牧草收获机械化技术试验研究
摘要
大力发展畜牧机械化是我国现代农业发展的必要条件,只有使畜牧业实现了机械化,才能真正提高农业收入,人民的生活水平才‘得以改善。在畜牧业中牧草的种植、收割、存储等技术都需要改进,农民急需适用性能可靠的、价格适中的机械设备,代替手工操作,提高效益,增加收入。
近年来,草产业作为一种新的产业迅速在我国中西部省份崛起,尤其我省河西地区,因其土地资源优势,不断扩大优质牧草种植面积,农区草产业的发展已成为农业结构调整的重要组成部分和推动农村经济可持续发展与增加农民收入的新的经济增长点。苜蓿产业已趋规模化,而苜蓿收获的机械化技术仅仅停留在初级阶段,大部分紫花苜蓿的收获仍然以人工为主,效率低,影响了草产业的发展。
本文首先讨论了牧草收获机械化技术研究和进展,阐述了国外牧草收获机械化的发展历程,列举了近几年国内的研究情况以及新型牧草收获机械的性能特点,并且提出我国牧草机械收获技术的不足与发展趋势。
其次,本试验引进了9GY-130型前置式双圆盘牧草收割机与NH565型方草捆捡拾打捆机,对机具的机械性能、应用效果以及经济效益进行了为期2年的试验研究。结果表明:引进的牧草收割机适应性强,整机通过性好;割茬低(＜50mm),收净率高(达到95%),具有较好的收割性能;整机作业成本低,耗油量8～10kg/hm~2,生产效率0.78～0.93hm~2/h,比人工收割高20倍。用机械收获牧草,作业速度快,收获时间短,留茬较高,既有效地保留了根部次生芽,又相对延长了牧草的生长周期,一年可收获4茬苜蓿,总产量达到6.7万kg/hm~2。而人工收割速度慢,收获周期长,留茬低,既无法保留次生芽,又相对缩短了苜蓿的生长周期,每年仅能收获3茬,总产量为5.9万kg/hm~2。机械收获比人工收获可增收牧草8220 kg/hm~2。折合干草1455 kg/hm~2,新增产值582元/hm~2,增产增收效果明显。机械化技术收割牧草是人工收割的20倍,极大减轻了农民收割牧草时的劳动强度,提高了劳动效率。同时,用机械收割苜蓿,每年收割4茬,每茬支出作业费225元/hm~2,则累计支出作业费900元/hm~2。而人工收割苜宿,一年收割3茬,每茬支出劳务费600元/hm~2,则累计支出劳务费1800元/hm~2,机械作业比人工劳作可节约生产成本900元/hm~2,节本效果十分显著。9YG-130型双圆盘割草机,设计合理,操作安全,收割效果好,能增加干草量20%,是一项经济、社会、生态效益都很好的项目。适合在金昌市进行大面积推广使用。
从2006年开始,我们对NH565型方草捆捡拾打捆机进行田间生产试验示范。试验选在金昌市良种场、永昌县清河综合养殖场、永昌县水源镇北地村中进行。结果表明:机具使用的可靠性系数达95%以上,成捆率为86.5%,生产率为25捆/h,草捆密度可达134.6kg/m~3。耗油量为0.6kg/h,牧草损失率为8%～10%,该机具操作简便、运输方便,对农艺及地形的适应性强,工作稳定性和使用可靠性比国产同类机型先进。利用成本原理进行盈亏分析,年作业量只要达到284.2hm~2,即可盈亏平衡。通过对机具敏感度分析,表明机具的每公顷收费标准、使用寿命和年利用率是影响经济效益的主要因素。
Devoting major efforts to developing mechanization of the forage harvesting is essential condition to the modern agriculture in our country.If the forage harvesting accomplishes mechanization,the receipts of agriculture could be raised,and the living standard of the people can be improved.The technology about hay planting,harvesting and storing need improve in the livestock farming.The farmers need a reliable quality and suiTab,price machine to replace artificial work,which can improve benefit and economy.
In recent years,the grass industry as a new industry rises rapidly in central and western provinces of China,particularly in HeXi area,because its enough land resources advantages,they expand forage area.The grass industry has become to agricultural development key points of adjustment about the agricultural structure and sustainable development and increase the income of farmers new economic growth points.Alfalfa industry has already been scale,but the alfalfa mechanize harvest technology just stay in the initial stage,most of the alfalfa harvest are also harvested mainly by hands,it is low efficiency,which impacts on the grass industry.
