詹姆斯·麦迪逊多元主义政治思想研究
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摘要
詹姆斯·麦迪逊(James Madison)是美国18世纪著名的政治家和政治思想家、美国开国元勋中最年轻的一位,并被誉为“美国宪法之父”。他的多元主义政治哲学为美国联邦宪法奠定了理论基础。麦迪逊是美国共和主义政治制度的主要创建者之一
麦迪逊继承西方古典共和主义、经典自由主义,以及加尔文新教伦理的精华,回应美国独立战争之后时代的要求和挑战,提出了他具有多元主义特色的共和主义主张。分寸、节制与平衡感是麦迪逊思想的一个显著的特色,这种特色十分鲜明地体现在他的共和主义主张中。实现这种共和主义的两大机制分别为分权制衡机制与利益集团机制。第一,分权制衡机制。分权制衡又分为：横向制衡,即立法、行政和司法三个部门的相互制衡；纵向制衡,即由州以下政府自下而上地对联邦政府的权力进行制约。第二,利益集团机制。他主张公开承认人们之间在能力禀赋和财产占有等方面差异的存在,然后由政府行为增进各种利益集团的利益和加强他们的政治参与,使社会中的各种经济利益、政治利益,以及代表这些利益的集团和阶层尽可能地分化、多元化,然后由这种高度的多元化带来各种对立势力之间的制约和平衡,从而带来整个社会的安全和稳定。同时,政府以分权制的政治结构为各种利益集团提供利益诉求和影响政府决策的渠道。
麦迪逊的政治哲学为美国联邦政权的合法性和政府机构的设置提供了完备的理论基础,同时,他也成为在今天美国政治生活中占主导地位的多元民主理论的先驱。不同于相信人民群众、主张多数民主的杰斐逊,麦迪逊对人性怀有相当的悲观,对人民抱有疑惧与警戒。不同于汉密尔顿,他反对君主制、主张共和制,但他又不相信人民群众,惟恐他们侵犯资产阶级和大土地所有者的财产权,即所谓“多数人对少数人的暴政”。这体现了麦迪逊思想中的矛盾和困境。这是他多元民主政治思想的一个精神实质,也是其思想的一个阶级与历史的局限。这又导致了他在经济领域里注重自由、忽视平等,而这是他多元民主思想的一个缺陷。他思想中的这种局限也深刻地影响着美国今天的民主理论与实践。
在建设中国特色社会主义民主政治的进程中,我们应在马克思主义的立场、观点和原则的指导下,既不照搬西方的政治模式,又以科学的态度汲取麦迪逊政治思想中可资借鉴的因素,进一步建设和完善我国社会主义政治制度内部的权力制衡,同时进一步培育我国广大公民的参政意识和参政能力,从而加强和完善我国的人民民主专政。
James Madison is a prominent statesman and political philosopher of the United States of the18th-century, and the youngest among the founding fathers. As the Father of the U.S. Constitution, his pluralist political philosophy laid the theoretical foundation for the Constitution. Madison became one of the principal architects of the American political system.
The roots of Madison's political philosophy were classical republicanism, classical liberalism, and the Calvinist theology, and the context of his pluralist-republican theory was the American Revolution. Propriety, moderation and a sense of balance permeated his whole thought, and this feature was manifested prominently in his republican proposal, which included two mechanisms, namely, first, separation of powers, checks and balances, and second, the mechanism of interest groups. The first mechanism involved two kinds of check, that is, first, horizontal checks among the legislative, executive and judicial branches; and second, vertical checks between the state governments and federal government. Concerning interest groups, Madison proposed an open recognition of the existence of human diversity in opinion as well as in property, and he held that government should protect the political-economic interests of each group, and divided interests and spread powers as far as possible. Doing so would lead to balance between interest groups and stability of the whole society. Moreover, a decentralized governmental structure would provide access to the demand and influence of interest groups on governmental decision-making.
Madison's political philosophy met the need for political legitimacy of and laid a theoretical basis for the foundation of the U.S. federal government, and he was a forerunner of the pluralist model of democracy, which is the main trend in the present day the United States. Unlike Thomas Jefferson, who trusted the common people and proposed the majoritatian model of democracy, Madison was quite pessimistic about human nature. Although unlike Hamilton, Madison was opposed to monarchy and proposed a republic for the US, he treated the common people with distrust and vigilance, and his primary concern was "the tyranny of the majority over the minority"; that is to say, he feared that the common people would invade the property right of the rich. This was for him a dilemma and predicament, and reflects an essential characteristic of Madison's pluralist political philosophy and limitations in his thought due to times and his class status. This also leads to his emphasis on freedom over equality in the realm of economic life, which is a considerable weakness of his political theory. In consequence, this weakness of his thought exerted strong influnces on the democratic theories and practice of the present day the United States of America.
