河口潮滩湿地有机质来源、组成与食物链传递研究
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摘要
河口是联系陆、海两个生态系统的主要通道,在物理、化学和生物过程的耦合作用下,大量的陆源相、海源相和自生相有机质在河口区累积;同时,河口又是地球表面圈层物质循环最为活跃的区域之一,有机质的生物地球化学循环对维持河口生态系统高生产力和高生物量具有极其重要的生态意义。因此,有关河口生态系统中有机质来源、归宿及其迁移转化过程的研究一直是河口复杂环境条件下物质循环研究中的热点问题。
本研究选择世界超大型的多泥沙河口之一的长江口,通过实地资料采集与室内分析相结合的方法,联合环境地球化学分析测试与同位素示踪等技术手段,研究了长江口潮滩湿地有机质来源、生物化学组成及在底栖食物链中的传递过程。
对南岸边滩冬、夏两季各介质有机质的稳定碳同位素分布特征的调查显示,悬浮颗粒有机质稳定碳同位素2月和8月分别为-25.8‰～-23.4‰和-25.1‰～-22.9‰,沉积有机质的稳定碳同位素分别在-25.0‰～-20.4‰和-24.7‰～-19.5‰,从淡水区到咸水区逐渐变重,显示出受到海源和河源不同程度的混合作用。利用碳同位素追溯有机质来源,发现局部岸段的支流河水、污水对当地滨岸潮滩有机质都有一定的改造作用,特别是对悬浮颗粒有机质;沉积有机质主要来自悬浮颗粒物的沉降,底栖微藻和湿地植物对沉积有机质的贡献不大,其作用在冬季比夏季明显。
利用碳同位素对崇明东滩不同生境有机质的来源进行定量研究,发现高、中潮滩来源于植物的有机质部分在4%～27%,冬春季较高。说明有机质的输入受长江径流量和泥沙含量的绝对控制,在枯季植物地下部分输入对有机质的贡献才较显著。长江口悬浮颗粒有机质的碳同位素值表现出明显的季节变化特征,2月较8月偏负,表现出冬季陆源输入偏重而夏季海源输入偏重的现象,这主要是受径流量枯洪季变化和浮游生物生长季节变化两种因素的叠加作用。
研究了易变有机质(碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂类)的累积规律,发现其累积存在明显的粒径效应,主要赋存于细颗粒沉积物中,16μm是有机质覆存粒径的临界点。尽管如此,三种易变有机质由于本身的特性在沉积物中表现出不同的赋存方式:碳水化合物是良好的粘合剂,使得颗粒物结合在一起,自身也更易保存下来;蛋白质主要与微生物活动有关,沉积物颗粒大小通过生物因素间接影响它的转化;脂类的累积则与沉积物颗粒的作用关系不显著。底栖藻类是潮滩沉积有机质中蛋白质来源的重要组成部分,但不是沉积物中碳水化合物的主要来源,褐色素与易变有机质有着相似的累积规律,微生物在异养过程中对易变有机质和色素有着相似的利用程度。
南岸边滩和崇明东滩在沉积环境上有一定的差异,导致有机质生物化学组成累积特征的不同。在南岸边滩,碳水化合物的累积主要受水动力条件的控制,累积于细颗粒物上;环境中的生物作用对蛋白质的累积有巨大的作用;底栖藻类则是脂类的主要来源。而在崇明东滩,易变有机质的累积受水动力条件的绝对控制,不同地貌类型和生境对涨落潮有很大的作用,并影响表层生物生长,最终形成有机质生物化学组分分布的生境异质性。
长江口潮滩表层沉积物有机质中生物高聚碳占总有机碳的比例在14.8～29.6%之间,有机质质量中等,空间差异较大,季节差异不显著。高含量有机质与难利用部分的增长是相关的,BPC/TOC、PRT-N/TN及PRT/CHO比值都说明,尽管有大量有机碎屑在河口沉积,但这些碎屑物质却是低营养性的,难以被底栖消费者利用。利用有机质生物化学组分可评价滨岸地区的富营养化水平,基于有机质生物化学组成和色素的多维尺度分析将研究区划分为三种营养水平,不同区域的碳水化合物含量具有显著差异性,是划分营养水平的良好指标。营养水平最低的区域为崇明东滩低潮滩,其碳水化合物浓度＜1000μg g~(-1);营养水平居中的是芦潮、朝阳和奉新,其碳水化合物浓度在1000～2000μg g~(-1);营养水平较高的是南岸边滩其他区域及崇明东滩高、中潮滩,其碳水化合物浓度＞2000μg g~(-1)。
底栖动物对能量流动起着重要的调节作用,利用稳定同位素对崇明东滩大型底栖动物食源和营养位进行示踪。大型底栖动物的占δ~(13)C值为-14.7‰～-23.6‰,表现出显著的食物来源差异。崇明东滩底栖生态系统以碎屑食物链为主,湿地优势植物的活植物体不是大型底栖动物的主要食物来源,沉积有机质是大部分底栖消费者的食物基础。底栖动物的氮同位素能较好地反映其食性和营养位,计算出崇明东滩的大型底栖动物营养位在2.0～3.7,为一级消费者和二级消费者。
Estuary is the transitional zone between land and ocean.Being affected by physical,chemical and biological processes,a large quantity of organic matter originated from land,ocean and local place has accumulated in the estuarine and coastal areas.Moreover,the estuarine tidal flat is one of important regions where the biogeochemical cycling is very intense within the ecosystems on the earth's surface. The biogeochemical cycling of organic matter has the important ecological significance to sustaining higer productivity and biomass in the esturine tidal ecosystem.Therefore,to study the origin,fate and transport processes of organic matter in the complex ecosystem has recently become one of the headline scientific problems in the fields of physical geography and estuarine and coastal environmental geochemistry.
