长期施肥条件下紫色土—小麦系统中钾素利用的研究
|
摘要
长期定位肥料试验作为稻田生态系统的重要研究方法，具有常规试验不可比拟的优点。它能系统地研究土壤肥力演变和肥效变化规律，克服因气候年变化对肥效的影响；能对土壤中养分的平衡、作物对肥料的反应、施肥对土壤肥力的影响、轮作施肥制度的建立等土壤和合理施肥问题进行长期、系统、历史的定位研究，并作出科学评价，为农业的持续发展提供决策依据。因此，长期肥料定位试验成为国内外土壤学家、土壤生态学家、植物营养学家们共同关注和研究的焦点问题。我国的长期肥料试验起步较晚，尽管取得了一定的成绩，但许多方面仍有待完善和进一步的研究。紫色土作为我国的一种特殊的土壤类型，其土壤肥力在不同施肥条件下怎样演变?有关这方面的研究资料较为缺乏，更缺乏对长期施肥条件下作物生育期内土壤、作物养分、酶活性变化规律的研究。钾素作为植物正常生长发育必需的大量营养元素之一。土壤中钾素的缺乏会造成作物因生理失调而抗逆性降低导致减产。众所周知，土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾是土壤钾库最活跃的组成部分。钾在固液相间的转化速率及数量取决于钾与土壤固相表面的作用方式，并决定着肥料钾进入土壤后的去向和土壤固钾能力。研究钾在土壤固液相间转化的动力学性质，对了解阳离子型养分在土壤固相表面的作用机理及评价土壤保持、供应钾素能力有重要的理论与实践意义。前人在土壤钾离子吸附、解吸动力学方面作了颇有成效的研究，但对多年连续不同施肥后土壤钾离子吸附特性方面的研究未曾报道。多年施肥条件下钾素对作物生长发育的影响如何?稻—麦轮作期紫色土农田生态系统钾素平衡状况怎样?等等方面的研究工作也较为缺乏。为此，本文在国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验的基础上，从硕士到博士阶段历经五年的定位观察、室内模拟、资料分析，重点研究水稻——小麦水旱轮作长期不同施肥条件下紫色土养分肥力的变化，作物体内养分的分配、钾素利用；以及施肥在促进土壤、作物酶活性，改善土壤K~+吸附特性，增强作物代谢、提高作物品质等方面作了深入的探讨。并对第十年稻麦轮作期内紫色土钾素平衡状况作了研究。以期为紫色土肥料(尤其是钾肥)的合理施用、生态农业建设提供理论依据。研究结果表明：
二有毗配施化学氮磷钾肥是全面维持和提高紫色土基础肥力的有渊施
＊）有机肥配施氮磷钾肥是中性紫色土上保持养分峪供应的掸施肥措施
十年定位施肥试验结果表明，长期不施肥料紫色上 0～20cm和 20～40cm两
上层土壤有机质含量明显下降。施肥各处理，两士层土壤有机质均有不同程度的
积累，其中有机肥配施化学NPK肥侧PK）处理土壤有机质积累最明显，十年施肥
后 0～20cm和 20～40cm两土层土壤有机质含量分别较试验初期提高T 6．449 ig－‘
和 2．829·kg－‘；平均表层每年增加 0．6s·ks－‘，犁底层增加 0．3 g·kg‘。土壤
氮素肥力方面：长期不施肥料紫色土全氮、速效氮含量明显下降，土壤供氮能力
降低；各施肥处理020cm土层土壤全氮含量呈上升趋势，其大小顺序为MNPKDeNPK
＞NP、NK、MThN，而20－40cm土层土壤全氮含量上升不明显；无论施有机肥、化
学肥料还是二者配施，紫色土有效氮含量均不同程度的提高，其中有机肥与化学
肥料配施处理上升幅度较大，十年后h20cm土层土壤有效氮含量较试验初期（1991
年）上升 26．吨／kg，20－40cm土层上升 13．gmg／kg。土壤磷素肥力方面：长期不
施磷肥CK、N、M、NK）土壤全磷、速效磷含量均下降；施磷各处理0亿0CIn土层
土壤全磷、速效磷含量有不同程度的提高，其中有机肥配施化学肥料处理提高幅
度较大，十年后 020cm土层土壤全磷含量提高 178。g·kg－‘，土壤速效磷含量提
高20．4mg八g－‘，而20叶0cm土层全磷、速效磷含量变化则平缓得多。土壤钾素
肥力方面：除秸杆还田配施化学肥料处理（WIPK）外，其余各处理不论施钾与否土
壤全钾含量均有所下降；就土壤速效钾含量变化来看，长期不施钾肥（CK、N、NP）
或仅施有机肥（M），土壤速效钾含量均明显下降，而施钾肥能够基本维持紫色土
速效钾含量水平的平衡。综上所述，长期有机肥配施化学NPK肥，不仅土壤有机
质积累明显，而且在维持和提高土壤氮素、磷素、钾素肥力方面效果也较其它处
理明显：而单施有机肥导致土壤有效养分含量（尤其是有效磷、钾含量）下降。
由此可见，在中性紫色土上，长期坚持有机肥与化学NPK肥的配合施用是全面维
持和提高土壤基础肥力的重要措施。’，
Q）有机B胭施化学氮磷钾肥是有效改善紫色土酶活的重要手段
十年定位试验结果表明，不同施肥处理土壤酶活性发生了显著变化。与其它
处理相比，有机肥配施化学NPK肥处理，0－20cm和20－40cm两土层土壤脏酶（URE）
活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及中性磷酸酶（NEP）活性均处于较高水平，而多
酚氧化酶（PPO）活性则处于较低水平。这说明长期有机肥配施化学 NPK肥对紫
色土酶活性的改善效果优于其它各施肥处理。相关分析显示：土壤有机质是影响
土壤CAT、URE活性高低的重要因素，土壤有机质含量的高低对土壤NEP活性的
By comparison with routine fertilizer experiments, long-term fixed position experiments that is an important means by which cornfield ecosystem are studied have many advantages. It can study systematically changes of soil fertility, variant regularities of fertilizer efficiency; and overcome the effects of climatic variation on fertilizer efficiency; and study long-lastingly ^ systematically -, historically and evaluate scientially the problems on soil and rational application, such as soil nutrient balance, crop reactions to fertilizers, fertilizer application effects on soil fertility, rotation and application system etc; and provide the agricultural sustainable development with sciential decisions. Therefore, long-term fixed position fertilizer experiment is a focal points concerned and studied by soil scientists, soil ecologists and plant nutriologists all over the world. Although we have obtained some valuable data on long-term experiment in our country, but there are still more problems need to be studied. Purple soil is a special soil in the world and a peculiar soil resource in China. How do purple soil fertility change under long-term different application? The data about it are lack. It was short of studying on the variant regularity of soiK crop nutrient content and enzymatic activities in crop growth period under long-term application. Potassium is one of large nutrient elements that are necessary to plant growth and development, Lack K in soil will bring about crop yield decreasing. Water soluble K and exchangeable K are the activest parts in soil potassium rank. The rate and quantity of potassium translation between soil solid phase and liquid phase are decided by the K action means on soil solid surface, and it also decides the direction in which K fertilizer has gone and soil fixed K power. The studies on dynamic nature of potassium translation between soil solid phase and liquid phase have important theoretical and practical significances, because they will help us to know the cation nutrient action mechanism on soil solid surface and to rightly evaluate soil keeping and supplying K power. Kinetics of soil K+
adsorbing-desorbing were studied fruitfully by predecessors, but it was shor* of studying on the changes of soil K adsorbing characters after long-term different application. How did potassium affect crop growth and development under long-term application? Whether was potassium balance kept in purple soil cornfield ecosystem under a rotation of rice and wheat? etc. The studies on the problems stated above were short. Therefore, in long-term fixed position experiment plots on the Purple Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitored Base, the variation of purple soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation under ten-year different application, crop nutrient distribution and potassium utilization were studied in this paper by the means of fixed position observation, simulate experiment and chemical analysis etc. And the problems on application promoting soiK crop enzymatic activities, improving soil K+ adsorbing characters, reinforcing crop metabolism, raising crop quality etc. were deeply discussed. Lastly the purple soil K balance in the tenth rice-wheat rotation was also questioned. The results were as follows:
1. A joint application of organic manure and chemical N^ P^ K fertilizer is more effective to maintain and raise the basic fertility in purple soil.
(1)Combination applying organic manure and chemical N > P % K fertilizer(MNPK) is recommended to keep purple soil nutrient balance.
The results of ten-year fixed position experiments showed that organic matter content of 0-20cra and 20~40cm two soil layers in the CK treatment decreased obviously. In all applying fertilizer treatments, especially the MNPK treatment, soil organic matter content of the two soil layers increased distinctly. In comparison with 1991, organic matter content of the two soil layers in the MNPK treatment in 2001 increased by 6. 44 g. kg"1 and 2. 82g. kg"1 respectively. Soil nitrogen fertility: Soil total
二有毗配施化学氮磷钾肥是全面维持和提高紫色土基础肥力的有渊施
＊）有机肥配施氮磷钾肥是中性紫色土上保持养分峪供应的掸施肥措施
十年定位施肥试验结果表明，长期不施肥料紫色上 0～20cm和 20～40cm两
上层土壤有机质含量明显下降。施肥各处理，两士层土壤有机质均有不同程度的
积累，其中有机肥配施化学NPK肥侧PK）处理土壤有机质积累最明显，十年施肥
后 0～20cm和 20～40cm两土层土壤有机质含量分别较试验初期提高T 6．449 ig－‘
和 2．829·kg－‘；平均表层每年增加 0．6s·ks－‘，犁底层增加 0．3 g·kg‘。土壤
氮素肥力方面：长期不施肥料紫色土全氮、速效氮含量明显下降，土壤供氮能力
降低；各施肥处理020cm土层土壤全氮含量呈上升趋势，其大小顺序为MNPKDeNPK
＞NP、NK、MThN，而20－40cm土层土壤全氮含量上升不明显；无论施有机肥、化
学肥料还是二者配施，紫色土有效氮含量均不同程度的提高，其中有机肥与化学
肥料配施处理上升幅度较大，十年后h20cm土层土壤有效氮含量较试验初期（1991
年）上升 26．吨／kg，20－40cm土层上升 13．gmg／kg。土壤磷素肥力方面：长期不
施磷肥CK、N、M、NK）土壤全磷、速效磷含量均下降；施磷各处理0亿0CIn土层
土壤全磷、速效磷含量有不同程度的提高，其中有机肥配施化学肥料处理提高幅
度较大，十年后 020cm土层土壤全磷含量提高 178。g·kg－‘，土壤速效磷含量提
高20．4mg八g－‘，而20叶0cm土层全磷、速效磷含量变化则平缓得多。土壤钾素
肥力方面：除秸杆还田配施化学肥料处理（WIPK）外，其余各处理不论施钾与否土
壤全钾含量均有所下降；就土壤速效钾含量变化来看，长期不施钾肥（CK、N、NP）
或仅施有机肥（M），土壤速效钾含量均明显下降，而施钾肥能够基本维持紫色土
速效钾含量水平的平衡。综上所述，长期有机肥配施化学NPK肥，不仅土壤有机
质积累明显，而且在维持和提高土壤氮素、磷素、钾素肥力方面效果也较其它处
理明显：而单施有机肥导致土壤有效养分含量（尤其是有效磷、钾含量）下降。
由此可见，在中性紫色土上，长期坚持有机肥与化学NPK肥的配合施用是全面维
持和提高土壤基础肥力的重要措施。’，
Q）有机B胭施化学氮磷钾肥是有效改善紫色土酶活的重要手段
十年定位试验结果表明，不同施肥处理土壤酶活性发生了显著变化。与其它
处理相比，有机肥配施化学NPK肥处理，0－20cm和20－40cm两土层土壤脏酶（URE）
活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及中性磷酸酶（NEP）活性均处于较高水平，而多
酚氧化酶（PPO）活性则处于较低水平。这说明长期有机肥配施化学 NPK肥对紫
色土酶活性的改善效果优于其它各施肥处理。相关分析显示：土壤有机质是影响
土壤CAT、URE活性高低的重要因素，土壤有机质含量的高低对土壤NEP活性的
By comparison with routine fertilizer experiments, long-term fixed position experiments that is an important means by which cornfield ecosystem are studied have many advantages. It can study systematically changes of soil fertility, variant regularities of fertilizer efficiency; and overcome the effects of climatic variation on fertilizer efficiency; and study long-lastingly ^ systematically -, historically and evaluate scientially the problems on soil and rational application, such as soil nutrient balance, crop reactions to fertilizers, fertilizer application effects on soil fertility, rotation and application system etc; and provide the agricultural sustainable development with sciential decisions. Therefore, long-term fixed position fertilizer experiment is a focal points concerned and studied by soil scientists, soil ecologists and plant nutriologists all over the world. Although we have obtained some valuable data on long-term experiment in our country, but there are still more problems need to be studied. Purple soil is a special soil in the world and a peculiar soil resource in China. How do purple soil fertility change under long-term different application? The data about it are lack. It was short of studying on the variant regularity of soiK crop nutrient content and enzymatic activities in crop growth period under long-term application. Potassium is one of large nutrient elements that are necessary to plant growth and development, Lack K in soil will bring about crop yield decreasing. Water soluble K and exchangeable K are the activest parts in soil potassium rank. The rate and quantity of potassium translation between soil solid phase and liquid phase are decided by the K action means on soil solid surface, and it also decides the direction in which K fertilizer has gone and soil fixed K power. The studies on dynamic nature of potassium translation between soil solid phase and liquid phase have important theoretical and practical significances, because they will help us to know the cation nutrient action mechanism on soil solid surface and to rightly evaluate soil keeping and supplying K power. Kinetics of soil K+
adsorbing-desorbing were studied fruitfully by predecessors, but it was shor* of studying on the changes of soil K adsorbing characters after long-term different application. How did potassium affect crop growth and development under long-term application? Whether was potassium balance kept in purple soil cornfield ecosystem under a rotation of rice and wheat? etc. The studies on the problems stated above were short. Therefore, in long-term fixed position experiment plots on the Purple Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitored Base, the variation of purple soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation under ten-year different application, crop nutrient distribution and potassium utilization were studied in this paper by the means of fixed position observation, simulate experiment and chemical analysis etc. And the problems on application promoting soiK crop enzymatic activities, improving soil K+ adsorbing characters, reinforcing crop metabolism, raising crop quality etc. were deeply discussed. Lastly the purple soil K balance in the tenth rice-wheat rotation was also questioned. The results were as follows:
1. A joint application of organic manure and chemical N^ P^ K fertilizer is more effective to maintain and raise the basic fertility in purple soil.
