突发事件中地方政府责任研究
摘要
当前,世界正处在一个突发事件频发的时期,我国也是突发事件频发的国家之一。大小不一的自然灾害,各种灾难性的公共安全事件,空难矿难事件层出不穷,所有这些突发事件对我国地方政府来说都是一个巨大的考验。新时期下,我国在应对突发事件中已经取得一些成果,但是我们必须清醒的认识到我国地方政府在责任的履行方面仍然存在很多缺位。在突发事件中,中央政府和地方政府承担的责任是不相同的,地方政府作为事件的第一应对机构,对突发事件的整个应对过程有着不可推卸的责任。因此,探讨突发事件中地方政府的责任问题还是十分必要的。另外,当前以突发事件为背景的地方政府责任研究比较少,所以存在一些研究空间。笔者希望在前人研究的基础之上,通过阅读大量的文献资料,以突发事件为大背景,站在地方政府的角度,以地方政府责任为突破口进行论述研究,以期说明一定的问题。
地方政府责任是一个值得研究的问题,特别是在突发事件发生时,其责任问题更是应该深入探讨。笔者在充分利用现有文献资料,在熟读相关法律之后,了解当前我国地方政府在应对突发事件的现状,对突发事件中地方政府责任作了比较全面系统地分析和探讨,同时提出了一些强化突发事件中地方政府责任的对策建议。
第一,说明目前突发事件中我国地方政府责任研究的现状:纵观各类文献,侧重于政府责任研究角度的并不是很多。有学者对危机管理中的政府责任进行了相关界定;关于政府责任和责任政府,部分学者将二者加以区分。还有一些相关的著作较为完整的阐述了危机事件中政府责任。但是,在危机事件中没有将中央政府的责任和地方政府的责任分清楚。
第二,通过文献的整理阅读,对相关概念加以界定:突发公共事件的内涵,政府责任的内涵,地方政府责任的内涵,突发事件中地方政府责任的内容等。第三,在对突发事件中地方政府责任履行现状分析的基础上,通过大量案例提出突发事件中我国地方政府责任存在的主要问题:对事件的危险性估计不足,当地政府预警工作缺位,责任追究不到位,部分地方政府仍然存在信息不公开的现象等。
第四,针对目前我国地方政府在突发事件中存在的问题,深刻分析导致这些问题的原因所在:地方政府官员危机责任意识淡薄,官本位思想,错误的政绩观以及问责制度的不完善等。
第五,笔者在对产生问题的原因分析的基础上,提出了强化突发事件中我国地方政府责任的一些相关的对策建议,将责任的强化分为突发事件前、中、后分别阐述,主要包括以下措施:强化地方政府官员的危机责任意识,建立健全地方政府危机监控制度,建立健全突发事件的预警机制,建立健全我国地方政府的沟通协调机制,建立有效的社会动员机制,完善地方政府绩效评估体系,健全地方政府的问责制度,建立健全信息反馈机制等。
笔者希望通过本文的撰写,能提高我国地方政府对突发事件中的责任的意识,为今后地方政府应对突发事件提供些许参考价值。
Currently, it is a period of frequent incidents in the world. China is also an emergency-prone countries. Sizes of natural disasters, catastrophic events of public safety, crash mine incident after another, all of these unexpected events is a huge challenge for the local government of China. New era, China has been in responding to emergencies with some success, but we have a clear understanding of the responsibilities of local government, there are still many vacant in respect to the performance. In emergencies, the central government and local government responsibility is not the same, the local government as the event's first response agencies, to respond to emergencies has not shirk responsibility. Therefore, there are still some research spaces to discuss emergency responsibilities of Local Government. I hope that the basis of previous research, through reading a lot of data analysis and integration of unexpected events to the background, standing on the perspective of local government to local governments as a starting point for discussion of the responsibility to explain some problems .
Local government responsibility is a question worthy of study, particularly in the emergency occurs, the responsibility is great. In emergency course of the study of specific responsibility of Local Government, the authors make full use of the existing literature and familiar with relevant laws, the understanding of local government in responding to the current emergency situation, the responsibility of local governments in emergencies made more comprehensive and systematic analysis and discussion, and proposed a number of unexpected events to strengthen the responsibility of Local Government in the path of choice.
