区域环境友好度评价方法研究
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摘要
“环境友好”(Environmentally friendly)理念在1992年里约峰会提出以后,其内容得到不断的丰富和发展,涉及的范围涵盖了生产、消费、技术等众多领域。2005年,我国政府正式将建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会确定为国家“十一五”国民经济与社会发展规划的一项战略任务,有关环境友好的理论研究成为了学术讨论的前沿和热点。目前,环境友好的理论研究主要集中在其概念和内涵层面上的一般性讨论,而关于定量评价的理论与方法研究,正处于不断探索和发展阶段,尚未形成完整的、成熟的概念体系和研究框架。本文基于可持续发展、经济增长理论和环境经济学等理论,根据国内外相关研究成果,采用理论研究和实证分析方法,研究了区域环境友好度评价的理论方法及应用问题。
1、区域环境友好度概念内涵的界定。根据学者关于环境友好理念的观点,结合人类经济行为与环境的辨证关系,本文界定了区域环境友好度概念内涵,即区域环境友好度是用来评价在一定的时空范围内,基于区域生态环境承载水平的人类经济行为对环境的影响程度。通过界定环境友好度概念来评价人类经济行为对环境的影响程度,以此作为政策制定者衡量和监测区域经济发展是否朝着环境友好方向进展的评价指标,进而识别区域经济发展战略和发展方式是否具有可持续性。
2、区域环境友好度评价模型的构建。根据国内外可持续发展评价和区域环境质量评价研究成果,论文依据国际上比较通用的PSR概念模型,应用理论分析法、频度统计法和专家咨询方法,构建区域环境友好度评价指标体系。该指标体系由15个指标构成,涵盖了环境压力、环境承载水平和环境治理三个方面。依据各评价指标的特性以及国内外相关标准,文章确定了区域环境友好度的评价标准和等级。根据评价区域环境友好度问题结构特点,从矢量投影的角度,应用灰色决策方法,建立了评价区域环境友好度的灰色关联投影模犁。
3、区域环境友好度评价。基于中部六省的环境经济数据,应用区域环境友好度评价模型,实证评估了中部六省的2000—2005年环境友好度。评价结果为:(1)从环境友好度等级来看,中部六省整体处于等级较低的Ⅲ级水平;(2)从环境友好度走势来看,中部六省环境友好度都是呈下降趋势。这表明各省经济发展行为对环境并不友好,经济一环境系统存所考察的年度处于不协调的发展状态。评价结果基本上反映了中部地区经济活动对环境的影响程度,一方面证明了该评价方法可行性和实用价值;另一方面反映了中部地区经济增长是以牺牲环境资源为代价的。面临脆弱的环境承载能力,转变现行增长方式对中部六省来讲十分迫切。
4、区域环境友好度影响因素实证研究。本文基于环境影响因素的理论研究基础,构建了环境友好度影响因素及作用机理的概念模型,实证分析了中部地区影响环境友好度的主要因素,包括:经济规模与水平、工业化、城市化、人力资本、技术进步及制度因素(包括政府、市场和社会机制)等。在理论分析基础上,运用多元统计分析方法验汪了各影响因素与环境友好度相关性的方向与大小,研究发现中部地区处于工业化初期阶段的低水平的产业结构及偏重型的工业结构是关键因素。基于中部地区环境友好度影响因素实证研究结果,本文进一步讨论了研究结论及其经济、产业、环境和科技方面的政策启示,以促进中部地区转变传统的经济增长方式,实现环境友好型经济发展模式,进而实现中部绿色崛起。
The concept of Environmentally Friendly, after first being put forward at Rio Earth Summit in 1992, has been broadened and adopted in various fields from production to consumption, and technology. In 2005, Chinese government proposed a major strategic task in the officially issued Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social development Plan; that is to build China into a resource-efficient and environment-friendly society. At present theoretical study of Environmentally friendly has become a hot issue and frontier science in academic circle. However, these studies on the environmentally friendly concept mainly focus on the explanation and discussion of its connotation, with few touching on the quantitative evaluation of environment-friendly. This paper, on the basis of relative studies home and abroad, adopting both theoretical study and case study, focuses on the theory and application of regional environment friendly degree evaluation. Besides, the paper employs the theories of sustainable development, economic development and environmental economics to conduct the study.
1. The definition of Regional Environment Friendly Degree. Based on scholars' views of environmentally friendly, considering the dialectical relationship between human economic activity and environment, this paper defines the connotation of regional environment friendly degree as follows: regional environment friendly degree is to indicate to what extent human economic activity confined to a regional environmental bearing capacity affects environment in a certain time and space. Besides, environment friendly degree which indicates the impact of human economic activity on environment can be referred to by police makers when measuring and monitoring the regional economic development to see whether it is environmentally friendly and when judging whether the regional economic development strategy and mode is sustainable.