(1)Combination applying organic manure and chemical N > P % K fertilizer(MNPK) is recommended to keep purple soil nutrient balance.
The results of ten-year fixed position experiments showed that organic matter content of 0-20cra and 20~40cm two soil layers in the CK treatment decreased obviously. In all applying fertilizer treatments, especially the MNPK treatment, soil organic matter content of the two soil layers increased distinctly. In comparison with 1991, organic matter content of the two soil layers in the MNPK treatment in 2001 increased by 6. 44 g. kg"1 and 2. 82g. kg"1 respectively. Soil nitrogen fertility: Soil total
引文
1．徐琪，杨林章，董之华等著．中国稻田生态系统．北京：中国农业出版社，1998，235～236
2 史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期施用氮、磷钾化肥和有机肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的影响．土壤肥料，1998(1)：7～10
3 史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期定位施肥对土壤中微量营养元素的影响．土壤肥料，1999(1)：3～6
4 Hsieh C.H.,Hong C.M.and Hong K.Y.Effect of surface application of cattle manure on soil physical and chemical properties on pangola grass pasture.Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research,1997,30(4):395～409
5 Gao C.and C.Chang.Changes in CEC and particle size distribution of soils associated with long-term annual applications of cattle feedlot manure.Soil Science,1996,161(2):115-120
6 Murata T.,Tanalea H.and K.Sakagami et al.The influence on microbial biomass,available soil N and neutral sugar composition induced by rice straw compost and fertilizer application in alluvial upland soil.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1997,68(3):257-264
7 Hountin J.A.,Couillard D.and A.karam.Soil carbon,nitrogen and phosporus contents in maize plots after 14 years of pig slurry application.Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,129(2):187-194
8 N.Dayegamiye A.Effects of long-term application of solid cattle manure on silage maize production and soil chemical properties.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1990,70(3):767-775
9 兰晓泉，郭贤仕．旱地长期施肥对土地生产力和肥力的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：102-105
10 Dijk T.A.,Postmus J.and W.H.prins et al.Long-term application of framyard manure on grassland:effects on herbage yield and distribution of N and P in the soil profile.Soil Grassland Animal Relationships Proceedings of 23th general meeting of the European Grassland Federation,Banska Bystrica,Czechoslovakia,.June 25-29.1990:159-164
11 Kranz B.,Fugger W.D.and J.Krosched.The influence of organic manure on Striga hermonthica(Del.)Benth infestation in Northern Ghana.Advances in Geoecology,1998,31:615-619
12 Dzienia S.and Piskier T.Effect of long-term organic matter and slurry application on some chemical features of light soil.Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej im.Hugona Kollataja w Krakowie,Sesja Naukowa,1993,37:313-320
13 Dressel J.,Weigelt w.And D.Mockel.Changes in the nutrient potential of a soil according to long-term application of mincral fertilizer and farmyard manure.Agribioiogical Research,1993,46(4):321-330
14 高亚军，黄东迈，朱培立．等．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对氮素肥力的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(4)：456-463
15 Aktytsev B.P.and Lepilin I.A.The influence of long-term application of liquid manure on the agrochemical properties of dark-grey forest-steppe soils.Agrokhimiya 1987,9:58-61
16 Rempe E.k.h.,Efremov V.F.and Mishunina M.P.et al.Consequences of long-term application of high rates of mineral fertilizers.Soviet Agricultural Science,1989,6:21-24
17 Brar S.P.S.,Bhajan S.and Benbietal D.I.et al.Effect of long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus on crop yields,N uptake ad soil N status in maize-wheat rotation.Journal of Research,Punjab Agricultural University,1989,26(4):572-580
18 刘杏兰，高宗，刘存寿，司立征．有机-无机肥配施的增产效应及对土壤肥力影响的定位研究．土壤学报，1996，33(2)：138-147
19 郑剑英，吴瑞俊，翟连宁．黄土丘陵区长期施用氮磷肥效应及平衡特征．西北农业大学学报，1996，24(6)：55-59
20 李旭，段建南．黄土丘陵区栗褐土定位连续施肥效应．水土保持通报，1996，16(4)：41-45
21 粱国庆，林葆，林继雄，荣向农．长期施肥对石恢性潮土氮素形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2000，6(1)：3-10
22 鲁如坤，时正元，赖庆旺．红壤长期施肥养分的下移特征．土壤．2000，1：27-29
23 樊军，郝明德，党廷辉．旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响．土壤与环境．2000，9(1)：23-26
24 杨学云，张树兰，刘杏兰．有机—无机肥配施增产效应及土壤剖面NO_3—N累积定位研究．西北农业学报．1998，7(2)：63-66
25 吴建富，王海辉，刘经荣，等．长期施用不同肥料稻田土壤养分的剖面分布特征．江西农业大学学报，2001，23(1)：54-56
26 Horst H.Gerke,Martin Arning and Holger Stoppler-Zimmer.Modeling long-term compost application effects on nitrate leaching.Plant and Soil.1999,213:75-92
27 Nugroho S.G,Yoshida S.and S.kunatsuka.Concurrent observation of several processes of nitrogen metabolism in soil amended with organic materials.V.Effects of long-term application of farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N cycling processes in upland field soil.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.1992,38(4):619-629
28 Dijk T.A.Van,Postmus J.and W.H.Prins et al.Long-term application of framyard manure on grassland:effects on herbage yield and distribution of N and P in the soil profile.Mestoffen.1990,3:29-32
29 Hwang K.N.,kang K.N.and kim W.C.et al.Effects of long-term application of compost on the behavior of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soils.Soil and Fertilizer.1990,32(1):21-28
30 Stoliarov A.I.and Fanina L.A.Effects of long-term application of ferztilizers on fertility of leached chernozem under irrigation.Agrokhimiya-1989,7:18-24
31 Malhi S.S.,Harapiak J.T.and Nyborg M.et al.Soil chemical properties after long-term N fertilization of bromegrass:nitrogen rate.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.1991,22(13/14):1447-1458
32 Goto S.and Nagata S.Effect of crotalaria,sorghum and pampas grass incorporated as green manure on the yield of succeeding crops and soil physical and chemical properties.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2000,71(3):337-344
33 姚炳贵，姚丽竹，王萍，等．津效潮土磷索组成及其演变规律的定位研究．土壤学报．1997，34(3)：286-294
34 柯福源，汪寅虎，陈春宏．青紫泥土壤养分供应特征和演变规律．上海农业学报．1997，13(4)：61-66
35 郑铁军．黑土长期施肥对土壤磷的影响．土壤肥料．1998(1)：39-41
36 黄庆海，李茶苟，赖涛，等．长期施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素积累与形态分异的影响，土壤与环境．2000，9(4)：290-293
37 吕家珑，张一平，王旭东．等．长期单施化肥对土壤性状及作物产量的影响．应用生态学报．2001．12(4)：569-572
38 刘建玲，张福锁．小麦—玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化Ⅰ．磷肥产量效应及土壤总磷库、无机磷库的变化．应用生态学报．2000，11(3)：360-364
39 Knaflewski M.,Malachowski A.a nd Fiedorow Z.Effects of long-term application of different rates of fertilizers in an asparagus plantation on the yield and chemical propterties of soil.Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej.W Poznaniu.Ogrodmictwo.1998.27:145-149
40 Sekulic P.D.Changes of chemical soil proporties under the effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers.Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,3(6):705-712
41 Wasilewski Z.Renovation of heavy degraded pasture after long-term application of high doses of nitrate fertilization with the help of additional fertilization.Wiadomosci Jnstytutu Melioraeji Nzytkow Zielongch.1998,19(4):123-133
42 Tibir-kova G.A.,Pleskova N.L.and Krutskikh L.P.The effect of long-term application of fertilization on soil fertility and yield of aboveground mass of maize in crop rotations.Agrokhimiya.1994(1):44-50
43 Lwkin L.Y.,Kosilova A.N.and Dubanina G.V.The effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil fertility and winter hardiness and productivity of Winter wheat on typical chernozen.Agrokhimiya,1994.1:38-43
44 Graetz D.A.,Nair V.D.and Portier K.M.Phosphorus accumulation in manure-impacted Spodosols of Florida.Agric.Ecosyst.Envirom.1999,75(1/2):31-40
45 Selvakumari G.,Baskar M.and Jayanthi D.et al.Effects of integration of fly ash with fertilizers and organic manures on nutrient availability,yield and nutrient uptake of rice in Alfisols.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.2000,48(2):268-278
46 Shen A.,Li X.Y.and Kanamori T.et al.Effect of long-term application of compost on some chemical properties of wheat rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils.Pedosphere.1996,6(4):355-363
47 Liu W.C.,Wu G.D.and Yao T.P.et al.Effects of soil factors and managements practices on soil fertility and gladiolus growth in a slate alluvial soil.Taiwan Sugar.1998,45(3):20-25
48 刘建玲，张福琐．小麦—玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化Ⅱ．土壤Olsen-P及各形态无机磷的动态变化．应用生态学报．2000，11(3)：365-368
49 Brar S.P.S.,Singh B.and Jatinder-Singh et al.Effect of long-term application of fertilizer and crop sequences on phosphorus in an Ustoehrept in Punjab.Tropical Agricultural.1993,70(4):315-319
50 Reddy H.T.,Shanmukhappa D.R.and D.Souze M.V.et al.Effects of long-term application of phosphorus on the availability,forms and uptake of P by coffee.Journal of coffee Research 1991,21(2):127-134
51 熊俊芬，石孝均，毛知耘．紫色土无机磷形态转化及其有效性的定位研究．土壤．2000(5)：262-265
52 刘小虎，邹德乙，刘新华，等．长期轮作施肥对棕壤有机磷组分及其动态变化的影响．土壤通报．1999，30(4)：178-180
53 Ghosh G.K.,Sarkar A.K.and S.K.Sanyal.Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on phosphate adsorption and desorplion behaviour of some acid soil I.phosphate adsorption behaviour.Journal of Research,Birsa Agricultural University.1999,11(2):123-133
54 陈防，鲁剑巍，万运帆，等．长期施钾对作物增产及土壤钾素含量及形态的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(2)：233-241
55 何才富，孙锡发，邱吉彬．酸性紫色土长期定位施钾效应及对土壤肥力的影响．西南农业大学学报．1996，9(4)：46-52
56 徐存才．河西走廊稻区土壤K素动态及K肥施用效果．生态农业研究．1996，4(1)：76-79
57 汤建东，叶细养，饶国良，等。土壤肥力定位试验研究初报。土壤与环境。1999，8(2)：113-116
58 Suresh L.,B.S.Mathur and Sinha K.Effect of long-term fertilization,manuring and liming of an alfisol on maize,wheat and soil properties Ⅲ.Forms of Potassium.J.of the Indian Soc. of Soil Sci.1990,38(1):21-26
59 Almazov B.V.and Kholugako L.T.The main elements in the fertilizer system for vegetable crops and potatoes in a crop rotation under conditions of the seventh and eighth rotation cyles on slightly leached Altai Chemozem.Report 3.The effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the removal of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by vegetable crops nd potatoes and their balance in the rotation.Agrokhimiga,.1994,3:53-59
60 Sawicki B.,Wiater J.and Filipek T.The effects of fertilizing with slurry and mineral fertilizers on the changes in auailable nutrients content in soil.Zeszyty Problemow Nauk Rolniczych.1994,413:269-276
61 Dhanorkar B.A.,Borkar D.K.and Puranik R.B.et al.Forms of soil potassium as influenced by long-term application of FYM and NPK in Vertisol.Journal of Potassium Research.,1994,10(1):42-48
62 Gigliotti G.,Giusquiani P.L.and Businelli D.A long-term chemical and infrared spectroscopy study on a soil amended with municipal sewage sludge.Agronomie.2001,21(2):169-178