This study chosed one of the largest turbid estuaries in the world—Yangtze Estuary.Through in situ information collection and laboratory analysis,the sources, biochemical composition and food chain transfer processes of organic matter in the Yangtze estuarine tidal ecosystem were studied using biogeochemical and stable isotopic technology.
Based on the stable carbon isotopes in the organic constituents from the southem bank of Yangtze Estuary.It was found that the ratios of stable carbon isotope in the suspended organic matter(SPOM)were respectively -25.8‰～-23.4‰and -25.1‰～-22.9‰in February and August,while the values of carbon isotope in surface sediments were -25.0‰～-20.4‰and -24.7‰～-19.5‰respectively.The spatial change of carbon isotopes displayed the trend of more positive in salt water than in freshwater areas,suggesting the mixture of marine and riverine organic matter.The data suggested that the input of sewage and tributary water contributed certain degree to the organic matter of estuarine tidal ecosystem,espetially to SPOM.Sedimentary organic matter originated from the deposition of suspended particles.Both marsh macrophytes and benthic microalgaes contributed little to sedimentary organic matter, and their effect was more notable in winter than in summer.
The organic matter sources of surface sediments were evaluated at different habitats in East Chongming tidal flat.The fraction of organic matter originated from macrophytes ranged from 4%to 27%,higher in winter and spring,which showed that the input of organic matter was controlled by discharges of the Yangtze River.The underground part of marsh plants contributed more to organic matter in the low discharge seasons.Due to the seasonal change of water discharge and marine phytoplankton blooming,terrigenous inputs exceeded marine inputs in winter and the reverse results have been found in summer.
The spatial and temporal distribution of labile organic matter(carbohydrate, protein and lipid)showed that they were mainly present in fine particles,especially the size less than 16μm.However,the three labile organic matter displayed different accumulating mode:carbohydrates were good bond which integrated particles and therefore reserved themselves more easily;proteins were concerned with bacteria's activities and thus grain size indirectly influenced their transformation through biological factors;lipids were not concerned apparently with sediment grain size. Benthic algae were an important source of proteins.Phaeopigments and the labile organic matter had the similar way to accumulate,and the bacteria utilized Phaeopigments in the same degree as labile organic matter did.
