono-cropping with pot experiments. The results showed that eggplant residues inhibited seedling growth obviously, and the water soluble substance from the residues inhibited radicle growth of eggplants, indicating that eggplant residues contained allelochemicals, and the main sources of allelochemicals were rain washing of shoot from above ground and residue decomposing from root. Allelopathic effects varied in plant tissues, leaf allelopathic effect was the strongest, stem took second place, and root was the weakest.
Methanol soluble components in water extracts inhibited the growth of eggplant embryo, radicle and seedling soluble as same as the water extracts original solution. Thus the methanol dissolvable components contained some allelopathic substances toxic to eggplant. Root activity of eggplant seedling decreased with the concentration of the methanol isolatable components increasing. Autotoxic substances in the methanol isolatable fraction suppressed the absorption of NOf, PC^3", K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, implying the inhibition effect of the substances on ion uptake was one of the important mechanisms in allelopathy.
Root exudates collected by solution culture had strong allelopathic effects on the growth and development of eggplant radicle and embryo. The root exudates could be separated by extraction, and both the acidic and alkaline components had strong biological activity, indicating root exudate effect was one of the important sources of allelochemicals.
Allelochemicals were isolated and identified in the extracted of eggplant residues, root exudates and continuously mono-cropping soil by column chromatography method, extraction method and GC-MS method. Many potential allelochemicals could be detected, including 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid ramification; Phenol, 2,6-bis(l,1-dimethyIethul); Hexaedcanoic acid, methyl ester; Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester etc.. Therefore, root exudates and the residues were the source of the allelochemicals in soil.
Root exudates by sand culture stimulated Verticillium wilt spore germination and mycelium growth.
Root exudates from different cultivars had distinctly promoting effects. Changqie 9318 had stronger effects, and Yuanza 2 had weaker effects. Determination of the amino acids in root exudates indicated that contents of amino acids were related to the promoting effects. The influence of amino acids on Verticillium wilt varied with amino acids and the main amino acids exudated by eggplant root promoted the growth of Verticillium wilt mycelium, and the amino acids in root exudates were one of the factors causing the disease.
重茬茄苗在苗龄19d时就受到一定程度根结线虫的危害，且随苗龄增加根结线虫的危害加重。重茬土壤延缓茄子出苗，降低出苗率，播种后7d重茬土壤茄子出苗率比正茬低15％，而且对重茬土壤进行消毒，消除线虫的危害后，仍不能完全改善重茬茄苗的生长状况，表明化感作用可能是导致茄子连作障碍发生的一个重要原因。茄子连作障碍的发生是土传病害和化感物质等非生物因素共同作用的结果。
利用盆栽模拟试验，研究了茄子残茬在连作障碍中的作用。结果表明，茄子残茬明显抑制幼苗生长，其秸秆水提物抑制茄子胚根生长，进一步证明了残茬中化感物质的存在，同时也说明茄子地上部淋洗液和茄子残茬是导致茄子连作障碍的化感物质的重要来源之一。不同植物组织的残茬化感作用强度不同，其中叶片的作用最强，茎次之，根的作用最弱。
残茬水提物中的醇溶性组分对茄子胚根、胚芽生长的影响与水提物原液表现一致，而且对水培茄子幼苗的生长也有较强的抑制作用，表明醇溶性组分中含有大量的自毒物质。茄子幼苗的根系活力随水提物中醇溶性组分浓度的增加而降低，同时植株对NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)等离子的吸收受阻，因此抑制离子吸收是水提物中自毒物质的重要效应之一。
通过水培收集的根系分泌物对茄子胚根、胚芽生长有较强的抑制作用，利用萃取分离根系分泌物，其碱溶性组分和酸溶性组分都具有较强的生物活性，说明根系分泌物也是化感物质的重要来源之一。
利用柱层析、萃取和GC-MS对残茬、根系分泌物和重茬土壤中的化感物质进行分离和鉴定，结果在根系分泌物、残茬和重茬土壤中同时检测到邻苯二甲酸的多种衍生物、2，6—二甲基乙基苯酚等具有化感潜力的物质以及十六烷酸甲酯、十七烷酸甲酯，进一步证实土壤中的化感物质与根系分泌物和残茬有着密切的关系。
砂培茄子根系分泌物可以促进茄子黄萎病病菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长，不同品种茄子根系分泌物的促进作用存在差异，抗病性较强的圆杂2号根系分泌物促进黄萎病病菌孢子萌发的作用较小，而长茄9318的促进作用最强。根系分泌物中氨基酸含量的测定结果表明，氨基酸含量与这种促进作用有关。不同种类氨基酸对黄萎病病菌的影响不同，茄子根系分泌物中主要氨基酸均促进黄萎病病菌的菌丝生长，表明根系分泌物中的氨基酸组分与连作茄子病害的发生有关。