63 Blake L.,Mercik S.and Koerschens M.et al.Potassium content in soil,uptake in plants and the potassium balance in three European Long-term field experiments.Plant and Soil.1999,216:1-14
64 钦绳武，顾益初，朱兆良．潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报．土壤学报．1998，35(3)：367-375
65 Hudcova O.Factors of soil potassium regime in intensive fertilization.Rostlinna Vyroba.1990,36(2):113-118
66 Manoharan V.,Loganathan P.and Tillman R.W.et al.Effects of long-term application of phosphate fertilizer on soil acidity under pasture in New Zealand.Plant-soil interactions at Iow pH.Principles and management.Proceedings of the Third International Symposium,Brisbane,Queensland,Austrilia,12-16 September 1993,1995,85-91
67 Ge X.G,Wang X.X.and Liu X.R.et al.Effect of long-term,fixed position nitrogen application on variation of soil fertility in vegetable field.China Vegetables,1997,5:1-16
68 Eriksen J.and Mortensen J.V.Soil sulphur status following long-term annual application of animal manure and mineral fortilizers.Biol.Fertit.Soils.1999,28(4):416-421
69 林葆，周卫，李书田，等．长期施肥对潮土硫、钙和镁组分与平衡的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：126-128
70 高明，车福才，魏朝富，谢德体，杨剑虹．长期施用有机肥对紫色水稻土铁锰铜锌形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2000，6(1)：11-17
71 Rao K.J.and Shantaram M.V.Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils due to application of garbadge.Indian Journel of Environmental Health.1994,36(1):31-39
72 Rao K.J.and Dakhore R.C.Effect of long-term application of P,K and FYM on micronutrient status of Vertisol of Akola [India].Journal of Soil and Crops.1993,3(1):52-55
73 Darusman,Stone L.R.and Whitney K.A.Soil properties after twenty years of fertilization with different nitrogen sources.Soil Science Society of America Journal.1991,55(4):1097-1100
74 Blagojevic S.and Zarkovic B.Influence of long-term fertilization on the content of available iron and microelements in a calcareous chernozem soil.Zbornik Radova Poljoprivrednog Fakulteta,Univerzitet μ Beogradu,1990,35(594):25-34
75 Gigliotti G.,Businelli D.ad Giusquiani P.L.Trace metals uptake and distribution in cron plants grown on a 6-year urban waste compost amended soil.Utilisation of waste organic matter.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment.1996,58(213):199-206
76 Essington M.E.and Mattigod S.V.Element partitioning in size-and density-fractionated sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil.Soil Sci.Soci.of Am.J.1990,54(2):385-394
77 Liu W.C.,Hsieh T.S.and Chen F.et al.Effects of swine lagon effluents on soil heavy metal accumlation and sugar cane.Taiwan Sugar.1996,43(6):9-18
78 Sherchan D.P.and G.B.Gurung Effect of five year continuous application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on crop yields and physico-chemical properties of soil under rainfed maize/millet cropping pattern.PAC Technical Paper Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.1996,168:Vii-14
79 Liu W.C.,Hsieh T.S.and Chen F.Long-term application of pig slurry on a TSC field:heavy metal distribution in soils and uptake by sugarcane.Report of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute.1996,153:11-25
80 Bednarek W.and Lipinski W.Manganese and Zinc contents in soils treated with mineral fertilizers and lime.Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych.1996,434(1):469-473
81 Gott S.,Chino M.and Yamagishi J.et al.Heavy metal accumlation in soil associated with long-term application of sewage sludge compost.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.1997,68(2):156-162
82 朱宏斌，张玉平，叶舒娅，等．长期施用有机肥对砂姜黑土锌的影响．安徽农业科学，1999，27(1)：33-35
83 Gath S.The behaviour of specific heavy metals in soil after long-term application of organic wastes as a basis for the development of a sustainable utilization of biowastes.Landbauliche Verwertungvon Bioabfallen,.Zeitschrift fur kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung.1998,39(2):75-80
84 Gromova V.S,The after-effect of long-term application of minaral fertilizers on the distribution of caesium-137 in the soil and in fruit trees.Sadovodstvo i Vinogradartvo.1997,(5/6):6-8
85 Bednarek W.The influence of mineral fertilization on the occurrence of lead and chromium in soi.Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowska.Sectio E,Agricultura,1999,54:121-126
86 Czuba R.Trace element deficiency in soils and plants.Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Roiniczych.1996,434(Ⅱ):55-64
87 中国土壤学会编．庆祝中国土壤学会成立五十周年与中国土壤学会第八次全国会员代表大会论文摘要集．杭州，1995：117
88 Manoharan V.,Loganathan P.and Parfitt R.L.et al.Changes in soil solution composition and alum inium speciation under legume-based pastures in response to long-term phosphate fertilizer applieations.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1996,345(6):995-998
89 Delschen T.and Verterlein D.Impacts of long-term application of organic fertilizers on soil quality parameters in reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland lignite mining area.Plant and Soil.1999,213(1/2):43-54
90 Babhulkar P.S.,Wandile R.M.and Badole W.P.et al.Residual effects of long-term application of FYM and fertilizers on soil properties(Vertisols)and yield of soybean.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.2000,48(1):89-92
91 张付申．塿土和黄绵土长期施肥的腐殖质组分及其与肥力的关系．西北农业学报．1997，6(3)：33～36
92 张付申．不同施肥处理对塿土和黄绵土有机质氧化稳定性的影响．河南农业大学学报．1996，30(1)：80～84
93 张翔，朱洪勋，孙春河，等．长期施肥对土壤微生物和腐殖质组分的影响．华北农学报．1998，13(2)：87～92
94 沈宏，曹志洪，徐志洪．施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(2)：166～173
95 Kozak N.V.Changes in the agrochemical properties of a darkgrey forest,light loam soil under the influence of long-term application of mineral fertilizers in an apple orchard.Agrokhimiya.1995,12:22～31
96 Stefanescu M.,Mihalla V.and Nagy C.Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of vertic claycd illuvial chernozem at Turda.Analele Institutului de Cercetain Pentru Cereale si Plante Tehnice,Fundulea.1997,64:129～138
97 Sinha S.K.,Singh V.N.and Singh K.P.Effect of continuous use of fertilizers on physical and physico-chemical properties of an alluvial soil.Journal of Research,Birsa Agricultural University.1997,9(1)31～34
98 Moiseenko F.V.and Belous N.M.The effects of long-term application of fertilizers on some physical properties of sandy demopodzolic soils.Pochvovedenie.1997,11:1310-1312
99 刘京，常庆瑞，李岗，等．连续不同施肥对土壤团聚性影响的研究．水土保持通报．2000，20(4)：24-26
100 Safonov A.E,Alferov A.A.and Zolotaryov M.A..Agrophysical indicators of fertility of soddy-podzolic soil with long-term application of monocultures,crop rotation and fertilizers.Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii.1998,3:13-23
101 Gilley E.,Eghball B.and Blumenthal J.M.et al.Runoff and erosion from interrill areas as affected by the application of manure.Trans.ASAE.1999,42(4):975～980
102 张玉革．姜勇，依艳丽．等．长期施肥对土壤水分特性影响的研究．土壤．1999(3)：120-125转131
103 Park C.Y.,Lee J.S.and Son I.S.et al.Effects of long-term application of some fertilizers on changes of soil profile and soil mechanical properties.RDA.Journal of Agro-Environment Science.1998,40(2):11-17
104 Sun Bo,zhang T.L.and zhao Q.G.Fertility Restoration of Red Soils in low-hilly region of middle subtropical China.Pedosphere.1999,9(3):205-212
105 Mishra V.K.and Sharma R.B.Effect of fertilizers alone and in combination with manure on physical properties and productivity of Entisol under rice-based cropping systems.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.1997,45(1):84～88
106 Anderson R.and Christie P.Effect of long-term application of animal slurries to grassland on silage quality assessed in laboratory soils.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.1995,67(2):205-213
107 Pankratova Y.N.,Domracheva L.I.and Perminova G.N.Short-and long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on the soil algalcyanobacteria population.Polish Journal of Soil Science.2000,32(2):79-88
108 Samuel M.J.and Hart R.H.Nitrogen fertilization,botanical composition and biomass production on mixed-grass rangeland.Journal of Range Management.1998,51(4):408-416
109 Mineev V.G.,Gomonova N.F and Zenova G.M.et al.Changes in the porpeties of dernopodzolic soil and its microbocoensis under intensive anthropogenic impact.Pochvovedenie.1999,4:445-460
110 Zenova G.M.,Shirokhin I.G.and Zvyngintsev D.G.The effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers or the composition of actinomycete population in a cutover peatland.Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin.1993,48(2):37～40
111 Mikanova O.,Novakova J.And Hanzlikova A.et al.Effects of long-term fertilisation and anthropogenic load on biomass and the incidents of some group of microorgnnisms.Rostlinna Vyroba.1996,42(9):391-397
112 Munyankusi E.,Gupta S.C.and Moncrief J.F.Earthworn macropores and preferential transport in a long-term manure applied typic hapludalf.J.Environ.Qual.1994,23(4):773-784
113 Estevez B.,N.Dayegamiye A.and Coderre D.The effect on earthworn abundance and selected soil properties after 14 years of solid cattle manure and NPKMg fertilizer application.Canadian Journal of Soil Science.1996,76(3):351-355
114 Kulakov V.A.,Balaeva O.M.and Shcherbakov M.F.Effect of long-term application of mineral and organic fertilizers on the productivity of pasture communities and soil agrochemical characteristics.Agrokhimiya.1995,11:66-75
115 徐华，蔡祖聪，李小平．烤田对种稻土壤甲烷捧放的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(1)：69-76
116 Asakawa S.,Akagawa-Matsushita M.And Koga Y.et al.Communities of methanogentic bacteria in paddy field soils with long-term application of organic matter.Soil Biol.Biochem.1998,30(3):299-303
117 Chidthaisong A.,Obata H.and Watanabe H.Methane formation and substrate utilisation in anaerobic rice soils as affected by fertilisation.Soil Biol.Biochem.1999,31(1):135-143
118 Powlson D.S.,Goulding K.W.T.and Willison T.W.et al.The effect of agriculture on methane oxidation in soil.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.Dordrecht,The Netherlands;Boston:Kluwer.1997,49(1/3):59～70
119 Goulding K.W.T.,Willison T.W.and Webster C.P.et al.Methane fluxes in aerobic soils.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.1996,42(1/2):175-187
120 Hutsch B.W.,Webster C.P.and Powlson D.S.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation in soil of the broadbalk wheat expefiment Soil Biol.Biochem 1993,25(10):1307-1315
121 高明．稻田长期垄作免耕下土壤肥力及环境效应的研究．西南农业大学二00一届博士学位论文：82
122 Opoku I.Y.,Akrofi A.Y.and Appiah A.A.Trunk injection of potassium phosphonate for the control of black pod disease of cocoa.Tropical Science.1998,38(3):179-185
123 王余龙，姚友礼，徐家宽，等．稻穗不同部位籽粒的结实能力．作物学报．1995，21(1)：29-38
124 姜东，于振文，苏波，等．不同施氮时期对冬小麦根系衰老的影响．作物学报，1997，23(2)：181～190