Due to the different environment at East Chongming tidal flat and southern bank of Yangtze Estuary,the distribution of biochemical composition differed significantly. At southern bank,the accumulation of carbohydrates was controlled by hydrodynamic condition and carbohydrates gathered in fine grains;concentration of proteins was influenced by organisms in the sediment;lipids mainly originated from benthic algae. At East Chongming tidal flat,the accumulation of labile organic matter was controlled by hydrodynamic condition.The different habitats and physiognomy influenced the speed of tide and distribution of plants,which resulted in the spatial variation of labile organic matter.
Labile organic matter,utilized to estimate the food potentially available for benthic consumers,accounted for only a small percentage(14.8%～29.6%)of total organic carbon,with the character of notable spatial variation.It was found that high quantity of organic matter was linked to the increase of complicated fraction.The ratios of BPC/TOC,PRT-N/TN and PRT/CHO were low,which suggested that although there was great amount of organic detritus depositing in the estuarine tidal flat,these materials were of low nutrition and difficult for benthic consumers to utilize. Biochemical compositions were used to evaluate the trophic status of coastal areas. Based on the biochemical compositions and pigments,the Multidimentional Analysis clearly indicated that three groups of transects could be identified:the first was represented by low tidal flat of East Chongrning salt marsh,which displayed carbohydrate concentration＜1000μg g~(-1);the second included LC,CY and FX,with the carbohydrate concentration ranging from 1000μg g~(-1)to 2000μg g~(-1);a third group included LHK,SDK,WSK,BLG,DH and high,midium tidal flats of East Chongming salt marsh,with the carbohydrate concentration＞2000μg g~(-1).
Benthicfauna can regulate the energy flow in the ecosystem.Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to trace the food sources and trophic position of macrofauna at different living environment of East Chongming tidal flat.The macrofauna showed a wide range ofδ~(13)C between -14.7‰and 23.6‰,which suggested significant difference of food sources.As a whole,sediment organic matter seemed to account for heavy proportion as the food of macrofauna,while the dominant macrophytes of salt marsh appeared to play a negligible trophic role.The nitrogen isotope could reflect the trophic position of macrobenthos.It was calculated that trophic level of macrofauna was between 2.0 and 3.7,and thus the macrobenthos of East Chongming tidal flat were primary and secondary consumers.
本研究选择世界超大型的多泥沙河口之一的长江口,通过实地资料采集与室内分析相结合的方法,联合环境地球化学分析测试与同位素示踪等技术手段,研究了长江口潮滩湿地有机质来源、生物化学组成及在底栖食物链中的传递过程。