First, the study of the status of local government responsibility in present emergency: throughout the various types of literature, focusing on the responsibility of the government point of view is not a lot. Some scholars of crisis management carried out in the relevant definition of government responsibility; on government accountability and responsible government, some scholars distinguish between the two. There are some works related to a more complete exposition of the crisis in the government responsibility. However, there is no crisis in the responsibility of the central and local government's responsibility to distinguish.
Second, sorting through the literature read, to define the relevant concepts: the meaning of public emergencies, the connotation of government responsibility, the responsibility of the content of the local government, emergencies and other local government.
Third, to fulfill based on the analysis of the local government the responsibility in the emergency situation, put forward by a large number of emergency cases in the local government the responsibility of the main problems: the danger of underestimation of the event, the absence of early warning for local government, accountability is not in place, some local governments still exist the phenomena of information is not public.
Fourth, our local government for the current problems in emergencies, profound analysis of the reason leading to such problems: the responsibility of local government officials weak sense of crisis, thinking of official based, wrong view of achievements nd imperfect accountability system .
Fifth, based on the cause of the problem in the analysis, clarify the process, the issue of local government, I pin on the proposed enhanced emergency responsibilities of local government in a number of related suggestions which has before during and after described in the whole process. Including the following measures: strengthening local government officials, the crisis of responsibility, establish a sound risk control system of local government, establish and improve emergency warning systems, establish and improve communication and coordination of local government mechanism to establish effective social mobilization mechanisms, and improve local government performance evaluation system, a sound system of accountability of local governments to establish and improve information feedback mechanism.
Through the writing of this article, I hope that it can improve responsibilities of our local government with emergencies awareness, it can provide some reference value for our local government in the future .
地方政府责任是一个值得研究的问题,特别是在突发事件发生时,其责任问题更是应该深入探讨。笔者在充分利用现有文献资料,在熟读相关法律之后,了解当前我国地方政府在应对突发事件的现状,对突发事件中地方政府责任作了比较全面系统地分析和探讨,同时提出了一些强化突发事件中地方政府责任的对策建议。
第一,说明目前突发事件中我国地方政府责任研究的现状:纵观各类文献,侧重于政府责任研究角度的并不是很多。有学者对危机管理中的政府责任进行了相关界定;关于政府责任和责任政府,部分学者将二者加以区分。还有一些相关的著作较为完整的阐述了危机事件中政府责任。但是,在危机事件中没有将中央政府的责任和地方政府的责任分清楚。
第二,通过文献的整理阅读,对相关概念加以界定:突发公共事件的内涵,政府责任的内涵,地方政府责任的内涵,突发事件中地方政府责任的内容等。第三,在对突发事件中地方政府责任履行现状分析的基础上,通过大量案例提出突发事件中我国地方政府责任存在的主要问题:对事件的危险性估计不足,当地政府预警工作缺位,责任追究不到位,部分地方政府仍然存在信息不公开的现象等。
第四,针对目前我国地方政府在突发事件中存在的问题,深刻分析导致这些问题的原因所在:地方政府官员危机责任意识淡薄,官本位思想,错误的政绩观以及问责制度的不完善等。
第五,笔者在对产生问题的原因分析的基础上,提出了强化突发事件中我国地方政府责任的一些相关的对策建议,将责任的强化分为突发事件前、中、后分别阐述,主要包括以下措施:强化地方政府官员的危机责任意识,建立健全地方政府危机监控制度,建立健全突发事件的预警机制,建立健全我国地方政府的沟通协调机制,建立有效的社会动员机制,完善地方政府绩效评估体系,健全地方政府的问责制度,建立健全信息反馈机制等。
笔者希望通过本文的撰写,能提高我国地方政府对突发事件中的责任的意识,为今后地方政府应对突发事件提供些许参考价值。
Currently, it is a period of frequent incidents in the world. China is also an emergency-prone countries. Sizes of natural disasters, catastrophic events of public safety, crash mine incident after another, all of these unexpected events is a huge challenge for the local government of China. New era, China has been in responding to emergencies with some success, but we have a clear understanding of the responsibilities of local government, there are still many vacant in respect to the performance. In emergencies, the central government and local government responsibility is not the same, the local government as the event's first response agencies, to respond to emergencies has not shirk responsibility. Therefore, there are still some research spaces to discuss emergency responsibilities of Local Government. I hope that the basis of previous research, through reading a lot of data analysis and integration of unexpected events to the background, standing on the perspective of local government to local governments as a starting point for discussion of the responsibility to explain some problems .