125 Mackie-Dawson LA.Nitrogen uptake and root morphological responses of defoliated Lolium preenne(L.) to a heterogeneous nitrogen supply.Plant and Soil,1999,209:111～118
126. Kristian Thorup-Kristensen,Riki van den Boogaard.Vertical and horizontal development of the root system of carrots following green manure.Plant and Soi1,1999,212:145～153
127 Vaughan D,Ord BG,Buckland et al.Distribution of soil invertase in relation to the root system of Picea sitchensis(Bong) carr.and Acer pseudcplatanus L.During development of young plants.Plant and soil,1994,167:73～77
128 王法宏，任德昌，王旭清，等．施肥对小麦根系活性，延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应．麦类作物学报，2001，12(3)：51～54
129 陈际型．钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：182～188
130 王余龙，姚友礼，刘宝玉，等．不同生育期氮素供应水平对杂交水稻根系生长及其活力的影响．作物学报，1997，23(6)：699～706
131 邹春琴，李振声，李继云．小麦对钾高效吸收的根系形态学和生理学特征．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7(1)：36～43
132 Marschner P,Gerendas J and Sattelmacher B.Effect of N concentration and N source on root colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RLI.Plant and soil,1999,215:135～141
133 Bingham IJ,Blackwood JM and Stevenson EA.Site,scale and time-course for adjustments in lateral root initiation in wheat following changes in C and N supply.Ann.Bot.,1997,80:97～106
134 Robinson D.Resource capture by localized root proliferation:why do plant bother?Ann.Bot.,1996,77:179～185
135 Van Vuuren MMI,Robinson Dand Griffiths BS.Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil.Plant and Soil.1996,178:185～192
136 赵继献，朱文秀，王华．密度及施氮、钾量对甘蓝型杂交油菜成熟期根冠比的影响．贵州农业科学，1998，26(6)：23～25
137 刘东华，蒋悟生，王春利，等．Ni~(2+)和Cu~(2+)离子对蚕豆根生长和根尖核仁的影响．西北植物学报，1995，15(4)：270～275
138 苏以荣．硅缓解亚铁对水稻根系毒害的研究．热带亚热带土壤科学，1993，2(3)：171～174
139 熊明彪，何建平，宋光煜．根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响．土壤通报，2002，33(2)：145～148
140 Tamanmi S,Naoko KN and Hiromi N et al.The role of potassium in the secretion of mugineic acids family phytosiderophores from iron-deficient barley roots.Plant and Soil,1999,215:221～227
141 周文美．硒对水稻生化活化的影响．山地农业生物学报，1998，17(6)：323～326
142 李俊义，刘荣荣，王润珍，等．北疆棉花根系分布规律的研究．中国棉花，1999，26(6)：18～20
143 刘荣荣，李俊义，王润珍，等．新疆棉花根系分布与土壤养分相关性研究．中国棉花，1999，26(6)：23～25
144 李鲁华．李世清，翟军海，等．小麦根系与土壤水分胁迫关系的研究进展．西北植物学报，2001，21(1)：1～7
145 马元喜，等编著．小麦的根．北京：中国农业出版社．1999：136～149，157～162，198～210等
146 刘殿英，石立岩，董庆裕．不同时期施肥水对冬小麦根系活性和植株性状的影响．作物学报，1993，19(2)：149～155
147 粱银丽，陈培元．水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应．西北植物学报，1994，15(1)：21～25
148 冯广龙，罗远培．杨培岭，等．土壤水分对冬小麦初生根和次生根生长发育的影响．华北农学报，1998，13(2)：11～17
149 KR Vegh.Effects of soil water and nutrient supply on root characteristics and nutrient uptake of plant.In:B McMichael,H Berson et al.Plant roots and their environment Elscvier Science Publisher,1991:143～148
150 魏虹，林魁，李凤民，等．有限灌溉对半干旱区春小麦根系发育的影响．植物学报，2000，24(1)：106～110
151 陆继峰，张有顺，刘小平．土壤湿度对香料烟根系发育和根系活力的影响．安徽农业科学，1999，27(4)：360～362
152 徐孟亮，姜孝成．干旱对水稻根系活力与结实性状的影响．湖北师范大学自然科学学报，1998，21(3)：64～68
153 刘殿英，石立岩，黄炳茹，等．栽培措施对冬小麦根系及其活力和犊株性状的影响．中国农业科学，1993，26(5)：51～56
154 中国土壤学会、中国植物营养与肥料学会．迈向21世纪的土壤科学与植物营养科学．北京：中国农业出版社，1997：314～317
155 黄高宝，张思和．禾本科、豆科作物间套种植对根系活力影响的研究．草业学报，1998，7(2)：18～22
156 郑桂萍，李国兰，张红艳，等．连作大豆根冠比增大原因研究．耕作与栽培，1997(5)：17～19
157 王晶英，郑桂萍，张红艳，等．连作大豆根冠比增大原因研究．大豆科学，1997，16(2)：136～142
158 陈德华，纪从亮，陈荣来，等．移栽地膜棉高产形成机理的研究．作物学报，1999，25(5)：616～621
159 吴岳轩，吴振球．播期对亚种间杂交稻根系形态发育和生理活性的影响．作物学报，1996，22(2)：178～184
160 丁永乐，杨铁钊，郑宪滨，等．PEG对烤烟种子萌发和幼苗生理特征的影响．河南农业科学，2000，(1)：8～10
161 阮维斌，王敬国，张福锁，等．溴甲烷土壤灭菌对大豆苗期根系生长的影响．生态学报，2001，21(5)：759～764
162 袁继超，杨文钰，李首成．甘薯生根灵对不同插苗茎段根系生长与块根形成的影响．西南农业学报，1996，9(1)；53～57
163 郭培国，陈建军，李荣华．PH值对烤烟根系活力及烤后烟叶化学成分的影响．中国农业科学，2000，33(1)：39～45
164 朱冬雪，窦家本，刘平．不同静电场对水稻种子萌发吸水和幼苗根系活力的影响．贵州农业科学，1997，25(3)：38～40
165 吴岳轩，吴振球．土壤温度对亚种间杂交稻根系生长发育和代谢活性的影响．湖南农学院学报，1995，21(3)：218～225
166 Elkhatib EA,Hern JL.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Appalachian soils.Soil Science,1988,145(1):11～19
167 Sparks DL,Jardine PM.Comparison of kinetic equations to describe K-Ca exchange in pure and in mixed system.Soil Sci.,1984,138:115～122
168 Sparks DL,Rechigl JE.Comparison of batch and miscible displacement techniques to describe potassium adsorption kinetics in Delaware soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1982,46:875～877
169 Sparks DL,Zelazny LW,Martens DC.Kinetics of potassium exchange in paleudult from the coastal plain of Virginia.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1980,44:37～40
170 Sharpley AN.The kinetics of soil potassium desorption.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1987,51:912～917
171 Eick MJ,Bar Tal A and Sparks DL ct al.Analyses of adsorption kinetics using a stirred-flow chamber Ⅱ.Potassium-calcium exchange on clay minerals.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1990,54(5):1278～1282
172 蒋以超，刘继芳．金属离子在土壤中吸附动力学几个模型的比较．土壤学报，1993，(增刊)：38～43
173 Sparks DL.Potassium dynamics in soils,In Steovart BA ed.Advances in Soil Science,1987,61～62
174 Prasad J.Prasad B and Sinha MK et al.Potassium adsorption in calcareous soils of North Bihar.Journal of Potassium Research,1995,11(3/4):271～276
175 薛泉宏，尉庆丰，李宝安，等．黄土性土壤K~+吸附、解吸动力学研究．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：115～122
176 龙怀王，蒋以超，李韵珠．褐土和潮土K~+吸附动力学研究．土壤学报，2000，37(4)：563～568
177 Dimirkou A.Ioannou A and Mitsios J et al.Kinetics of potassium adsorption by Entisols of Greece.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(9/10):1417～1430
178 Ioannou A,Dimirkou A and Mitsios J et al.Kinetics of potassium adsorption by Alfisols of Greece.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.1994,25(9/10):1401～1415
179 Abdel Hamid MA,Shahin RR and E1 Demerdashe S.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Torrifiuvents and Calciorthids under wet and wet-dry conditions.Bulletion of Faculty of Agriculture,University of Cairo,1993,44(3):713～736
180 Mashayekhi HH and Malakouti MJ.Kinetics of potassium desorption in some calcareous soils.Soil and Water Journal,1997,10(1):55～62
181 北京农业大学主编．农业化学(总论)(第二版)．北京：农业出版社．1987，154
182 Greenland DJ.Interaction between clays and organic compounds in soil:Ⅱ.Adsorption of soil organic compounds and its effects on soil properties.Soil Fert.,1965,28:521～532
183 Agbenin JO,Raij B van and van Raij B.Rate processes of calcium,magnesium and potassium desorption from variable-charge soils by mixed ion-exchange resins.Geoderma,1999,93(1/2):141～157
184 Pale Y.Wong MTF and Gilkes RJ.The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1999,37(4):695～709
185 Choudhary K and Prasad B.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Inceptisols and Entisols.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,1997,45(3):460～464
186 龙怀玉，李韵珠，蒋以超．K~+浓度对潮土和褐土钾吸附动力学的影响．土壤学报，2001，38(2)：226～234
187 Ioannou A,Dimirkou A and Doula M et al.Kinetics of potassium desorption by Alfisols of Greece.Commounications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(9/10):1355～1372
188 王玉，张一平．塿土不同粒级组分K~+吸附研究．土壤学报，2001，38(2)：241～247
189 Tu Cong,Zheng ChunRong and Chen HM et al.Effects of heavy metal pollution on potassium behavior in Typic Udic Ferrisol.Pedosphere,2000,10(1):21～30
190 Rao CS,Pal DK and Takkar PN.Mathematical models to study the kinetics of potassium release from swell-shrink soils of central India in relation to their mineralogy.Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde,1998,161(1):67～72
191 Stehouwer RC,Traina SJ and Johnson JW.Potassium adsorption and exchange selectivity within an anlydrous ammonia fertilizer band.Soil Science Society of America,1993,57(2):346～350
192 Lumbanraja J and Evangeiou VP.Adsorption-desorption of potassium and ammonium at low cation concentrations in three kentucky subsoils.Soil Science,1994,157(5):269～278
193 Levy GJ and Torrento JR.Clay dispersion and macroaggregate stability is affected by exchangeable potassium and sodium.Soil Science,1995,160(5):352～358
194 Conti ME,Horra AM de la and Gonzalez MG et al.Rate of potassium desorption,its velocity in Pampean Argiudolls(Argentina).Ciencia del Suelo,1995,13(2):76～79
195 Sharma KN,Harjit Singh and Bhandari AL.Influence of long term fertilization on potassium adsorption kinetics parameters.Journal of Potassium Research,1994,10(4):368～379
196 Ardalan MM,Doroudic.Relationship between the quantity and intensity parameters of potassium in calcareous soils of karadj.Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science,1997,28(2):73～86
197 Doula M,Ioannou A and Dimirkon A.Thermodynamics of potassium exchange in calcium bentonite(Ca-b).Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.,1995,26(9/10):1535～1545
198 Rao CS,Bansal SK and Rao AS et al.Kinetics of potassium desorption from important benchmark soils of India.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,1998,46(3):357～362
199 李秧秧，邵明安．小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：383～388
200 曾希柏，刘更另．SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-对稻田土壤养分及其吸附解吸特性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：187～193
201 张漱茗，于淑芳，刘光栋，等．连续施肥对土壤磷钾组分变化的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：375～382
202 潘庆民，于振文，田奇卓，等．追氮时期对超高产冬小麦旗叶和根系衰老的影响．作物学报，1998，24(6)：924～929
203 庞欣，李春俭，张福锁．部分根系缺磷对小麦幼苗生长及同化物分配的影响．作物学报，2000，26(6)：719～724
204 孙海国，张福锁．小麦根系生长对缺磷胁迫的反应．植物学报，2000，42(9)：913～919
205 Anuradha M,Narayanan A.Promotion of root elongation by phosphorus deficiency.Plant and Soil,1991,136:273～275
206 邱全胜．植物质膜钾离子转运体研究进展．植物学通报，2000，17(1)：34～38
207 王人民，杨肖娥，杨玉爱．不同Zn~(2+)活度对水稻根和叶生长生理特性的影响．作物学报，1999，25(4)：466～473
208 Marschner H,V Romheld.Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron.Plant ofSoil,1994,165:261～274
209 王玮，李德全，杨兴洪，等．水分胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦品种芽根生长过程中IAA、ABA含量的影响．作物学报，2000，26(6)：737～742
210 沈宏，曹志洪，徐本生．玉米生长期间土壤微生物量与土壤酶活变化及其相关性研究．应用生态学报，1999，10(4)：471～474
211 和文祥，朱茗莪．陕西土壤酶活性与土壤肥力关系分析．土壤学报，1997，34(4)：392～398
212 唐艳，杨林林，叶家颖．银杏园土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究．广西植物，1999(3)：277～281
213 Mary F,Fauci and Dick PR.Soil Microbial Dynamics:short-and long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1994,58:801～806
214 Emmerling C,Liebner C,Haubold-Rosar M,et al.Impact of application of organic waste materials on microbial and enzyme activities of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region.Plant and Soii,2000,220:129～138
215 孙波，赵其国，张桃林，等．土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ．土壤质量评价的生物学指标．土壤，1997，29(5)：225～234
216 罗安程，TB Subedi，章永松，等．有机肥对水稻根际土壤中微生物和酶活性的影响．植物营养与肥科学报，1999，5(4)：321～327
217 Kremer PJ.Determination of soil phosphatase activity using a microplate method.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(3/4):319～325
218 Kandeler E,Eder G and M Sobotik.Microbial biomass,N mineralization and the activities of various enzymes in relation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurry-amended grassland.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994,18(1):7～12