In building socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, on the one hand, we should not just copy the Western political model; one the other hand, guided with Marxist principle, we should critically assimilate whatever beneficial in the thought of Madison, thereby improve the mechanism of check and balance within our socialist political structure, and promote the people's consciousness and ability of political participation, in order to strengthen and improve the people's democratic dictatorship.
麦迪逊继承西方古典共和主义、经典自由主义,以及加尔文新教伦理的精华,回应美国独立战争之后时代的要求和挑战,提出了他具有多元主义特色的共和主义主张。分寸、节制与平衡感是麦迪逊思想的一个显著的特色,这种特色十分鲜明地体现在他的共和主义主张中。实现这种共和主义的两大机制分别为分权制衡机制与利益集团机制。第一,分权制衡机制。分权制衡又分为：横向制衡,即立法、行政和司法三个部门的相互制衡；纵向制衡,即由州以下政府自下而上地对联邦政府的权力进行制约。第二,利益集团机制。他主张公开承认人们之间在能力禀赋和财产占有等方面差异的存在,然后由政府行为增进各种利益集团的利益和加强他们的政治参与,使社会中的各种经济利益、政治利益,以及代表这些利益的集团和阶层尽可能地分化、多元化,然后由这种高度的多元化带来各种对立势力之间的制约和平衡,从而带来整个社会的安全和稳定。同时,政府以分权制的政治结构为各种利益集团提供利益诉求和影响政府决策的渠道。
麦迪逊的政治哲学为美国联邦政权的合法性和政府机构的设置提供了完备的理论基础,同时,他也成为在今天美国政治生活中占主导地位的多元民主理论的先驱。不同于相信人民群众、主张多数民主的杰斐逊,麦迪逊对人性怀有相当的悲观,对人民抱有疑惧与警戒。不同于汉密尔顿,他反对君主制、主张共和制,但他又不相信人民群众,惟恐他们侵犯资产阶级和大土地所有者的财产权,即所谓“多数人对少数人的暴政”。这体现了麦迪逊思想中的矛盾和困境。这是他多元民主政治思想的一个精神实质,也是其思想的一个阶级与历史的局限。这又导致了他在经济领域里注重自由、忽视平等,而这是他多元民主思想的一个缺陷。他思想中的这种局限也深刻地影响着美国今天的民主理论与实践。
在建设中国特色社会主义民主政治的进程中,我们应在马克思主义的立场、观点和原则的指导下,既不照搬西方的政治模式,又以科学的态度汲取麦迪逊政治思想中可资借鉴的因素,进一步建设和完善我国社会主义政治制度内部的权力制衡,同时进一步培育我国广大公民的参政意识和参政能力,从而加强和完善我国的人民民主专政。
James Madison is a prominent statesman and political philosopher of the United States of the18th-century, and the youngest among the founding fathers. As the Father of the U.S. Constitution, his pluralist political philosophy laid the theoretical foundation for the Constitution. Madison became one of the principal architects of the American political system.
The roots of Madison's political philosophy were classical republicanism, classical liberalism, and the Calvinist theology, and the context of his pluralist-republican theory was the American Revolution. Propriety, moderation and a sense of balance permeated his whole thought, and this feature was manifested prominently in his republican proposal, which included two mechanisms, namely, first, separation of powers, checks and balances, and second, the mechanism of interest groups. The first mechanism involved two kinds of check, that is, first, horizontal checks among the legislative, executive and judicial branches; and second, vertical checks between the state governments and federal government. Concerning interest groups, Madison proposed an open recognition of the existence of human diversity in opinion as well as in property, and he held that government should protect the political-economic interests of each group, and divided interests and spread powers as far as possible. Doing so would lead to balance between interest groups and stability of the whole society. Moreover, a decentralized governmental structure would provide access to the demand and influence of interest groups on governmental decision-making.
Madison's political philosophy met the need for political legitimacy of and laid a theoretical basis for the foundation of the U.S. federal government, and he was a forerunner of the pluralist model of democracy, which is the main trend in the present day the United States. Unlike Thomas Jefferson, who trusted the common people and proposed the majoritatian model of democracy, Madison was quite pessimistic about human nature. Although unlike Hamilton, Madison was opposed to monarchy and proposed a republic for the US, he treated the common people with distrust and vigilance, and his primary concern was "the tyranny of the majority over the minority"; that is to say, he feared that the common people would invade the property right of the rich. This was for him a dilemma and predicament, and reflects an essential characteristic of Madison's pluralist political philosophy and limitations in his thought due to times and his class status. This also leads to his emphasis on freedom over equality in the realm of economic life, which is a considerable weakness of his political theory. In consequence, this weakness of his thought exerted strong influnces on the democratic theories and practice of the present day the United States of America.
In building socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, on the one hand, we should not just copy the Western political model; one the other hand, guided with Marxist principle, we should critically assimilate whatever beneficial in the thought of Madison, thereby improve the mechanism of check and balance within our socialist political structure, and promote the people's consciousness and ability of political participation, in order to strengthen and improve the people's democratic dictatorship.
引文
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