纳米比亚欢乐谷地区花岗岩地球化学特征及成因
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摘要
通过对欢乐谷地区花岗岩的野外地质特征和岩石学特征的详细研究，欢乐谷地区的花岗岩石主要有：基底中的片麻状花岗岩、斑状花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩和白岗岩；其中，白岗岩又可划分为A、B、C、D、E、F六种类型，并且从A类至F类白岗岩，其形成时间由早至晚；白岗岩矿物组成显示了较大的变化范围，并不是传统意义上的“白岗岩”，也不是典型的花岗伟晶岩。
运用锆石LA-ICP-MS测年方法，建立了该区花岗岩的成岩年代学框架。斑状花岗岩的形成年龄为552.5±2.2Ma；黑云母花岗岩的形成年龄为540.2±3.9Ma；A类白岗岩的形成年龄为547.4±3.6Ma；B类白岗岩形成于537.8±4.3Ma；C类白岗岩形成于525.4±2.6Ma；D类白岗岩的形成年龄为497±5.5Ma。
主量、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素综合研究成果表明，欢乐谷地区花岗岩均来源于地壳物质的熔融，都属于S型花岗岩。Abbabis片麻状黑云母花岗岩主要来源于贫粘土源区岩石的重熔；斑状花岗岩主要来源于古老基底地壳贫粘土碎屑岩的重熔；黑云母花岗岩由少量幔源玄武质岩浆和硅铝质岩浆混合形成，主要来源于古老基底地壳贫粘土碎屑岩的重熔；白岗岩主要来源于古老基底物质的熔融，但其微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素特征反映了物源区成分的复杂性或物源区成分存在某种程度的不均一性；白岗岩并不是同一源区岩石批式熔融或同源岩浆经分离结晶作用的产物，它们拥有各自独立的岩浆房。
通过综合研究，建立了欢乐谷地区花岗岩的侵位模式。斑状花岗岩和A类白岗岩形成于主碰撞阶段，由于Kalahari克拉通和Congo克拉通碰撞，引起地壳的缩短增厚，由古老基底地壳物质部分熔融而形成；黑云母花岗岩形成于随后的“软碰撞”造山阶段，同碰撞期地壳变厚作用不明显，在该碰撞阶段岩石圈发生拆沉作用与热软流圈的上涌，形成少量玄武质岩浆，幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆混合，并沿深断裂随机地上升、同化围岩、侵位冷凝；随着造山带的垮塌、上涌的热软流圈下沉、造山带内微板块运动方向的改变、造山带内构造的活化、扭动构造和地块的横向挤压或逃逸，或沿巨大剪切带的水平方向块体运动，使部分地区应力松弛，挥发性组分的释放，使深埋在地壳深部岩石由于脱水产生大量含水流体，流体沿逆冲剪切带运移，并促使已被俯冲流体交代的前达马拉基底岩石大范围熔融作用的发生，从而B、C、D、E和F类白岗岩侵位。
同位素年代学研究表明，欢乐谷地区白岗岩成岩作用与铀成矿作用同时进行；白岗岩源区的物质组成及形成时的构造背景共同控制了白岗岩是否成矿。
According to the research on field geological and petrologic characteristics ofgranite from the Gaudeanmus area, the main types of granite in the Gaudeanmus areaare basement-hosted gneissic granite, porphyritic granite, biotite granite and alaskite.The alaskite have been divided into six types, those are A, B, C, D, E and F typealaskite, based wholly on observable field characteristics of colour, grain size, texture,radiometric measurements by scintillometer and macro-scale mineralogy. Cross-cutting and structural relationships have been used to create a chronological sequencefrom type A which is the oldest to type F which is the youngest. The mineralcomposition for alaskite shows a larger range, and neither alaskite in the traditionalspeaking, nor typical granitic pegmatite.
Using zircon LA-ICP-MS dating methods, we have been established petrogeneticchronology frame for granite in the area. The results show as follow. The age ofporphyritic granite formed at552.5±2.2Ma, biotite granite formed at540.2±3.9Ma,A type alaskite fromed at547.4±3.6Ma, B type alaskite formed at537.8±4.3Ma, Ctype alaskite formed at525.4±2.6Ma and D type alaskite formed at497±5.5Ma.
Major, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes studies show that granite from theGaudeanmus area is derived from melting of crust, and all belong to S-type granites.Abbabis biotite granite gneiss is mainly derived from remelting of rock from poorclay source. The porphyritic granite mainly is derived from remelting of poor clayclastic rock from ancient basement. The alaskite is mainly derived from remelting ofancient basement, however, its trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopic compositionindicate that the complexity of the source or the component of source area existheterogeneity in some extent. The alaskite is not the product of the same source bybatch melting or fractional crystallization, but they have their own separate magmachamber.
The porphyritic granite and A type alaskite were formed in the main collisionstage, due to partial melting of ancient basement by crust rustal shortening andthickening, which caused by collsion of the Kalahari craton and Congo craton. Thebiotite granite is formed in the subsequent "soft collision" orogenic stage, and crustalthickening effect is not obvious in syn-collisional stage. There are a small amount ofbasaltic magma formed in the stage, which is caused by lithospheric delamination andasthenosphere upwelling, and then mantle-derived magmas and crustal-derived magma mixed, and ascended along deep faults and assimilated wall-rock andemplacement condensation. The deep-seated crustal rock generated amount of water-bearing fluids by dehydration with collapse of orogenic belt, sink of upwellingasthenosphere, direction change of micoroplate movement the change of micro-platedirection within orogenic tectonic activation, tectonic activate in orogenic belt andcrustal extrusion in crosswise. The fluids ascend by thrust shear zone, and madeextensive melt of the heterogeneous Pre-Damara basement rock, thus theemplacement of B, C, D, E and F type alaskite accomplished.