219 Bergstrom DW;Monreal CM and Millette JA et al.Spatial dependence of soil enzyme activities along a slope.Soil Science Society of America,1998,62(5):1302～1308
220 Kandeler E,Palli S and Stemmer M et al.Tillage changes microbial biomass and enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of a Haplic chernozem.Soil Biol.Biochem.,1999,31(9):1253～1264
221 袁玲，杨邦俊，郑兰君，等．长期施肥对土壤酶活性和氮磷养分的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1997，3(4)：300～306
222 Garcia Gil JC,Plaza C and Soler Rovira P,et al.Long-term effects of municipal solid waste compost application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1907～1913
223 Giusquiani PL.,Gigliotti G and D Businelli.Long-term effects of heavy metals from composted municipal waste on some enzyme activities in a cultivated soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994,17(4):257～262
224 曹凑贵，张光远，王运华．农业生态系统养分循环研究概况．生态学杂志，1998，17(4)：26～32
225 何园球，黄小庆．红壤农业生态系统养分循环、平衡与调控研究．土壤学报，1998，35(4)：501～509
226 李忠佩，唐永良，石华，等．不同施肥制度下红壤稻田的养分循环与平衡规律．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：46～54
227 王兴祥，张桃林，张斌．红壤旱坡地农田生态系统养分循环和平衡．生态学报，1999，19(3)：335～341
228 Bansal LN.Potassium balance in multiple cropping system in a Vertisol at Jabalpur.Journal of Potassium Research,1992,8(1):52～58
229 刘荣乐，金继运，吴荣贵，等．我国北方土壤——作物系统内钾素循环特征及秸秆还田与施钾肥的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：123～132
230 胡朝炳，田振荣．华北平原农田生态系统钾平衡研究．生态农业研究，1995，3(4)：34～37
231 Gorbanov S,Manolov I and Kostadinova S.Balance of N,P and K of agricultural soils of southern Bulgaria and risk of soils contamination with nitrates and phosphate.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2000,9(1/2):64～71
232 Singh B and Gouiding KWT.Changes with time in the potassium content and phyllosillicates in the soil of thc Broadbalk continuous wheat expcriment at Rothamstd.Eur.J.Soil Sci.1997,48:651～659
233 Kobzarenko VI.Resources of phosphorus and potassium in dernopodzolic soil and possibilities for their mobilization.Agrokhimiya,1999,10:12～23
234 黄绍文，金继运，王泽良，等．北方主要土壤钾素形态及其植物有效性研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：156～164
235 熊明彪，宋光煜，毛炳衡，等．定位施钾对紫色土水稻、小麦产量品质的影响．四川农业大学学报，2000，18(4)：359～362
236 中国科学院林业土壤研究所编．全国土壤酶学研究文集．吉林：辽宁科学技术出版社，1988：255～261
237 严昶生主编．土壤肥力研究方法．北京：农业出版社，1988：248
238 关松荫，等编著．土壤酶及其研究法．北京：农业出版社，1986：83～84，203～206
239 胡海波，康立新，粱珍海，等．泥质海岸防护林土壤酶活性特征研究．土壤学报，1998，135(1)：12～118
240 孙波，张桃林，赵其国．我国中亚热带缓丘红粘土红壤肥力的演化Ⅱ化学和生物学肥力的演化．土壤学报，1999，36(2)：203～217
241 Tadano T,Ozawa K Sakai H,et al.Secretion of acid phosphatase by the roots of crop plants under P-deficient conditions and some properties of the enzyme secreted by lupin root.Plant and soil,1993,155:95～98
242 毛知耘主编．肥料学．北京：中国农业出版社，1997
243 王朝辉，田霄鸿，李生秀．冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失．作物学报，2001(1)：1～6
244 王正银，姚建祥．不同施氮量条件下不同品种水稻对紫色土钾吸收利用的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：183～187
245 贺立红，宾金华．高等植物中的多酚氧化酶．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(4)，340～345
246 陈宏，徐秋曼，王葳，等．镉对小麦幼苗脂质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响．西北植物学报，2000，20(3)：399～403
247 王俊儒，李生秀，李凯丽．冬小麦不同生育期水分亏缺胁迫对叶片保护酶系统的影响．西北植物学报，2001，21(1)：47～52
248 中国科学院南京土壤研究所编．土壤理化分析．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1978
249 邹琦主编．植物生理生化实验指导．北京：中国农业出版社，1995
250 X．H．波钦诺克著(1976)．刑家海，丁钟荣译．植物生物化学分析方法．北京：科学出版社，1981
251 杨剑虹，沈世华，何建平编．土壤农化分析．西南农业大学资源环境学院分析教研组，1997
252 Tennant D.A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length.J.Ecol.,1975,63:995～1001
253 Marsh BB.Measurement of length in random amangement of line.J.Apple.Ecol.,1971,8:265～267
254 魏朝富，陈世正，谢德体．长期施用有机肥对紫色水稻土有机无机复合体性状的影响．土壤学报，1995，32(2)：159～166
255 Mercik S,Nemeth K.Effects of 60-year N、P、K and Ca fertilization on EHF-nutrient fractions in the soil and yields of rye and potato crops.Plant and Soil,1985,83(1):151～159
256 傅庆林，俞劲炎，王兆骞．易旱农田生态系统养分循环的研究．应用生态学报，1993，4(2)：146～149
257 刘常宏，井金学，商鸿生．小麦对全蚀病的抗性研究进展．麦类作物，1997，17(4)：36～40
258 高照良，商鸿生．小麦对全蚀病发病因素研究进展．麦类作物，1999，19(6)：63～65
259 Brennan RF.The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plant to take-all in western Austrilia.Fert.Res.,1992,31:35～41
260 孙长锋，葛振声，陈红明，等．里下河地区小麦钾锌硼肥配施效益初探．江苏农业科学，1998(2)：45～47
261 Engel RE,ct al.Agronomy Journal.,1994(86):891～896
262 吴文希．植物病理学．上海：茂昌图书有限公司，1975，277～305
263 陈新平，王敬国，杨志福，等．土壤水分胁迫条件下磷、钾营养的相互关系及其对小麦抗旱性的影响．北京农业大学学报，1995，21(增刊)：71～75
264 Fletcher RA,et al.Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,1990,9:207～212
265 梅方竹，周广生．小麦维管解剖结构与穗粒重关系的研究．华中农业大学学报，2001，20(2)：107～113
266 李金才．小麦穗轴和小穗轴维管系统与穗部生产力关系的研究．作物学报，1999(4)：315～319
267 江苏农学院主编．植物生理学．北京：农业出版社，1986
268 Clarkon DT and Hawkesford MJ.Molecular biological approaches to plant nutrition.In:Barrow NJ(ed).Plant Nutrition from Genetic Engineering to Filed Practice:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1993,23～33
269 黄建国，杨邦俊，袁玲．小麦不同品种吸收钾离子的动力学研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：38～42
270 谢少平，倪晋山．水稻(威优49)幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收的调节．植物生理学报，1990，16(1)：63～69．
271 周晓芬，刘宗衡．ABT生根粉和磷、钾营养对冬小麦和夏谷子根系及产量的影响．土壤通报，1999，30(6)：274～276
272 杜承林，祝斌，陶帅平等．施钾对扬麦158等小麦品种的养分吸收与生物产量的影响．土壤学报，2001，38(3)：301～307
273 刘冬碧，陈防，鲁剑巍等．施钾对油菜干物质积累和钾、钙、镁吸收的影响．土壤肥料，2001(4)：24～27
274 徐卫红，王正银．李传林．施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：389～396
275 张鸿程，皇浦湘荣，宝德俊．等．冬小麦地上部器官氮磷钾的积累、分配和运转的研究．土壤通报，2000，31(4)：177～179
276 颜丽，关连珠，栾双．等．土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究．土壤通报，2001，32(2)：84～87
277 Class AD and Perley JE.Varietal differences in potassium uptake by barley plant.Physiol.,1980,65:160
278 吴巍．张宽，王秀芳．等．土壤有效钾的吸附特征与钾肥有效性的研究．植物营养与肥科学报，1998，4(3)：271～276
279 黎成厚，刘元生，何腾兵，等．土壤pH与烤烟钾素营养关系的研究．土壤学报，1999，36(2)：276～281
280 崔德杰，王月福，刘彦军，等．冬小麦硅钾肥施用效应的研究．土壤通报，1999，30(3)：121～122
281 谭金芳，介晓磊，韩燕来等．潮土区超高产麦田供钾特点与小麦钾素营养研究．麦类作物学报，2001，21(1)：45～50．
282 王文忠，双树林．山西省褐土施用钾肥对谷子养分吸收及产量形成的影响。土壤通报，1999，30(2)：82～84
283 张永铭．农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系污染．环境科学，1993，(4)：24～29
2 史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期施用氮、磷钾化肥和有机肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的影响．土壤肥料，1998(1)：7～10
3 史吉平，张夫道，林葆．长期定位施肥对土壤中微量营养元素的影响．土壤肥料，1999(1)：3～6
4 Hsieh C.H.,Hong C.M.and Hong K.Y.Effect of surface application of cattle manure on soil physical and chemical properties on pangola grass pasture.Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research,1997,30(4):395～409
5 Gao C.and C.Chang.Changes in CEC and particle size distribution of soils associated with long-term annual applications of cattle feedlot manure.Soil Science,1996,161(2):115-120
6 Murata T.,Tanalea H.and K.Sakagami et al.The influence on microbial biomass,available soil N and neutral sugar composition induced by rice straw compost and fertilizer application in alluvial upland soil.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,1997,68(3):257-264
7 Hountin J.A.,Couillard D.and A.karam.Soil carbon,nitrogen and phosporus contents in maize plots after 14 years of pig slurry application.Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,129(2):187-194
8 N.Dayegamiye A.Effects of long-term application of solid cattle manure on silage maize production and soil chemical properties.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,1990,70(3):767-775
9 兰晓泉，郭贤仕．旱地长期施肥对土地生产力和肥力的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：102-105
10 Dijk T.A.,Postmus J.and W.H.prins et al.Long-term application of framyard manure on grassland:effects on herbage yield and distribution of N and P in the soil profile.Soil Grassland Animal Relationships Proceedings of 23th general meeting of the European Grassland Federation,Banska Bystrica,Czechoslovakia,.June 25-29.1990:159-164
11 Kranz B.,Fugger W.D.and J.Krosched.The influence of organic manure on Striga hermonthica(Del.)Benth infestation in Northern Ghana.Advances in Geoecology,1998,31:615-619
12 Dzienia S.and Piskier T.Effect of long-term organic matter and slurry application on some chemical features of light soil.Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej im.Hugona Kollataja w Krakowie,Sesja Naukowa,1993,37:313-320
13 Dressel J.,Weigelt w.And D.Mockel.Changes in the nutrient potential of a soil according to long-term application of mincral fertilizer and farmyard manure.Agribioiogical Research,1993,46(4):321-330
14 高亚军，黄东迈，朱培立．等．稻麦轮作条件下长期不同土壤管理对氮素肥力的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(4)：456-463
15 Aktytsev B.P.and Lepilin I.A.The influence of long-term application of liquid manure on the agrochemical properties of dark-grey forest-steppe soils.Agrokhimiya 1987,9:58-61
16 Rempe E.k.h.,Efremov V.F.and Mishunina M.P.et al.Consequences of long-term application of high rates of mineral fertilizers.Soviet Agricultural Science,1989,6:21-24
17 Brar S.P.S.,Bhajan S.and Benbietal D.I.et al.Effect of long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus on crop yields,N uptake ad soil N status in maize-wheat rotation.Journal of Research,Punjab Agricultural University,1989,26(4):572-580
18 刘杏兰，高宗，刘存寿，司立征．有机-无机肥配施的增产效应及对土壤肥力影响的定位研究．土壤学报，1996，33(2)：138-147
19 郑剑英，吴瑞俊，翟连宁．黄土丘陵区长期施用氮磷肥效应及平衡特征．西北农业大学学报，1996，24(6)：55-59
20 李旭，段建南．黄土丘陵区栗褐土定位连续施肥效应．水土保持通报，1996，16(4)：41-45
21 粱国庆，林葆，林继雄，荣向农．长期施肥对石恢性潮土氮素形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2000，6(1)：3-10
22 鲁如坤，时正元，赖庆旺．红壤长期施肥养分的下移特征．土壤．2000，1：27-29
23 樊军，郝明德，党廷辉．旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响．土壤与环境．2000，9(1)：23-26
24 杨学云，张树兰，刘杏兰．有机—无机肥配施增产效应及土壤剖面NO_3—N累积定位研究．西北农业学报．1998，7(2)：63-66
25 吴建富，王海辉，刘经荣，等．长期施用不同肥料稻田土壤养分的剖面分布特征．江西农业大学学报，2001，23(1)：54-56
26 Horst H.Gerke,Martin Arning and Holger Stoppler-Zimmer.Modeling long-term compost application effects on nitrate leaching.Plant and Soil.1999,213:75-92
27 Nugroho S.G,Yoshida S.and S.kunatsuka.Concurrent observation of several processes of nitrogen metabolism in soil amended with organic materials.V.Effects of long-term application of farmyard manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N cycling processes in upland field soil.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.1992,38(4):619-629
28 Dijk T.A.Van,Postmus J.and W.H.Prins et al.Long-term application of framyard manure on grassland:effects on herbage yield and distribution of N and P in the soil profile.Mestoffen.1990,3:29-32
29 Hwang K.N.,kang K.N.and kim W.C.et al.Effects of long-term application of compost on the behavior of fertilizer nitrogen in paddy soils.Soil and Fertilizer.1990,32(1):21-28
30 Stoliarov A.I.and Fanina L.A.Effects of long-term application of ferztilizers on fertility of leached chernozem under irrigation.Agrokhimiya-1989,7:18-24