2. The construction of Regional Environment Friendly Evaluation Model. Based on the studies of sustainable development evaluation and regional environment evaluation made home and abroad, this paper constructs regional environment friendly degree indicator system. In doing so, the paper employs the established PSR Model, applies such methods as theoretical analysis and frequency statistics as well as consults the experts. The indicator system, which includes 15 indicators, is composed of three aspects: environment pressure, environment bearing capacity and environment management. Considering the characteristic of every evaluation indicator and the related criteria made both home and abroad, this paper first formulates the criteria and scale of the regional environment friendly degree. The paper then by applying the Grey system theory and from the angle of Vector Projection, builds a Grey Relation Projection Model to evaluate the regional environmental friendly degree.
3. Case study of Regional Environment Friendly Evaluation. On the basis of the environmental economies data of six provinces in Central China, by applying regional environmental degree evaluation model, this paper conducts case study of environmental friendly degrees in these six provinces from 2000 to 2005. The evaluation results are as follows: (1) From the point of environmental friendly scale, the six provinces in general belonged to the relatively low level of environmental degree, i.e. Level III. (2) From the point of tendency of environment friendly degree, the six provinces all trended downwards. These results suggest that during the period of 2000-2005, the economic activities in these six provinces were all unfriendly to environment and the economy-environment system was not in harmony. In conclusion, the evaluation results, which essentially reflect the impact of economic activities in Central China on environment, on the one hand, prove the feasibility and application value of the evaluation model; on the other hand, suggest that economic development in Central China was achieved at the cost of environment and resources. Thus, in view of the fragile environment bearing capability, it is urgent to change the present economic development mode in central China.
4. Analysis of affecting factors and mechanism of regional environment friendly degree. The paper constructs the concept model of affecting factors and mechanism of regional environment friendly degree. Then it conducts case studies of major affecting factors of environment friendly degree in Central China, which consist of scale and level of economies, industrialization, urbanization, human capital, technology development and institution (including government, market and society), etc. Based on theoretical analysis, this paper further applies multivariate statistical analysis to verify the correlation between every affecting factor and environment friendly degree. The study indicates that underdeveloped industrial structure and heavy industry-oriented industrial structure can affect environment friendly degree to a great extent. Building upon case study results of regional environment friendly degree in Central China, this paper further discusses the research results and economy, industrial,environment, science and technology policy implications, so as to promote the change of traditional economic development mode, and the realization of the environment friendly economic development mode in Central China.
1、区域环境友好度概念内涵的界定。根据学者关于环境友好理念的观点,结合人类经济行为与环境的辨证关系,本文界定了区域环境友好度概念内涵,即区域环境友好度是用来评价在一定的时空范围内,基于区域生态环境承载水平的人类经济行为对环境的影响程度。通过界定环境友好度概念来评价人类经济行为对环境的影响程度,以此作为政策制定者衡量和监测区域经济发展是否朝着环境友好方向进展的评价指标,进而识别区域经济发展战略和发展方式是否具有可持续性。
2、区域环境友好度评价模型的构建。根据国内外可持续发展评价和区域环境质量评价研究成果,论文依据国际上比较通用的PSR概念模型,应用理论分析法、频度统计法和专家咨询方法,构建区域环境友好度评价指标体系。该指标体系由15个指标构成,涵盖了环境压力、环境承载水平和环境治理三个方面。依据各评价指标的特性以及国内外相关标准,文章确定了区域环境友好度的评价标准和等级。根据评价区域环境友好度问题结构特点,从矢量投影的角度,应用灰色决策方法,建立了评价区域环境友好度的灰色关联投影模犁。
3、区域环境友好度评价。基于中部六省的环境经济数据,应用区域环境友好度评价模型,实证评估了中部六省的2000—2005年环境友好度。评价结果为:(1)从环境友好度等级来看,中部六省整体处于等级较低的Ⅲ级水平;(2)从环境友好度走势来看,中部六省环境友好度都是呈下降趋势。这表明各省经济发展行为对环境并不友好,经济一环境系统存所考察的年度处于不协调的发展状态。评价结果基本上反映了中部地区经济活动对环境的影响程度,一方面证明了该评价方法可行性和实用价值;另一方面反映了中部地区经济增长是以牺牲环境资源为代价的。面临脆弱的环境承载能力,转变现行增长方式对中部六省来讲十分迫切。
4、区域环境友好度影响因素实证研究。本文基于环境影响因素的理论研究基础,构建了环境友好度影响因素及作用机理的概念模型,实证分析了中部地区影响环境友好度的主要因素,包括:经济规模与水平、工业化、城市化、人力资本、技术进步及制度因素(包括政府、市场和社会机制)等。在理论分析基础上,运用多元统计分析方法验汪了各影响因素与环境友好度相关性的方向与大小,研究发现中部地区处于工业化初期阶段的低水平的产业结构及偏重型的工业结构是关键因素。基于中部地区环境友好度影响因素实证研究结果,本文进一步讨论了研究结论及其经济、产业、环境和科技方面的政策启示,以促进中部地区转变传统的经济增长方式,实现环境友好型经济发展模式,进而实现中部绿色崛起。