The effect of continuous mono-cropping of eggplant on seedling growth were studied in pot experiments. The 45-day-old seedlings height, leaf area, main root length and total root length of the eggplants under continuous mono-cropping decreased significantly than of no-replanting eggplants, which resulted in fresh weight reduction eggplants shoot and root. The main reason for the declined nutrients absorption was from bad root development.
Meloidogyne affected the 19-day-old seedlings growth, and the adverse effect from Meloidogyne became more severe with the development of eggplants. Although Meloidogyne were eliminated by autoclaving in continuous mono-cropping soil, eggplant seedling growth was not improved anyhow compared to no-replanting ones growing in sterilized soil. And 7 days after sowing, the germination of eggplant seeds under continuous mono-cropping were lower by 15% than that of no-replanting ones, suggesting Meloidogyne and allelopathy might play some roles.
The effect of eggplant residues were studied in continuous mono-cropping with pot experiments. The results showed that eggplant residues inhibited seedling growth obviously, and the water soluble substance from the residues inhibited radicle growth of eggplants, indicating that eggplant residues contained allelochemicals, and the main sources of allelochemicals were rain washing of shoot from above ground and residue decomposing from root. Allelopathic effects varied in plant tissues, leaf allelopathic effect was the strongest, stem took second place, and root was the weakest.
Methanol soluble components in water extracts inhibited the growth of eggplant embryo, radicle and seedling soluble as same as the water extracts original solution. Thus the methanol dissolvable components contained some allelopathic substances toxic to eggplant. Root activity of eggplant seedling decreased with the concentration of the methanol isolatable components increasing. Autotoxic substances in the methanol isolatable fraction suppressed the absorption of NOf, PC^3", K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, implying the inhibition effect of the substances on ion uptake was one of the important mechanisms in allelopathy.
Root exudates collected by solution culture had strong allelopathic effects on the growth and development of eggplant radicle and embryo. The root exudates could be separated by extraction, and both the acidic and alkaline components had strong biological activity, indicating root exudate effect was one of the important sources of allelochemicals.
Allelochemicals were isolated and identified in the extracted of eggplant residues, root exudates and continuously mono-cropping soil by column chromatography method, extraction method and GC-MS method. Many potential allelochemicals could be detected, including 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid ramification; Phenol, 2,6-bis(l,1-dimethyIethul); Hexaedcanoic acid, methyl ester; Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester etc.. Therefore, root exudates and the residues were the source of the allelochemicals in soil.
Root exudates by sand culture stimulated Verticillium wilt spore germination and mycelium growth.
Root exudates from different cultivars had distinctly promoting effects. Changqie 9318 had stronger effects, and Yuanza 2 had weaker effects. Determination of the amino acids in root exudates indicated that contents of amino acids were related to the promoting effects. The influence of amino acids on Verticillium wilt varied with amino acids and the main amino acids exudated by eggplant root promoted the growth of Verticillium wilt mycelium, and the amino acids in root exudates were one of the factors causing the disease.
引文
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