31 Malhi S.S.,Harapiak J.T.and Nyborg M.et al.Soil chemical properties after long-term N fertilization of bromegrass:nitrogen rate.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.1991,22(13/14):1447-1458
32 Goto S.and Nagata S.Effect of crotalaria,sorghum and pampas grass incorporated as green manure on the yield of succeeding crops and soil physical and chemical properties.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2000,71(3):337-344
33 姚炳贵，姚丽竹，王萍，等．津效潮土磷索组成及其演变规律的定位研究．土壤学报．1997，34(3)：286-294
34 柯福源，汪寅虎，陈春宏．青紫泥土壤养分供应特征和演变规律．上海农业学报．1997，13(4)：61-66
35 郑铁军．黑土长期施肥对土壤磷的影响．土壤肥料．1998(1)：39-41
36 黄庆海，李茶苟，赖涛，等．长期施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素积累与形态分异的影响，土壤与环境．2000，9(4)：290-293
37 吕家珑，张一平，王旭东．等．长期单施化肥对土壤性状及作物产量的影响．应用生态学报．2001．12(4)：569-572
38 刘建玲，张福锁．小麦—玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化Ⅰ．磷肥产量效应及土壤总磷库、无机磷库的变化．应用生态学报．2000，11(3)：360-364
39 Knaflewski M.,Malachowski A.a nd Fiedorow Z.Effects of long-term application of different rates of fertilizers in an asparagus plantation on the yield and chemical propterties of soil.Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej.W Poznaniu.Ogrodmictwo.1998.27:145-149
40 Sekulic P.D.Changes of chemical soil proporties under the effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers.Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science.1997,3(6):705-712
41 Wasilewski Z.Renovation of heavy degraded pasture after long-term application of high doses of nitrate fertilization with the help of additional fertilization.Wiadomosci Jnstytutu Melioraeji Nzytkow Zielongch.1998,19(4):123-133
42 Tibir-kova G.A.,Pleskova N.L.and Krutskikh L.P.The effect of long-term application of fertilization on soil fertility and yield of aboveground mass of maize in crop rotations.Agrokhimiya.1994(1):44-50
43 Lwkin L.Y.,Kosilova A.N.and Dubanina G.V.The effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil fertility and winter hardiness and productivity of Winter wheat on typical chernozen.Agrokhimiya,1994.1:38-43
44 Graetz D.A.,Nair V.D.and Portier K.M.Phosphorus accumulation in manure-impacted Spodosols of Florida.Agric.Ecosyst.Envirom.1999,75(1/2):31-40
45 Selvakumari G.,Baskar M.and Jayanthi D.et al.Effects of integration of fly ash with fertilizers and organic manures on nutrient availability,yield and nutrient uptake of rice in Alfisols.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.2000,48(2):268-278
46 Shen A.,Li X.Y.and Kanamori T.et al.Effect of long-term application of compost on some chemical properties of wheat rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils.Pedosphere.1996,6(4):355-363
47 Liu W.C.,Wu G.D.and Yao T.P.et al.Effects of soil factors and managements practices on soil fertility and gladiolus growth in a slate alluvial soil.Taiwan Sugar.1998,45(3):20-25
48 刘建玲，张福琐．小麦—玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验中土壤磷库的变化Ⅱ．土壤Olsen-P及各形态无机磷的动态变化．应用生态学报．2000，11(3)：365-368
49 Brar S.P.S.,Singh B.and Jatinder-Singh et al.Effect of long-term application of fertilizer and crop sequences on phosphorus in an Ustoehrept in Punjab.Tropical Agricultural.1993,70(4):315-319
50 Reddy H.T.,Shanmukhappa D.R.and D.Souze M.V.et al.Effects of long-term application of phosphorus on the availability,forms and uptake of P by coffee.Journal of coffee Research 1991,21(2):127-134
51 熊俊芬，石孝均，毛知耘．紫色土无机磷形态转化及其有效性的定位研究．土壤．2000(5)：262-265
52 刘小虎，邹德乙，刘新华，等．长期轮作施肥对棕壤有机磷组分及其动态变化的影响．土壤通报．1999，30(4)：178-180
53 Ghosh G.K.,Sarkar A.K.and S.K.Sanyal.Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on phosphate adsorption and desorplion behaviour of some acid soil I.phosphate adsorption behaviour.Journal of Research,Birsa Agricultural University.1999,11(2):123-133
54 陈防，鲁剑巍，万运帆，等．长期施钾对作物增产及土壤钾素含量及形态的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(2)：233-241
55 何才富，孙锡发，邱吉彬．酸性紫色土长期定位施钾效应及对土壤肥力的影响．西南农业大学学报．1996，9(4)：46-52
56 徐存才．河西走廊稻区土壤K素动态及K肥施用效果．生态农业研究．1996，4(1)：76-79
57 汤建东，叶细养，饶国良，等。土壤肥力定位试验研究初报。土壤与环境。1999，8(2)：113-116
58 Suresh L.,B.S.Mathur and Sinha K.Effect of long-term fertilization,manuring and liming of an alfisol on maize,wheat and soil properties Ⅲ.Forms of Potassium.J.of the Indian Soc. of Soil Sci.1990,38(1):21-26
59 Almazov B.V.and Kholugako L.T.The main elements in the fertilizer system for vegetable crops and potatoes in a crop rotation under conditions of the seventh and eighth rotation cyles on slightly leached Altai Chemozem.Report 3.The effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the removal of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by vegetable crops nd potatoes and their balance in the rotation.Agrokhimiga,.1994,3:53-59
60 Sawicki B.,Wiater J.and Filipek T.The effects of fertilizing with slurry and mineral fertilizers on the changes in auailable nutrients content in soil.Zeszyty Problemow Nauk Rolniczych.1994,413:269-276
61 Dhanorkar B.A.,Borkar D.K.and Puranik R.B.et al.Forms of soil potassium as influenced by long-term application of FYM and NPK in Vertisol.Journal of Potassium Research.,1994,10(1):42-48
62 Gigliotti G.,Giusquiani P.L.and Businelli D.A long-term chemical and infrared spectroscopy study on a soil amended with municipal sewage sludge.Agronomie.2001,21(2):169-178
63 Blake L.,Mercik S.and Koerschens M.et al.Potassium content in soil,uptake in plants and the potassium balance in three European Long-term field experiments.Plant and Soil.1999,216:1-14
64 钦绳武，顾益初，朱兆良．潮土肥力演变与施肥作用的长期定位试验初报．土壤学报．1998，35(3)：367-375
65 Hudcova O.Factors of soil potassium regime in intensive fertilization.Rostlinna Vyroba.1990,36(2):113-118
66 Manoharan V.,Loganathan P.and Tillman R.W.et al.Effects of long-term application of phosphate fertilizer on soil acidity under pasture in New Zealand.Plant-soil interactions at Iow pH.Principles and management.Proceedings of the Third International Symposium,Brisbane,Queensland,Austrilia,12-16 September 1993,1995,85-91
67 Ge X.G,Wang X.X.and Liu X.R.et al.Effect of long-term,fixed position nitrogen application on variation of soil fertility in vegetable field.China Vegetables,1997,5:1-16
68 Eriksen J.and Mortensen J.V.Soil sulphur status following long-term annual application of animal manure and mineral fortilizers.Biol.Fertit.Soils.1999,28(4):416-421
69 林葆，周卫，李书田，等．长期施肥对潮土硫、钙和镁组分与平衡的影响．土壤通报，2001，32(3)：126-128
70 高明，车福才，魏朝富，谢德体，杨剑虹．长期施用有机肥对紫色水稻土铁锰铜锌形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2000，6(1)：11-17
71 Rao K.J.and Shantaram M.V.Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils due to application of garbadge.Indian Journel of Environmental Health.1994,36(1):31-39
72 Rao K.J.and Dakhore R.C.Effect of long-term application of P,K and FYM on micronutrient status of Vertisol of Akola [India].Journal of Soil and Crops.1993,3(1):52-55
73 Darusman,Stone L.R.and Whitney K.A.Soil properties after twenty years of fertilization with different nitrogen sources.Soil Science Society of America Journal.1991,55(4):1097-1100
74 Blagojevic S.and Zarkovic B.Influence of long-term fertilization on the content of available iron and microelements in a calcareous chernozem soil.Zbornik Radova Poljoprivrednog Fakulteta,Univerzitet μ Beogradu,1990,35(594):25-34
75 Gigliotti G.,Businelli D.ad Giusquiani P.L.Trace metals uptake and distribution in cron plants grown on a 6-year urban waste compost amended soil.Utilisation of waste organic matter.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment.1996,58(213):199-206
76 Essington M.E.and Mattigod S.V.Element partitioning in size-and density-fractionated sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil.Soil Sci.Soci.of Am.J.1990,54(2):385-394
77 Liu W.C.,Hsieh T.S.and Chen F.et al.Effects of swine lagon effluents on soil heavy metal accumlation and sugar cane.Taiwan Sugar.1996,43(6):9-18
78 Sherchan D.P.and G.B.Gurung Effect of five year continuous application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on crop yields and physico-chemical properties of soil under rainfed maize/millet cropping pattern.PAC Technical Paper Pakhribas Agricultural Centre.1996,168:Vii-14
79 Liu W.C.,Hsieh T.S.and Chen F.Long-term application of pig slurry on a TSC field:heavy metal distribution in soils and uptake by sugarcane.Report of the Taiwan Sugar Research Institute.1996,153:11-25
80 Bednarek W.and Lipinski W.Manganese and Zinc contents in soils treated with mineral fertilizers and lime.Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych.1996,434(1):469-473
81 Gott S.,Chino M.and Yamagishi J.et al.Heavy metal accumlation in soil associated with long-term application of sewage sludge compost.Japanese Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.1997,68(2):156-162
82 朱宏斌，张玉平，叶舒娅，等．长期施用有机肥对砂姜黑土锌的影响．安徽农业科学，1999，27(1)：33-35
83 Gath S.The behaviour of specific heavy metals in soil after long-term application of organic wastes as a basis for the development of a sustainable utilization of biowastes.Landbauliche Verwertungvon Bioabfallen,.Zeitschrift fur kulturtechnik und Landentwicklung.1998,39(2):75-80
84 Gromova V.S,The after-effect of long-term application of minaral fertilizers on the distribution of caesium-137 in the soil and in fruit trees.Sadovodstvo i Vinogradartvo.1997,(5/6):6-8
85 Bednarek W.The influence of mineral fertilization on the occurrence of lead and chromium in soi.Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowska.Sectio E,Agricultura,1999,54:121-126
86 Czuba R.Trace element deficiency in soils and plants.Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Roiniczych.1996,434(Ⅱ):55-64
87 中国土壤学会编．庆祝中国土壤学会成立五十周年与中国土壤学会第八次全国会员代表大会论文摘要集．杭州，1995：117
88 Manoharan V.,Loganathan P.and Parfitt R.L.et al.Changes in soil solution composition and alum inium speciation under legume-based pastures in response to long-term phosphate fertilizer applieations.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1996,345(6):995-998
89 Delschen T.and Verterlein D.Impacts of long-term application of organic fertilizers on soil quality parameters in reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland lignite mining area.Plant and Soil.1999,213(1/2):43-54
90 Babhulkar P.S.,Wandile R.M.and Badole W.P.et al.Residual effects of long-term application of FYM and fertilizers on soil properties(Vertisols)and yield of soybean.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.2000,48(1):89-92
91 张付申．塿土和黄绵土长期施肥的腐殖质组分及其与肥力的关系．西北农业学报．1997，6(3)：33～36
92 张付申．不同施肥处理对塿土和黄绵土有机质氧化稳定性的影响．河南农业大学学报．1996，30(1)：80～84
93 张翔，朱洪勋，孙春河，等．长期施肥对土壤微生物和腐殖质组分的影响．华北农学报．1998，13(2)：87～92
94 沈宏，曹志洪，徐志洪．施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(2)：166～173
95 Kozak N.V.Changes in the agrochemical properties of a darkgrey forest,light loam soil under the influence of long-term application of mineral fertilizers in an apple orchard.Agrokhimiya.1995,12:22～31