The concept of Environmentally Friendly, after first being put forward at Rio Earth Summit in 1992, has been broadened and adopted in various fields from production to consumption, and technology. In 2005, Chinese government proposed a major strategic task in the officially issued Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social development Plan; that is to build China into a resource-efficient and environment-friendly society. At present theoretical study of Environmentally friendly has become a hot issue and frontier science in academic circle. However, these studies on the environmentally friendly concept mainly focus on the explanation and discussion of its connotation, with few touching on the quantitative evaluation of environment-friendly. This paper, on the basis of relative studies home and abroad, adopting both theoretical study and case study, focuses on the theory and application of regional environment friendly degree evaluation. Besides, the paper employs the theories of sustainable development, economic development and environmental economics to conduct the study.
1. The definition of Regional Environment Friendly Degree. Based on scholars' views of environmentally friendly, considering the dialectical relationship between human economic activity and environment, this paper defines the connotation of regional environment friendly degree as follows: regional environment friendly degree is to indicate to what extent human economic activity confined to a regional environmental bearing capacity affects environment in a certain time and space. Besides, environment friendly degree which indicates the impact of human economic activity on environment can be referred to by police makers when measuring and monitoring the regional economic development to see whether it is environmentally friendly and when judging whether the regional economic development strategy and mode is sustainable.
2. The construction of Regional Environment Friendly Evaluation Model. Based on the studies of sustainable development evaluation and regional environment evaluation made home and abroad, this paper constructs regional environment friendly degree indicator system. In doing so, the paper employs the established PSR Model, applies such methods as theoretical analysis and frequency statistics as well as consults the experts. The indicator system, which includes 15 indicators, is composed of three aspects: environment pressure, environment bearing capacity and environment management. Considering the characteristic of every evaluation indicator and the related criteria made both home and abroad, this paper first formulates the criteria and scale of the regional environment friendly degree. The paper then by applying the Grey system theory and from the angle of Vector Projection, builds a Grey Relation Projection Model to evaluate the regional environmental friendly degree.
3. Case study of Regional Environment Friendly Evaluation. On the basis of the environmental economies data of six provinces in Central China, by applying regional environmental degree evaluation model, this paper conducts case study of environmental friendly degrees in these six provinces from 2000 to 2005. The evaluation results are as follows: (1) From the point of environmental friendly scale, the six provinces in general belonged to the relatively low level of environmental degree, i.e. Level III. (2) From the point of tendency of environment friendly degree, the six provinces all trended downwards. These results suggest that during the period of 2000-2005, the economic activities in these six provinces were all unfriendly to environment and the economy-environment system was not in harmony. In conclusion, the evaluation results, which essentially reflect the impact of economic activities in Central China on environment, on the one hand, prove the feasibility and application value of the evaluation model; on the other hand, suggest that economic development in Central China was achieved at the cost of environment and resources. Thus, in view of the fragile environment bearing capability, it is urgent to change the present economic development mode in central China.
4. Analysis of affecting factors and mechanism of regional environment friendly degree. The paper constructs the concept model of affecting factors and mechanism of regional environment friendly degree. Then it conducts case studies of major affecting factors of environment friendly degree in Central China, which consist of scale and level of economies, industrialization, urbanization, human capital, technology development and institution (including government, market and society), etc. Based on theoretical analysis, this paper further applies multivariate statistical analysis to verify the correlation between every affecting factor and environment friendly degree. The study indicates that underdeveloped industrial structure and heavy industry-oriented industrial structure can affect environment friendly degree to a great extent. Building upon case study results of regional environment friendly degree in Central China, this paper further discusses the research results and economy, industrial,environment, science and technology policy implications, so as to promote the change of traditional economic development mode, and the realization of the environment friendly economic development mode in Central China.
引文
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