Firstly,The research and progress of forage harvesting theory has been discussed in this paper which introduced the forage harvesting machines develop history in foreign countries,and cited the research in recent years,and said the characteristic of quality in the new mower,then came out the deficiency and developing trend of forage harvesting machinery in our country.Secondly,we selected the dyadic pair of circular 9GY-130 disc mower and NH565 rectangular baler to carry on the experiment which last for 2 years,and researched the mechanical performance,effect and economic effect applying.It indicates that the adaptability of forage mower is good,the complete machine is good by nature.It is low-cut stubble(＜50 mm),net rate(95percent),good harvest performance.The machine operation spending is low,and the fuel consumption is 8～10kg/hm~2,the production efficiency is 0.78～0.93hm~2/h,which is higher 20 times than artificial.Mechanical forage harvesting has many advantage,such as high operating speed,short harvest time,higher straw which retain secondary buds of the roots,and extend the alfalfa growth cycle relatively,alfalfa can be harvested 4 times every year,the total output reaches 67000kg/hm~2.But the harvest by people will be slow,and harvesting cycles will be long,the straw will be low,we which can not retain the secondary buds,the alfalfa relative growth cycle will be shortened,the forage harvesting just can achieve three times,the total output is 59,000 kg/hm~2.Mechanical harvesting is larger than the artificial work 8220kg/hm~2.Equivalent to hay is 1455 kg/hm~2,which adds value 582 yuan/hm~2. Mechanized harvesting is higher than artificial work 20 times that reduces the farmers labor intensity and improves the labor efficiency greatly.At the same time,the expenditure for one time crop harvesting operations is 225yuan/hm~2 by mechanical harvesting of alfalfa,and it will be harvested 4 times a year,while total operating expenditure is 900 yuan/hm~2.But harvesting by hands,the expenditures labor cost is 600 yuan/hm~2,3 times each year,while the total expenditures labor costs is 1,800 yuan/hm~2,then we can come out the mechanical harvesting operations less than manual labor costs 900 yuan/hm~2,the saving effect is very significant.9YG-130 dual-disc mower is designed rationally and the operation is safe,the harvesting effort is very good,which will increase 20 per cent of hay.It is economic,social and ecological benefits are very good projects.It is suiTab. for promoting large usage in Jinchang area.
From 2006,we did field production tests with NH565 rectangular baler.The tests were carried on in Jinchang seed field,Yongchang Qinghe integrated farmland and beidi village Yongchang shuiyuan.The results showed that:the reliability coefficient of machines and tools is more than 95 percent,the bales density can reach 86.5 percent,the productivity is 25 bundles per hour,the bales density is up to 174.6 kg/m~3.Fuel consumption is 0.6 kg/h,the loss of forage is between 8 to 10 percent.The machine operation is simple and transportation is convenient,the working stability and reliability are better than the similar that made in china.Using cost principle to analyze profit and loss,as long as the working area reach 284.2 hm~2 the spending and profit will be equal.Through the sensitivity analysis,it is clear that the fee per hectare,the service life and utilization are the main factors affecting economic benefits.
近年来,草产业作为一种新的产业迅速在我国中西部省份崛起,尤其我省河西地区,因其土地资源优势,不断扩大优质牧草种植面积,农区草产业的发展已成为农业结构调整的重要组成部分和推动农村经济可持续发展与增加农民收入的新的经济增长点。苜蓿产业已趋规模化,而苜蓿收获的机械化技术仅仅停留在初级阶段,大部分紫花苜蓿的收获仍然以人工为主,效率低,影响了草产业的发展。
本文首先讨论了牧草收获机械化技术研究和进展,阐述了国外牧草收获机械化的发展历程,列举了近几年国内的研究情况以及新型牧草收获机械的性能特点,并且提出我国牧草机械收获技术的不足与发展趋势。
其次,本试验引进了9GY-130型前置式双圆盘牧草收割机与NH565型方草捆捡拾打捆机,对机具的机械性能、应用效果以及经济效益进行了为期2年的试验研究。结果表明:引进的牧草收割机适应性强,整机通过性好;割茬低(＜50mm),收净率高(达到95%),具有较好的收割性能;整机作业成本低,耗油量8～10kg/hm~2,生产效率0.78～0.93hm~2/h,比人工收割高20倍。用机械收获牧草,作业速度快,收获时间短,留茬较高,既有效地保留了根部次生芽,又相对延长了牧草的生长周期,一年可收获4茬苜蓿,总产量达到6.7万kg/hm~2。而人工收割速度慢,收获周期长,留茬低,既无法保留次生芽,又相对缩短了苜蓿的生长周期,每年仅能收获3茬,总产量为5.9万kg/hm~2。机械收获比人工收获可增收牧草8220 kg/hm~2。折合干草1455 kg/hm~2,新增产值582元/hm~2,增产增收效果明显。机械化技术收割牧草是人工收割的20倍,极大减轻了农民收割牧草时的劳动强度,提高了劳动效率。同时,用机械收割苜蓿,每年收割4茬,每茬支出作业费225元/hm~2,则累计支出作业费900元/hm~2。而人工收割苜宿,一年收割3茬,每茬支出劳务费600元/hm~2,则累计支出劳务费1800元/hm~2,机械作业比人工劳作可节约生产成本900元/hm~2,节本效果十分显著。9YG-130型双圆盘割草机,设计合理,操作安全,收割效果好,能增加干草量20%,是一项经济、社会、生态效益都很好的项目。适合在金昌市进行大面积推广使用。
从2006年开始,我们对NH565型方草捆捡拾打捆机进行田间生产试验示范。试验选在金昌市良种场、永昌县清河综合养殖场、永昌县水源镇北地村中进行。结果表明:机具使用的可靠性系数达95%以上,成捆率为86.5%,生产率为25捆/h,草捆密度可达134.6kg/m~3。耗油量为0.6kg/h,牧草损失率为8%～10%,该机具操作简便、运输方便,对农艺及地形的适应性强,工作稳定性和使用可靠性比国产同类机型先进。利用成本原理进行盈亏分析,年作业量只要达到284.2hm~2,即可盈亏平衡。通过对机具敏感度分析,表明机具的每公顷收费标准、使用寿命和年利用率是影响经济效益的主要因素。
Devoting major efforts to developing mechanization of the forage harvesting is essential condition to the modern agriculture in our country.If the forage harvesting accomplishes mechanization,the receipts of agriculture could be raised,and the living standard of the people can be improved.The technology about hay planting,harvesting and storing need improve in the livestock farming.The farmers need a reliable quality and suiTab,price machine to replace artificial work,which can improve benefit and economy.