对南岸边滩冬、夏两季各介质有机质的稳定碳同位素分布特征的调查显示,悬浮颗粒有机质稳定碳同位素2月和8月分别为-25.8‰～-23.4‰和-25.1‰～-22.9‰,沉积有机质的稳定碳同位素分别在-25.0‰～-20.4‰和-24.7‰～-19.5‰,从淡水区到咸水区逐渐变重,显示出受到海源和河源不同程度的混合作用。利用碳同位素追溯有机质来源,发现局部岸段的支流河水、污水对当地滨岸潮滩有机质都有一定的改造作用,特别是对悬浮颗粒有机质;沉积有机质主要来自悬浮颗粒物的沉降,底栖微藻和湿地植物对沉积有机质的贡献不大,其作用在冬季比夏季明显。
利用碳同位素对崇明东滩不同生境有机质的来源进行定量研究,发现高、中潮滩来源于植物的有机质部分在4%～27%,冬春季较高。说明有机质的输入受长江径流量和泥沙含量的绝对控制,在枯季植物地下部分输入对有机质的贡献才较显著。长江口悬浮颗粒有机质的碳同位素值表现出明显的季节变化特征,2月较8月偏负,表现出冬季陆源输入偏重而夏季海源输入偏重的现象,这主要是受径流量枯洪季变化和浮游生物生长季节变化两种因素的叠加作用。
研究了易变有机质(碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂类)的累积规律,发现其累积存在明显的粒径效应,主要赋存于细颗粒沉积物中,16μm是有机质覆存粒径的临界点。尽管如此,三种易变有机质由于本身的特性在沉积物中表现出不同的赋存方式:碳水化合物是良好的粘合剂,使得颗粒物结合在一起,自身也更易保存下来;蛋白质主要与微生物活动有关,沉积物颗粒大小通过生物因素间接影响它的转化;脂类的累积则与沉积物颗粒的作用关系不显著。底栖藻类是潮滩沉积有机质中蛋白质来源的重要组成部分,但不是沉积物中碳水化合物的主要来源,褐色素与易变有机质有着相似的累积规律,微生物在异养过程中对易变有机质和色素有着相似的利用程度。
南岸边滩和崇明东滩在沉积环境上有一定的差异,导致有机质生物化学组成累积特征的不同。在南岸边滩,碳水化合物的累积主要受水动力条件的控制,累积于细颗粒物上;环境中的生物作用对蛋白质的累积有巨大的作用;底栖藻类则是脂类的主要来源。而在崇明东滩,易变有机质的累积受水动力条件的绝对控制,不同地貌类型和生境对涨落潮有很大的作用,并影响表层生物生长,最终形成有机质生物化学组分分布的生境异质性。
长江口潮滩表层沉积物有机质中生物高聚碳占总有机碳的比例在14.8～29.6%之间,有机质质量中等,空间差异较大,季节差异不显著。高含量有机质与难利用部分的增长是相关的,BPC/TOC、PRT-N/TN及PRT/CHO比值都说明,尽管有大量有机碎屑在河口沉积,但这些碎屑物质却是低营养性的,难以被底栖消费者利用。利用有机质生物化学组分可评价滨岸地区的富营养化水平,基于有机质生物化学组成和色素的多维尺度分析将研究区划分为三种营养水平,不同区域的碳水化合物含量具有显著差异性,是划分营养水平的良好指标。营养水平最低的区域为崇明东滩低潮滩,其碳水化合物浓度＜1000μg g~(-1);营养水平居中的是芦潮、朝阳和奉新,其碳水化合物浓度在1000～2000μg g~(-1);营养水平较高的是南岸边滩其他区域及崇明东滩高、中潮滩,其碳水化合物浓度＞2000μg g~(-1)。
底栖动物对能量流动起着重要的调节作用,利用稳定同位素对崇明东滩大型底栖动物食源和营养位进行示踪。大型底栖动物的占δ~(13)C值为-14.7‰～-23.6‰,表现出显著的食物来源差异。崇明东滩底栖生态系统以碎屑食物链为主,湿地优势植物的活植物体不是大型底栖动物的主要食物来源,沉积有机质是大部分底栖消费者的食物基础。底栖动物的氮同位素能较好地反映其食性和营养位,计算出崇明东滩的大型底栖动物营养位在2.0～3.7,为一级消费者和二级消费者。
Estuary is the transitional zone between land and ocean.Being affected by physical,chemical and biological processes,a large quantity of organic matter originated from land,ocean and local place has accumulated in the estuarine and coastal areas.Moreover,the estuarine tidal flat is one of important regions where the biogeochemical cycling is very intense within the ecosystems on the earth's surface. The biogeochemical cycling of organic matter has the important ecological significance to sustaining higer productivity and biomass in the esturine tidal ecosystem.Therefore,to study the origin,fate and transport processes of organic matter in the complex ecosystem has recently become one of the headline scientific problems in the fields of physical geography and estuarine and coastal environmental geochemistry.
This study chosed one of the largest turbid estuaries in the world—Yangtze Estuary.Through in situ information collection and laboratory analysis,the sources, biochemical composition and food chain transfer processes of organic matter in the Yangtze estuarine tidal ecosystem were studied using biogeochemical and stable isotopic technology.