Local government responsibility is a question worthy of study, particularly in the emergency occurs, the responsibility is great. In emergency course of the study of specific responsibility of Local Government, the authors make full use of the existing literature and familiar with relevant laws, the understanding of local government in responding to the current emergency situation, the responsibility of local governments in emergencies made more comprehensive and systematic analysis and discussion, and proposed a number of unexpected events to strengthen the responsibility of Local Government in the path of choice.
First, the study of the status of local government responsibility in present emergency: throughout the various types of literature, focusing on the responsibility of the government point of view is not a lot. Some scholars of crisis management carried out in the relevant definition of government responsibility; on government accountability and responsible government, some scholars distinguish between the two. There are some works related to a more complete exposition of the crisis in the government responsibility. However, there is no crisis in the responsibility of the central and local government's responsibility to distinguish.
Second, sorting through the literature read, to define the relevant concepts: the meaning of public emergencies, the connotation of government responsibility, the responsibility of the content of the local government, emergencies and other local government.
Third, to fulfill based on the analysis of the local government the responsibility in the emergency situation, put forward by a large number of emergency cases in the local government the responsibility of the main problems: the danger of underestimation of the event, the absence of early warning for local government, accountability is not in place, some local governments still exist the phenomena of information is not public.
Fourth, our local government for the current problems in emergencies, profound analysis of the reason leading to such problems: the responsibility of local government officials weak sense of crisis, thinking of official based, wrong view of achievements nd imperfect accountability system .
Fifth, based on the cause of the problem in the analysis, clarify the process, the issue of local government, I pin on the proposed enhanced emergency responsibilities of local government in a number of related suggestions which has before during and after described in the whole process. Including the following measures: strengthening local government officials, the crisis of responsibility, establish a sound risk control system of local government, establish and improve emergency warning systems, establish and improve communication and coordination of local government mechanism to establish effective social mobilization mechanisms, and improve local government performance evaluation system, a sound system of accountability of local governments to establish and improve information feedback mechanism.
Through the writing of this article, I hope that it can improve responsibilities of our local government with emergencies awareness, it can provide some reference value for our local government in the future .
引文
[1] George A.Steiner and John F.Steiner.Business.Government and Society[M].Palatino.1997.
[2][美]托夫勒.未来的冲击[M].北京:新华出版社.1996.
[3][美]罗伯特.希斯著.危机管理[M].王成等,译.北京:中信出版社.2001.
[4]陈晓明等.意识形态建设理论的新发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.2008.09.
[5]陈百助.危机管理一当最坏情况发生时[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.2003-73.
[6]邹铭等.减灾救灾[M].中国社会出版社.2009.12.
[7]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1957.
[8]喻国明,张洪忠.突发公共危机背景下的传播路径、效果与策略研究[M].中国人民大学出版社.2003.118.
[9]詹文都.政府公共关系[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社.2004. 25.
[10]任健雄等.公务员素质概论[M].天津:天津人民出版社.1987.
[11]周文生.政府职能创新[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社.2007.
[12]刘铁民.重大事故应急体系建设[J].劳动保护.2004(4).
[13]李军鹏.衡量政府责任的五个方面[J].学习时报.2007.10.(6).
[14]陈德科,朱丙军.当前我国公务员危机责任意识淡薄现象浅析[J].管理学研究.2010.(2).
[15]孟卫东.完善我国政府问责制的对策思考[J].观察与思考. 2008.(2).