The research on geochronological shows that diagenesis of alaskite and uraniummineralization occurred at the same time in the Gaudeanmus area. The source materialcomposition for alaskite and tectonic setting share controlled the mineralization ofalaskite.
运用锆石LA-ICP-MS测年方法，建立了该区花岗岩的成岩年代学框架。斑状花岗岩的形成年龄为552.5±2.2Ma；黑云母花岗岩的形成年龄为540.2±3.9Ma；A类白岗岩的形成年龄为547.4±3.6Ma；B类白岗岩形成于537.8±4.3Ma；C类白岗岩形成于525.4±2.6Ma；D类白岗岩的形成年龄为497±5.5Ma。
主量、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素综合研究成果表明，欢乐谷地区花岗岩均来源于地壳物质的熔融，都属于S型花岗岩。Abbabis片麻状黑云母花岗岩主要来源于贫粘土源区岩石的重熔；斑状花岗岩主要来源于古老基底地壳贫粘土碎屑岩的重熔；黑云母花岗岩由少量幔源玄武质岩浆和硅铝质岩浆混合形成，主要来源于古老基底地壳贫粘土碎屑岩的重熔；白岗岩主要来源于古老基底物质的熔融，但其微量元素及Sr-Nd同位素特征反映了物源区成分的复杂性或物源区成分存在某种程度的不均一性；白岗岩并不是同一源区岩石批式熔融或同源岩浆经分离结晶作用的产物，它们拥有各自独立的岩浆房。
通过综合研究，建立了欢乐谷地区花岗岩的侵位模式。斑状花岗岩和A类白岗岩形成于主碰撞阶段，由于Kalahari克拉通和Congo克拉通碰撞，引起地壳的缩短增厚，由古老基底地壳物质部分熔融而形成；黑云母花岗岩形成于随后的“软碰撞”造山阶段，同碰撞期地壳变厚作用不明显，在该碰撞阶段岩石圈发生拆沉作用与热软流圈的上涌，形成少量玄武质岩浆，幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆混合，并沿深断裂随机地上升、同化围岩、侵位冷凝；随着造山带的垮塌、上涌的热软流圈下沉、造山带内微板块运动方向的改变、造山带内构造的活化、扭动构造和地块的横向挤压或逃逸，或沿巨大剪切带的水平方向块体运动，使部分地区应力松弛，挥发性组分的释放，使深埋在地壳深部岩石由于脱水产生大量含水流体，流体沿逆冲剪切带运移，并促使已被俯冲流体交代的前达马拉基底岩石大范围熔融作用的发生，从而B、C、D、E和F类白岗岩侵位。
同位素年代学研究表明，欢乐谷地区白岗岩成岩作用与铀成矿作用同时进行；白岗岩源区的物质组成及形成时的构造背景共同控制了白岗岩是否成矿。
According to the research on field geological and petrologic characteristics ofgranite from the Gaudeanmus area, the main types of granite in the Gaudeanmus areaare basement-hosted gneissic granite, porphyritic granite, biotite granite and alaskite.The alaskite have been divided into six types, those are A, B, C, D, E and F typealaskite, based wholly on observable field characteristics of colour, grain size, texture,radiometric measurements by scintillometer and macro-scale mineralogy. Cross-cutting and structural relationships have been used to create a chronological sequencefrom type A which is the oldest to type F which is the youngest. The mineralcomposition for alaskite shows a larger range, and neither alaskite in the traditionalspeaking, nor typical granitic pegmatite.
Using zircon LA-ICP-MS dating methods, we have been established petrogeneticchronology frame for granite in the area. The results show as follow. The age ofporphyritic granite formed at552.5±2.2Ma, biotite granite formed at540.2±3.9Ma,A type alaskite fromed at547.4±3.6Ma, B type alaskite formed at537.8±4.3Ma, Ctype alaskite formed at525.4±2.6Ma and D type alaskite formed at497±5.5Ma.
Major, trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes studies show that granite from theGaudeanmus area is derived from melting of crust, and all belong to S-type granites.Abbabis biotite granite gneiss is mainly derived from remelting of rock from poorclay source. The porphyritic granite mainly is derived from remelting of poor clayclastic rock from ancient basement. The alaskite is mainly derived from remelting ofancient basement, however, its trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopic compositionindicate that the complexity of the source or the component of source area existheterogeneity in some extent. The alaskite is not the product of the same source bybatch melting or fractional crystallization, but they have their own separate magmachamber.
The porphyritic granite and A type alaskite were formed in the main collisionstage, due to partial melting of ancient basement by crust rustal shortening andthickening, which caused by collsion of the Kalahari craton and Congo craton. Thebiotite granite is formed in the subsequent "soft collision" orogenic stage, and crustalthickening effect is not obvious in syn-collisional stage. There are a small amount ofbasaltic magma formed in the stage, which is caused by lithospheric delamination andasthenosphere upwelling, and then mantle-derived magmas and crustal-derived magma mixed, and ascended along deep faults and assimilated wall-rock andemplacement condensation. The deep-seated crustal rock generated amount of water-bearing fluids by dehydration with collapse of orogenic belt, sink of upwellingasthenosphere, direction change of micoroplate movement the change of micro-platedirection within orogenic tectonic activation, tectonic activate in orogenic belt andcrustal extrusion in crosswise. The fluids ascend by thrust shear zone, and madeextensive melt of the heterogeneous Pre-Damara basement rock, thus theemplacement of B, C, D, E and F type alaskite accomplished.
The research on geochronological shows that diagenesis of alaskite and uraniummineralization occurred at the same time in the Gaudeanmus area. The source materialcomposition for alaskite and tectonic setting share controlled the mineralization ofalaskite.
引文
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