Based on the stable carbon isotopes in the organic constituents from the southem bank of Yangtze Estuary.It was found that the ratios of stable carbon isotope in the suspended organic matter(SPOM)were respectively -25.8‰～-23.4‰and -25.1‰～-22.9‰in February and August,while the values of carbon isotope in surface sediments were -25.0‰～-20.4‰and -24.7‰～-19.5‰respectively.The spatial change of carbon isotopes displayed the trend of more positive in salt water than in freshwater areas,suggesting the mixture of marine and riverine organic matter.The data suggested that the input of sewage and tributary water contributed certain degree to the organic matter of estuarine tidal ecosystem,espetially to SPOM.Sedimentary organic matter originated from the deposition of suspended particles.Both marsh macrophytes and benthic microalgaes contributed little to sedimentary organic matter, and their effect was more notable in winter than in summer.
The organic matter sources of surface sediments were evaluated at different habitats in East Chongming tidal flat.The fraction of organic matter originated from macrophytes ranged from 4%to 27%,higher in winter and spring,which showed that the input of organic matter was controlled by discharges of the Yangtze River.The underground part of marsh plants contributed more to organic matter in the low discharge seasons.Due to the seasonal change of water discharge and marine phytoplankton blooming,terrigenous inputs exceeded marine inputs in winter and the reverse results have been found in summer.
The spatial and temporal distribution of labile organic matter(carbohydrate, protein and lipid)showed that they were mainly present in fine particles,especially the size less than 16μm.However,the three labile organic matter displayed different accumulating mode:carbohydrates were good bond which integrated particles and therefore reserved themselves more easily;proteins were concerned with bacteria's activities and thus grain size indirectly influenced their transformation through biological factors;lipids were not concerned apparently with sediment grain size. Benthic algae were an important source of proteins.Phaeopigments and the labile organic matter had the similar way to accumulate,and the bacteria utilized Phaeopigments in the same degree as labile organic matter did.
Due to the different environment at East Chongming tidal flat and southern bank of Yangtze Estuary,the distribution of biochemical composition differed significantly. At southern bank,the accumulation of carbohydrates was controlled by hydrodynamic condition and carbohydrates gathered in fine grains;concentration of proteins was influenced by organisms in the sediment;lipids mainly originated from benthic algae. At East Chongming tidal flat,the accumulation of labile organic matter was controlled by hydrodynamic condition.The different habitats and physiognomy influenced the speed of tide and distribution of plants,which resulted in the spatial variation of labile organic matter.
Labile organic matter,utilized to estimate the food potentially available for benthic consumers,accounted for only a small percentage(14.8%～29.6%)of total organic carbon,with the character of notable spatial variation.It was found that high quantity of organic matter was linked to the increase of complicated fraction.The ratios of BPC/TOC,PRT-N/TN and PRT/CHO were low,which suggested that although there was great amount of organic detritus depositing in the estuarine tidal flat,these materials were of low nutrition and difficult for benthic consumers to utilize. Biochemical compositions were used to evaluate the trophic status of coastal areas. Based on the biochemical compositions and pigments,the Multidimentional Analysis clearly indicated that three groups of transects could be identified:the first was represented by low tidal flat of East Chongrning salt marsh,which displayed carbohydrate concentration＜1000μg g~(-1);the second included LC,CY and FX,with the carbohydrate concentration ranging from 1000μg g~(-1)to 2000μg g~(-1);a third group included LHK,SDK,WSK,BLG,DH and high,midium tidal flats of East Chongming salt marsh,with the carbohydrate concentration＞2000μg g~(-1).
Benthicfauna can regulate the energy flow in the ecosystem.Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to trace the food sources and trophic position of macrofauna at different living environment of East Chongming tidal flat.The macrofauna showed a wide range ofδ~(13)C between -14.7‰and 23.6‰,which suggested significant difference of food sources.As a whole,sediment organic matter seemed to account for heavy proportion as the food of macrofauna,while the dominant macrophytes of salt marsh appeared to play a negligible trophic role.The nitrogen isotope could reflect the trophic position of macrobenthos.It was calculated that trophic level of macrofauna was between 2.0 and 3.7,and thus the macrobenthos of East Chongming tidal flat were primary and secondary consumers.
引文
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