[16]张成福.责任政府论[J].中国人民大学学报.2000(2).
[17]叶靖.政府危机管理问题探讨[J].行政与法.2003,(1):31
[18]黄晓军.从非典事件看我国政府的危机管理制度创新[J].中国行政管理.2003.(7).
[19]顾爱华.中国公共行政责任与追究制度探讨[J].中国行政管理.2002(8).
[20]王小璐.公共危机与价值失范[J].社会科学家.2003(9).
[21]王晓成.论公共危机中的政府公共关系[J].上海师范大学学报.200(11).22-27
[22]晁阳.我国公共危机事件预警机制建设刍议[J].天中学刊.2009.(8).4.
[23]张春满.社会转型时期的地方政府责任[J].华东政法大学.2008.(12).
[24]覃小旅,朱庆华.突发事件信息管理系统的构建[J].电子政务.2005( 3).
[25]孙发友.从“人本位”到“事本位”[J].现代传播.2001(2).
[26]莫于川.我国的公共应急法制建设[J].中国人民大学学报.2003(4).
[27]张成福.危机管理:全面整合的模式与中国的战略选择[J].中国行政管理.2003(7).
[28]万军,汪军.应急管理中的政府责任和权力综述[J].兰州学刊.2004(4).
[29]范海珍.公共危机治理中的政府责任[J].中共铜仁地委党校学报.2010(1).
[30]张维平.突发公共事件预警机制的体系构建[J].中国地质大学学报.2006.9.
[31]陈国权.论责任政府及其实现过程中的监督作用[J].浙江大学学报.2001.3.
[32]陈玲.突发事件应急管理预警机制研究[J].黑龙江对外经贸.2009. (11).
[33]李铁明.论强化政府责任[J].求索.2004.(2).
[34]冯涛.我国公共安全事故中的政府责任研究[D].河南大学.2009.5.
[35]许丰.公共危机中我国政府公共关系能力提升的研究[D].中南大学.2006.12.
[36]金慧,魏丽.应急管理中的政府责任及措施[J].政法行政. 2008.(11).
[37]李海梅.论突发公共事件中政府形象建设[D].四川大学.2007.5.
[38]储志峰.论转型期我国政府危机管理[D].华中师范大学.2006.5.
[39]冯涛.我国公共安全事故中的政府责任研究[D].河南大学.2009.5.
[40]黄开腾.政府危机决策体制完善和创新研究[D].重庆:重庆大学贸易与行政学院.2007.
[41]吴云霞.政府责任与责任政府—我国责任政府建设实践途径研究[D].南京理工大学.2007.6.
[42]李春林.公共危机管理中的政府责任研究[D].四川大学.2007.5.
[1]http://news.qq.com/a/20100809/001996.htm.甘南州政府网
[2]http://news.dili360.com/zhdl/dzzh/2010/0817/28549.shtml.中国国家地理网
[3]http://www.chinaluxus.com/Enpr/Efs/2010/08/20100810064812938.html.中奢网
[4]http://news.163.com/10/0621/10/69MQ08270001124J.html.大河网
1《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》总则第三十八条,三十九条。
1陈晓明等:《意识形态建设理论的新发展》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.09版第146页。
1[美]托夫勒,《未来的冲击》,北京新华出版社,1996年版第201页。
2陈百助,《危机管理——当最坏情况发生时》,上海复旦大学出版社,2003年版第73页。
1孙发友,《从“人本位”到“事本位”》,现代传播,2001年第2期,第35页。
[2][美]托夫勒.未来的冲击[M].北京:新华出版社.1996.
[3][美]罗伯特.希斯著.危机管理[M].王成等,译.北京:中信出版社.2001.
[4]陈晓明等.意识形态建设理论的新发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.2008.09.
[5]陈百助.危机管理一当最坏情况发生时[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.2003-73.
[6]邹铭等.减灾救灾[M].中国社会出版社.2009.12.
[7]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1957.
[8]喻国明,张洪忠.突发公共危机背景下的传播路径、效果与策略研究[M].中国人民大学出版社.2003.118.