96 Stefanescu M.,Mihalla V.and Nagy C.Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of vertic claycd illuvial chernozem at Turda.Analele Institutului de Cercetain Pentru Cereale si Plante Tehnice,Fundulea.1997,64:129～138
97 Sinha S.K.,Singh V.N.and Singh K.P.Effect of continuous use of fertilizers on physical and physico-chemical properties of an alluvial soil.Journal of Research,Birsa Agricultural University.1997,9(1)31～34
98 Moiseenko F.V.and Belous N.M.The effects of long-term application of fertilizers on some physical properties of sandy demopodzolic soils.Pochvovedenie.1997,11:1310-1312
99 刘京，常庆瑞，李岗，等．连续不同施肥对土壤团聚性影响的研究．水土保持通报．2000，20(4)：24-26
100 Safonov A.E,Alferov A.A.and Zolotaryov M.A..Agrophysical indicators of fertility of soddy-podzolic soil with long-term application of monocultures,crop rotation and fertilizers.Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii.1998,3:13-23
101 Gilley E.,Eghball B.and Blumenthal J.M.et al.Runoff and erosion from interrill areas as affected by the application of manure.Trans.ASAE.1999,42(4):975～980
102 张玉革．姜勇，依艳丽．等．长期施肥对土壤水分特性影响的研究．土壤．1999(3)：120-125转131
103 Park C.Y.,Lee J.S.and Son I.S.et al.Effects of long-term application of some fertilizers on changes of soil profile and soil mechanical properties.RDA.Journal of Agro-Environment Science.1998,40(2):11-17
104 Sun Bo,zhang T.L.and zhao Q.G.Fertility Restoration of Red Soils in low-hilly region of middle subtropical China.Pedosphere.1999,9(3):205-212
105 Mishra V.K.and Sharma R.B.Effect of fertilizers alone and in combination with manure on physical properties and productivity of Entisol under rice-based cropping systems.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science.1997,45(1):84～88
106 Anderson R.and Christie P.Effect of long-term application of animal slurries to grassland on silage quality assessed in laboratory soils.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.1995,67(2):205-213
107 Pankratova Y.N.,Domracheva L.I.and Perminova G.N.Short-and long-term effects of mineral fertilizers on the soil algalcyanobacteria population.Polish Journal of Soil Science.2000,32(2):79-88
108 Samuel M.J.and Hart R.H.Nitrogen fertilization,botanical composition and biomass production on mixed-grass rangeland.Journal of Range Management.1998,51(4):408-416
109 Mineev V.G.,Gomonova N.F and Zenova G.M.et al.Changes in the porpeties of dernopodzolic soil and its microbocoensis under intensive anthropogenic impact.Pochvovedenie.1999,4:445-460
110 Zenova G.M.,Shirokhin I.G.and Zvyngintsev D.G.The effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers or the composition of actinomycete population in a cutover peatland.Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin.1993,48(2):37～40
111 Mikanova O.,Novakova J.And Hanzlikova A.et al.Effects of long-term fertilisation and anthropogenic load on biomass and the incidents of some group of microorgnnisms.Rostlinna Vyroba.1996,42(9):391-397
112 Munyankusi E.,Gupta S.C.and Moncrief J.F.Earthworn macropores and preferential transport in a long-term manure applied typic hapludalf.J.Environ.Qual.1994,23(4):773-784
113 Estevez B.,N.Dayegamiye A.and Coderre D.The effect on earthworn abundance and selected soil properties after 14 years of solid cattle manure and NPKMg fertilizer application.Canadian Journal of Soil Science.1996,76(3):351-355
114 Kulakov V.A.,Balaeva O.M.and Shcherbakov M.F.Effect of long-term application of mineral and organic fertilizers on the productivity of pasture communities and soil agrochemical characteristics.Agrokhimiya.1995,11:66-75
115 徐华，蔡祖聪，李小平．烤田对种稻土壤甲烷捧放的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(1)：69-76
116 Asakawa S.,Akagawa-Matsushita M.And Koga Y.et al.Communities of methanogentic bacteria in paddy field soils with long-term application of organic matter.Soil Biol.Biochem.1998,30(3):299-303
117 Chidthaisong A.,Obata H.and Watanabe H.Methane formation and substrate utilisation in anaerobic rice soils as affected by fertilisation.Soil Biol.Biochem.1999,31(1):135-143
118 Powlson D.S.,Goulding K.W.T.and Willison T.W.et al.The effect of agriculture on methane oxidation in soil.Nutr.Cycl.Agroecosyst.Dordrecht,The Netherlands;Boston:Kluwer.1997,49(1/3):59～70
119 Goulding K.W.T.,Willison T.W.and Webster C.P.et al.Methane fluxes in aerobic soils.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.1996,42(1/2):175-187
120 Hutsch B.W.,Webster C.P.and Powlson D.S.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation in soil of the broadbalk wheat expefiment Soil Biol.Biochem 1993,25(10):1307-1315
121 高明．稻田长期垄作免耕下土壤肥力及环境效应的研究．西南农业大学二00一届博士学位论文：82
122 Opoku I.Y.,Akrofi A.Y.and Appiah A.A.Trunk injection of potassium phosphonate for the control of black pod disease of cocoa.Tropical Science.1998,38(3):179-185
123 王余龙，姚友礼，徐家宽，等．稻穗不同部位籽粒的结实能力．作物学报．1995，21(1)：29-38
124 姜东，于振文，苏波，等．不同施氮时期对冬小麦根系衰老的影响．作物学报，1997，23(2)：181～190
125 Mackie-Dawson LA.Nitrogen uptake and root morphological responses of defoliated Lolium preenne(L.) to a heterogeneous nitrogen supply.Plant and Soil,1999,209:111～118
126. Kristian Thorup-Kristensen,Riki van den Boogaard.Vertical and horizontal development of the root system of carrots following green manure.Plant and Soi1,1999,212:145～153
127 Vaughan D,Ord BG,Buckland et al.Distribution of soil invertase in relation to the root system of Picea sitchensis(Bong) carr.and Acer pseudcplatanus L.During development of young plants.Plant and soil,1994,167:73～77
128 王法宏，任德昌，王旭清，等．施肥对小麦根系活性，延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应．麦类作物学报，2001，12(3)：51～54
129 陈际型．钾素营养对水稻根系生长和养分吸收的影响．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：182～188
130 王余龙，姚友礼，刘宝玉，等．不同生育期氮素供应水平对杂交水稻根系生长及其活力的影响．作物学报，1997，23(6)：699～706
131 邹春琴，李振声，李继云．小麦对钾高效吸收的根系形态学和生理学特征．植物营养与肥料学报，2001，7(1)：36～43
132 Marschner P,Gerendas J and Sattelmacher B.Effect of N concentration and N source on root colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RLI.Plant and soil,1999,215:135～141
133 Bingham IJ,Blackwood JM and Stevenson EA.Site,scale and time-course for adjustments in lateral root initiation in wheat following changes in C and N supply.Ann.Bot.,1997,80:97～106
134 Robinson D.Resource capture by localized root proliferation:why do plant bother?Ann.Bot.,1996,77:179～185
135 Van Vuuren MMI,Robinson Dand Griffiths BS.Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil.Plant and Soil.1996,178:185～192
136 赵继献，朱文秀，王华．密度及施氮、钾量对甘蓝型杂交油菜成熟期根冠比的影响．贵州农业科学，1998，26(6)：23～25
137 刘东华，蒋悟生，王春利，等．Ni~(2+)和Cu~(2+)离子对蚕豆根生长和根尖核仁的影响．西北植物学报，1995，15(4)：270～275
138 苏以荣．硅缓解亚铁对水稻根系毒害的研究．热带亚热带土壤科学，1993，2(3)：171～174
139 熊明彪，何建平，宋光煜．根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响．土壤通报，2002，33(2)：145～148
140 Tamanmi S,Naoko KN and Hiromi N et al.The role of potassium in the secretion of mugineic acids family phytosiderophores from iron-deficient barley roots.Plant and Soil,1999,215:221～227
141 周文美．硒对水稻生化活化的影响．山地农业生物学报，1998，17(6)：323～326
142 李俊义，刘荣荣，王润珍，等．北疆棉花根系分布规律的研究．中国棉花，1999，26(6)：18～20
143 刘荣荣，李俊义，王润珍，等．新疆棉花根系分布与土壤养分相关性研究．中国棉花，1999，26(6)：23～25
144 李鲁华．李世清，翟军海，等．小麦根系与土壤水分胁迫关系的研究进展．西北植物学报，2001，21(1)：1～7
145 马元喜，等编著．小麦的根．北京：中国农业出版社．1999：136～149，157～162，198～210等
146 刘殿英，石立岩，董庆裕．不同时期施肥水对冬小麦根系活性和植株性状的影响．作物学报，1993，19(2)：149～155
147 粱银丽，陈培元．水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应．西北植物学报，1994，15(1)：21～25
148 冯广龙，罗远培．杨培岭，等．土壤水分对冬小麦初生根和次生根生长发育的影响．华北农学报，1998，13(2)：11～17
149 KR Vegh.Effects of soil water and nutrient supply on root characteristics and nutrient uptake of plant.In:B McMichael,H Berson et al.Plant roots and their environment Elscvier Science Publisher,1991:143～148
150 魏虹，林魁，李凤民，等．有限灌溉对半干旱区春小麦根系发育的影响．植物学报，2000，24(1)：106～110
151 陆继峰，张有顺，刘小平．土壤湿度对香料烟根系发育和根系活力的影响．安徽农业科学，1999，27(4)：360～362
152 徐孟亮，姜孝成．干旱对水稻根系活力与结实性状的影响．湖北师范大学自然科学学报，1998，21(3)：64～68
153 刘殿英，石立岩，黄炳茹，等．栽培措施对冬小麦根系及其活力和犊株性状的影响．中国农业科学，1993，26(5)：51～56
154 中国土壤学会、中国植物营养与肥料学会．迈向21世纪的土壤科学与植物营养科学．北京：中国农业出版社，1997：314～317
155 黄高宝，张思和．禾本科、豆科作物间套种植对根系活力影响的研究．草业学报，1998，7(2)：18～22
156 郑桂萍，李国兰，张红艳，等．连作大豆根冠比增大原因研究．耕作与栽培，1997(5)：17～19
157 王晶英，郑桂萍，张红艳，等．连作大豆根冠比增大原因研究．大豆科学，1997，16(2)：136～142
158 陈德华，纪从亮，陈荣来，等．移栽地膜棉高产形成机理的研究．作物学报，1999，25(5)：616～621
159 吴岳轩，吴振球．播期对亚种间杂交稻根系形态发育和生理活性的影响．作物学报，1996，22(2)：178～184
160 丁永乐，杨铁钊，郑宪滨，等．PEG对烤烟种子萌发和幼苗生理特征的影响．河南农业科学，2000，(1)：8～10
161 阮维斌，王敬国，张福锁，等．溴甲烷土壤灭菌对大豆苗期根系生长的影响．生态学报，2001，21(5)：759～764
162 袁继超，杨文钰，李首成．甘薯生根灵对不同插苗茎段根系生长与块根形成的影响．西南农业学报，1996，9(1)；53～57
163 郭培国，陈建军，李荣华．PH值对烤烟根系活力及烤后烟叶化学成分的影响．中国农业科学，2000，33(1)：39～45
164 朱冬雪，窦家本，刘平．不同静电场对水稻种子萌发吸水和幼苗根系活力的影响．贵州农业科学，1997，25(3)：38～40
165 吴岳轩，吴振球．土壤温度对亚种间杂交稻根系生长发育和代谢活性的影响．湖南农学院学报，1995，21(3)：218～225
166 Elkhatib EA,Hern JL.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Appalachian soils.Soil Science,1988,145(1):11～19
167 Sparks DL,Jardine PM.Comparison of kinetic equations to describe K-Ca exchange in pure and in mixed system.Soil Sci.,1984,138:115～122
168 Sparks DL,Rechigl JE.Comparison of batch and miscible displacement techniques to describe potassium adsorption kinetics in Delaware soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1982,46:875～877
169 Sparks DL,Zelazny LW,Martens DC.Kinetics of potassium exchange in paleudult from the coastal plain of Virginia.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1980,44:37～40
170 Sharpley AN.The kinetics of soil potassium desorption.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1987,51:912～917
171 Eick MJ,Bar Tal A and Sparks DL ct al.Analyses of adsorption kinetics using a stirred-flow chamber Ⅱ.Potassium-calcium exchange on clay minerals.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1990,54(5):1278～1282
172 蒋以超，刘继芳．金属离子在土壤中吸附动力学几个模型的比较．土壤学报，1993，(增刊)：38～43
173 Sparks DL.Potassium dynamics in soils,In Steovart BA ed.Advances in Soil Science,1987,61～62
174 Prasad J.Prasad B and Sinha MK et al.Potassium adsorption in calcareous soils of North Bihar.Journal of Potassium Research,1995,11(3/4):271～276
175 薛泉宏，尉庆丰，李宝安，等．黄土性土壤K~+吸附、解吸动力学研究．土壤学报，1997，34(2)：115～122
176 龙怀王，蒋以超，李韵珠．褐土和潮土K~+吸附动力学研究．土壤学报，2000，37(4)：563～568
177 Dimirkou A.Ioannou A and Mitsios J et al.Kinetics of potassium adsorption by Entisols of Greece.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(9/10):1417～1430
178 Ioannou A,Dimirkou A and Mitsios J et al.Kinetics of potassium adsorption by Alfisols of Greece.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis.1994,25(9/10):1401～1415
179 Abdel Hamid MA,Shahin RR and E1 Demerdashe S.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Torrifiuvents and Calciorthids under wet and wet-dry conditions.Bulletion of Faculty of Agriculture,University of Cairo,1993,44(3):713～736