In recent years,the grass industry as a new industry rises rapidly in central and western provinces of China,particularly in HeXi area,because its enough land resources advantages,they expand forage area.The grass industry has become to agricultural development key points of adjustment about the agricultural structure and sustainable development and increase the income of farmers new economic growth points.Alfalfa industry has already been scale,but the alfalfa mechanize harvest technology just stay in the initial stage,most of the alfalfa harvest are also harvested mainly by hands,it is low efficiency,which impacts on the grass industry.
Firstly,The research and progress of forage harvesting theory has been discussed in this paper which introduced the forage harvesting machines develop history in foreign countries,and cited the research in recent years,and said the characteristic of quality in the new mower,then came out the deficiency and developing trend of forage harvesting machinery in our country.Secondly,we selected the dyadic pair of circular 9GY-130 disc mower and NH565 rectangular baler to carry on the experiment which last for 2 years,and researched the mechanical performance,effect and economic effect applying.It indicates that the adaptability of forage mower is good,the complete machine is good by nature.It is low-cut stubble(＜50 mm),net rate(95percent),good harvest performance.The machine operation spending is low,and the fuel consumption is 8～10kg/hm~2,the production efficiency is 0.78～0.93hm~2/h,which is higher 20 times than artificial.Mechanical forage harvesting has many advantage,such as high operating speed,short harvest time,higher straw which retain secondary buds of the roots,and extend the alfalfa growth cycle relatively,alfalfa can be harvested 4 times every year,the total output reaches 67000kg/hm~2.But the harvest by people will be slow,and harvesting cycles will be long,the straw will be low,we which can not retain the secondary buds,the alfalfa relative growth cycle will be shortened,the forage harvesting just can achieve three times,the total output is 59,000 kg/hm~2.Mechanical harvesting is larger than the artificial work 8220kg/hm~2.Equivalent to hay is 1455 kg/hm~2,which adds value 582 yuan/hm~2. Mechanized harvesting is higher than artificial work 20 times that reduces the farmers labor intensity and improves the labor efficiency greatly.At the same time,the expenditure for one time crop harvesting operations is 225yuan/hm~2 by mechanical harvesting of alfalfa,and it will be harvested 4 times a year,while total operating expenditure is 900 yuan/hm~2.But harvesting by hands,the expenditures labor cost is 600 yuan/hm~2,3 times each year,while the total expenditures labor costs is 1,800 yuan/hm~2,then we can come out the mechanical harvesting operations less than manual labor costs 900 yuan/hm~2,the saving effect is very significant.9YG-130 dual-disc mower is designed rationally and the operation is safe,the harvesting effort is very good,which will increase 20 per cent of hay.It is economic,social and ecological benefits are very good projects.It is suiTab. for promoting large usage in Jinchang area.
From 2006,we did field production tests with NH565 rectangular baler.The tests were carried on in Jinchang seed field,Yongchang Qinghe integrated farmland and beidi village Yongchang shuiyuan.The results showed that:the reliability coefficient of machines and tools is more than 95 percent,the bales density can reach 86.5 percent,the productivity is 25 bundles per hour,the bales density is up to 174.6 kg/m~3.Fuel consumption is 0.6 kg/h,the loss of forage is between 8 to 10 percent.The machine operation is simple and transportation is convenient,the working stability and reliability are better than the similar that made in china.Using cost principle to analyze profit and loss,as long as the working area reach 284.2 hm~2 the spending and profit will be equal.Through the sensitivity analysis,it is clear that the fee per hectare,the service life and utilization are the main factors affecting economic benefits.
引文
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