[9]詹文都.政府公共关系[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社.2004. 25.
[10]任健雄等.公务员素质概论[M].天津:天津人民出版社.1987.
[11]周文生.政府职能创新[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社.2007.
[12]刘铁民.重大事故应急体系建设[J].劳动保护.2004(4).
[13]李军鹏.衡量政府责任的五个方面[J].学习时报.2007.10.(6).
[14]陈德科,朱丙军.当前我国公务员危机责任意识淡薄现象浅析[J].管理学研究.2010.(2).
[15]孟卫东.完善我国政府问责制的对策思考[J].观察与思考. 2008.(2).
[16]张成福.责任政府论[J].中国人民大学学报.2000(2).
[17]叶靖.政府危机管理问题探讨[J].行政与法.2003,(1):31
[18]黄晓军.从非典事件看我国政府的危机管理制度创新[J].中国行政管理.2003.(7).
[19]顾爱华.中国公共行政责任与追究制度探讨[J].中国行政管理.2002(8).
[20]王小璐.公共危机与价值失范[J].社会科学家.2003(9).
[21]王晓成.论公共危机中的政府公共关系[J].上海师范大学学报.200(11).22-27
[22]晁阳.我国公共危机事件预警机制建设刍议[J].天中学刊.2009.(8).4.
[23]张春满.社会转型时期的地方政府责任[J].华东政法大学.2008.(12).
[24]覃小旅,朱庆华.突发事件信息管理系统的构建[J].电子政务.2005( 3).
[25]孙发友.从“人本位”到“事本位”[J].现代传播.2001(2).
[26]莫于川.我国的公共应急法制建设[J].中国人民大学学报.2003(4).
[27]张成福.危机管理:全面整合的模式与中国的战略选择[J].中国行政管理.2003(7).
[28]万军,汪军.应急管理中的政府责任和权力综述[J].兰州学刊.2004(4).
[29]范海珍.公共危机治理中的政府责任[J].中共铜仁地委党校学报.2010(1).
[30]张维平.突发公共事件预警机制的体系构建[J].中国地质大学学报.2006.9.
[31]陈国权.论责任政府及其实现过程中的监督作用[J].浙江大学学报.2001.3.
[32]陈玲.突发事件应急管理预警机制研究[J].黑龙江对外经贸.2009. (11).
[33]李铁明.论强化政府责任[J].求索.2004.(2).
[34]冯涛.我国公共安全事故中的政府责任研究[D].河南大学.2009.5.
[35]许丰.公共危机中我国政府公共关系能力提升的研究[D].中南大学.2006.12.
[36]金慧,魏丽.应急管理中的政府责任及措施[J].政法行政. 2008.(11).
[37]李海梅.论突发公共事件中政府形象建设[D].四川大学.2007.5.
[38]储志峰.论转型期我国政府危机管理[D].华中师范大学.2006.5.
[39]冯涛.我国公共安全事故中的政府责任研究[D].河南大学.2009.5.
[40]黄开腾.政府危机决策体制完善和创新研究[D].重庆:重庆大学贸易与行政学院.2007.
[41]吴云霞.政府责任与责任政府—我国责任政府建设实践途径研究[D].南京理工大学.2007.6.
[42]李春林.公共危机管理中的政府责任研究[D].四川大学.2007.5.
[1]http://news.qq.com/a/20100809/001996.htm.甘南州政府网
[2]http://news.dili360.com/zhdl/dzzh/2010/0817/28549.shtml.中国国家地理网
[3]http://www.chinaluxus.com/Enpr/Efs/2010/08/20100810064812938.html.中奢网
[4]http://news.163.com/10/0621/10/69MQ08270001124J.html.大河网
1《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》总则第三十八条,三十九条。
1陈晓明等:《意识形态建设理论的新发展》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.09版第146页。
1[美]托夫勒,《未来的冲击》,北京新华出版社,1996年版第201页。
2陈百助,《危机管理——当最坏情况发生时》,上海复旦大学出版社,2003年版第73页。
1孙发友,《从“人本位”到“事本位”》,现代传播,2001年第2期,第35页。