180 Mashayekhi HH and Malakouti MJ.Kinetics of potassium desorption in some calcareous soils.Soil and Water Journal,1997,10(1):55～62
181 北京农业大学主编．农业化学(总论)(第二版)．北京：农业出版社．1987，154
182 Greenland DJ.Interaction between clays and organic compounds in soil:Ⅱ.Adsorption of soil organic compounds and its effects on soil properties.Soil Fert.,1965,28:521～532
183 Agbenin JO,Raij B van and van Raij B.Rate processes of calcium,magnesium and potassium desorption from variable-charge soils by mixed ion-exchange resins.Geoderma,1999,93(1/2):141～157
184 Pale Y.Wong MTF and Gilkes RJ.The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1999,37(4):695～709
185 Choudhary K and Prasad B.Kinetics of potassium desorption from Inceptisols and Entisols.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,1997,45(3):460～464
186 龙怀玉，李韵珠，蒋以超．K~+浓度对潮土和褐土钾吸附动力学的影响．土壤学报，2001，38(2)：226～234
187 Ioannou A,Dimirkou A and Doula M et al.Kinetics of potassium desorption by Alfisols of Greece.Commounications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(9/10):1355～1372
188 王玉，张一平．塿土不同粒级组分K~+吸附研究．土壤学报，2001，38(2)：241～247
189 Tu Cong,Zheng ChunRong and Chen HM et al.Effects of heavy metal pollution on potassium behavior in Typic Udic Ferrisol.Pedosphere,2000,10(1):21～30
190 Rao CS,Pal DK and Takkar PN.Mathematical models to study the kinetics of potassium release from swell-shrink soils of central India in relation to their mineralogy.Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde,1998,161(1):67～72
191 Stehouwer RC,Traina SJ and Johnson JW.Potassium adsorption and exchange selectivity within an anlydrous ammonia fertilizer band.Soil Science Society of America,1993,57(2):346～350
192 Lumbanraja J and Evangeiou VP.Adsorption-desorption of potassium and ammonium at low cation concentrations in three kentucky subsoils.Soil Science,1994,157(5):269～278
193 Levy GJ and Torrento JR.Clay dispersion and macroaggregate stability is affected by exchangeable potassium and sodium.Soil Science,1995,160(5):352～358
194 Conti ME,Horra AM de la and Gonzalez MG et al.Rate of potassium desorption,its velocity in Pampean Argiudolls(Argentina).Ciencia del Suelo,1995,13(2):76～79
195 Sharma KN,Harjit Singh and Bhandari AL.Influence of long term fertilization on potassium adsorption kinetics parameters.Journal of Potassium Research,1994,10(4):368～379
196 Ardalan MM,Doroudic.Relationship between the quantity and intensity parameters of potassium in calcareous soils of karadj.Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science,1997,28(2):73～86
197 Doula M,Ioannou A and Dimirkon A.Thermodynamics of potassium exchange in calcium bentonite(Ca-b).Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.,1995,26(9/10):1535～1545
198 Rao CS,Bansal SK and Rao AS et al.Kinetics of potassium desorption from important benchmark soils of India.Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,1998,46(3):357～362
199 李秧秧，邵明安．小麦根系对水分和氮肥的生理生态反应．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：383～388
200 曾希柏，刘更另．SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-对稻田土壤养分及其吸附解吸特性的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：187～193
201 张漱茗，于淑芳，刘光栋，等．连续施肥对土壤磷钾组分变化的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：375～382
202 潘庆民，于振文，田奇卓，等．追氮时期对超高产冬小麦旗叶和根系衰老的影响．作物学报，1998，24(6)：924～929
203 庞欣，李春俭，张福锁．部分根系缺磷对小麦幼苗生长及同化物分配的影响．作物学报，2000，26(6)：719～724
204 孙海国，张福锁．小麦根系生长对缺磷胁迫的反应．植物学报，2000，42(9)：913～919
205 Anuradha M,Narayanan A.Promotion of root elongation by phosphorus deficiency.Plant and Soil,1991,136:273～275
206 邱全胜．植物质膜钾离子转运体研究进展．植物学通报，2000，17(1)：34～38
207 王人民，杨肖娥，杨玉爱．不同Zn~(2+)活度对水稻根和叶生长生理特性的影响．作物学报，1999，25(4)：466～473
208 Marschner H,V Romheld.Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron.Plant ofSoil,1994,165:261～274
209 王玮，李德全，杨兴洪，等．水分胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦品种芽根生长过程中IAA、ABA含量的影响．作物学报，2000，26(6)：737～742
210 沈宏，曹志洪，徐本生．玉米生长期间土壤微生物量与土壤酶活变化及其相关性研究．应用生态学报，1999，10(4)：471～474
211 和文祥，朱茗莪．陕西土壤酶活性与土壤肥力关系分析．土壤学报，1997，34(4)：392～398
212 唐艳，杨林林，叶家颖．银杏园土壤酶活性与土壤肥力的关系研究．广西植物，1999(3)：277～281
213 Mary F,Fauci and Dick PR.Soil Microbial Dynamics:short-and long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1994,58:801～806
214 Emmerling C,Liebner C,Haubold-Rosar M,et al.Impact of application of organic waste materials on microbial and enzyme activities of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region.Plant and Soii,2000,220:129～138
215 孙波，赵其国，张桃林，等．土壤质量与持续环境Ⅲ．土壤质量评价的生物学指标．土壤，1997，29(5)：225～234
216 罗安程，TB Subedi，章永松，等．有机肥对水稻根际土壤中微生物和酶活性的影响．植物营养与肥科学报，1999，5(4)：321～327
217 Kremer PJ.Determination of soil phosphatase activity using a microplate method.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1994,25(3/4):319～325
218 Kandeler E,Eder G and M Sobotik.Microbial biomass,N mineralization and the activities of various enzymes in relation to nitrate leaching and root distribution in a slurry-amended grassland.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994,18(1):7～12
219 Bergstrom DW;Monreal CM and Millette JA et al.Spatial dependence of soil enzyme activities along a slope.Soil Science Society of America,1998,62(5):1302～1308
220 Kandeler E,Palli S and Stemmer M et al.Tillage changes microbial biomass and enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of a Haplic chernozem.Soil Biol.Biochem.,1999,31(9):1253～1264
221 袁玲，杨邦俊，郑兰君，等．长期施肥对土壤酶活性和氮磷养分的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1997，3(4)：300～306
222 Garcia Gil JC,Plaza C and Soler Rovira P,et al.Long-term effects of municipal solid waste compost application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1907～1913
223 Giusquiani PL.,Gigliotti G and D Businelli.Long-term effects of heavy metals from composted municipal waste on some enzyme activities in a cultivated soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994,17(4):257～262
224 曹凑贵，张光远，王运华．农业生态系统养分循环研究概况．生态学杂志，1998，17(4)：26～32
225 何园球，黄小庆．红壤农业生态系统养分循环、平衡与调控研究．土壤学报，1998，35(4)：501～509
226 李忠佩，唐永良，石华，等．不同施肥制度下红壤稻田的养分循环与平衡规律．中国农业科学，1998，31(1)：46～54
227 王兴祥，张桃林，张斌．红壤旱坡地农田生态系统养分循环和平衡．生态学报，1999，19(3)：335～341
228 Bansal LN.Potassium balance in multiple cropping system in a Vertisol at Jabalpur.Journal of Potassium Research,1992,8(1):52～58
229 刘荣乐，金继运，吴荣贵，等．我国北方土壤——作物系统内钾素循环特征及秸秆还田与施钾肥的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(2)：123～132
230 胡朝炳，田振荣．华北平原农田生态系统钾平衡研究．生态农业研究，1995，3(4)：34～37
231 Gorbanov S,Manolov I and Kostadinova S.Balance of N,P and K of agricultural soils of southern Bulgaria and risk of soils contamination with nitrates and phosphate.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2000,9(1/2):64～71
232 Singh B and Gouiding KWT.Changes with time in the potassium content and phyllosillicates in the soil of thc Broadbalk continuous wheat expcriment at Rothamstd.Eur.J.Soil Sci.1997,48:651～659
233 Kobzarenko VI.Resources of phosphorus and potassium in dernopodzolic soil and possibilities for their mobilization.Agrokhimiya,1999,10:12～23
234 黄绍文，金继运，王泽良，等．北方主要土壤钾素形态及其植物有效性研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：156～164
235 熊明彪，宋光煜，毛炳衡，等．定位施钾对紫色土水稻、小麦产量品质的影响．四川农业大学学报，2000，18(4)：359～362
236 中国科学院林业土壤研究所编．全国土壤酶学研究文集．吉林：辽宁科学技术出版社，1988：255～261
237 严昶生主编．土壤肥力研究方法．北京：农业出版社，1988：248
238 关松荫，等编著．土壤酶及其研究法．北京：农业出版社，1986：83～84，203～206
239 胡海波，康立新，粱珍海，等．泥质海岸防护林土壤酶活性特征研究．土壤学报，1998，135(1)：12～118
240 孙波，张桃林，赵其国．我国中亚热带缓丘红粘土红壤肥力的演化Ⅱ化学和生物学肥力的演化．土壤学报，1999，36(2)：203～217
241 Tadano T,Ozawa K Sakai H,et al.Secretion of acid phosphatase by the roots of crop plants under P-deficient conditions and some properties of the enzyme secreted by lupin root.Plant and soil,1993,155:95～98
242 毛知耘主编．肥料学．北京：中国农业出版社，1997
243 王朝辉，田霄鸿，李生秀．冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失．作物学报，2001(1)：1～6
244 王正银，姚建祥．不同施氮量条件下不同品种水稻对紫色土钾吸收利用的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1998，4(2)：183～187
245 贺立红，宾金华．高等植物中的多酚氧化酶．植物生理学通讯，2001，37(4)，340～345
246 陈宏，徐秋曼，王葳，等．镉对小麦幼苗脂质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响．西北植物学报，2000，20(3)：399～403
247 王俊儒，李生秀，李凯丽．冬小麦不同生育期水分亏缺胁迫对叶片保护酶系统的影响．西北植物学报，2001，21(1)：47～52
248 中国科学院南京土壤研究所编．土壤理化分析．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1978
249 邹琦主编．植物生理生化实验指导．北京：中国农业出版社，1995
250 X．H．波钦诺克著(1976)．刑家海，丁钟荣译．植物生物化学分析方法．北京：科学出版社，1981
251 杨剑虹，沈世华，何建平编．土壤农化分析．西南农业大学资源环境学院分析教研组，1997
252 Tennant D.A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length.J.Ecol.,1975,63:995～1001
253 Marsh BB.Measurement of length in random amangement of line.J.Apple.Ecol.,1971,8:265～267
254 魏朝富，陈世正，谢德体．长期施用有机肥对紫色水稻土有机无机复合体性状的影响．土壤学报，1995，32(2)：159～166
255 Mercik S,Nemeth K.Effects of 60-year N、P、K and Ca fertilization on EHF-nutrient fractions in the soil and yields of rye and potato crops.Plant and Soil,1985,83(1):151～159
256 傅庆林，俞劲炎，王兆骞．易旱农田生态系统养分循环的研究．应用生态学报，1993，4(2)：146～149
257 刘常宏，井金学，商鸿生．小麦对全蚀病的抗性研究进展．麦类作物，1997，17(4)：36～40
258 高照良，商鸿生．小麦对全蚀病发病因素研究进展．麦类作物，1999，19(6)：63～65
259 Brennan RF.The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plant to take-all in western Austrilia.Fert.Res.,1992,31:35～41
260 孙长锋，葛振声，陈红明，等．里下河地区小麦钾锌硼肥配施效益初探．江苏农业科学，1998(2)：45～47
261 Engel RE,ct al.Agronomy Journal.,1994(86):891～896
262 吴文希．植物病理学．上海：茂昌图书有限公司，1975，277～305
263 陈新平，王敬国，杨志福，等．土壤水分胁迫条件下磷、钾营养的相互关系及其对小麦抗旱性的影响．北京农业大学学报，1995，21(增刊)：71～75
264 Fletcher RA,et al.Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,1990,9:207～212
265 梅方竹，周广生．小麦维管解剖结构与穗粒重关系的研究．华中农业大学学报，2001，20(2)：107～113
266 李金才．小麦穗轴和小穗轴维管系统与穗部生产力关系的研究．作物学报，1999(4)：315～319
267 江苏农学院主编．植物生理学．北京：农业出版社，1986
268 Clarkon DT and Hawkesford MJ.Molecular biological approaches to plant nutrition.In:Barrow NJ(ed).Plant Nutrition from Genetic Engineering to Filed Practice:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1993,23～33
269 黄建国，杨邦俊，袁玲．小麦不同品种吸收钾离子的动力学研究．植物营养与肥料学报，1995，1(1)：38～42
270 谢少平，倪晋山．水稻(威优49)幼苗根系K~+(~(86)Rb~+)吸收的调节．植物生理学报，1990，16(1)：63～69．
271 周晓芬，刘宗衡．ABT生根粉和磷、钾营养对冬小麦和夏谷子根系及产量的影响．土壤通报，1999，30(6)：274～276
272 杜承林，祝斌，陶帅平等．施钾对扬麦158等小麦品种的养分吸收与生物产量的影响．土壤学报，2001，38(3)：301～307
273 刘冬碧，陈防，鲁剑巍等．施钾对油菜干物质积累和钾、钙、镁吸收的影响．土壤肥料，2001(4)：24～27
274 徐卫红，王正银．李传林．施氮和不同品种水稻对紫色水稻土钾素形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(4)：389～396
275 张鸿程，皇浦湘荣，宝德俊．等．冬小麦地上部器官氮磷钾的积累、分配和运转的研究．土壤通报，2000，31(4)：177～179
276 颜丽，关连珠，栾双．等．土壤供钾状况及土壤湿度对我国北方烤烟烟叶含钾量的影响研究．土壤通报，2001，32(2)：84～87
277 Class AD and Perley JE.Varietal differences in potassium uptake by barley plant.Physiol.,1980,65:160
278 吴巍．张宽，王秀芳．等．土壤有效钾的吸附特征与钾肥有效性的研究．植物营养与肥科学报，1998，4(3)：271～276
279 黎成厚，刘元生，何腾兵，等．土壤pH与烤烟钾素营养关系的研究．土壤学报，1999，36(2)：276～281
280 崔德杰，王月福，刘彦军，等．冬小麦硅钾肥施用效应的研究．土壤通报，1999，30(3)：121～122
281 谭金芳，介晓磊，韩燕来等．潮土区超高产麦田供钾特点与小麦钾素营养研究．麦类作物学报，2001，21(1)：45～50．
282 王文忠，双树林．山西省褐土施用钾肥对谷子养分吸收及产量形成的影响。土壤通报，1999，30(2)：82～84
283 张永铭．农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系污染．环境科学，1993，(4)：24～29