污水源热泵系统取水换热过程流化除垢与强化换热方法
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摘要
城市污水、江河水、湖水、地下水、海水等是理想的低位冷热源，这些水体以城市污水水质最差，污水源热泵系统在实际工程遇到的问题最为突出，主要表现在污物堵塞换热设备、污垢严重与换热性能低下等方面。本文针对污水中小尺度污物所引起的污垢等问题开展研究，首先探讨污水取水换热过程中污垢的形成机理，进而将流化床换热技术引入污水源热泵系统取水换热过程的防、除垢应用中，理论分析与实验研究均表明流化床换热技术可有效解决污水中小尺度污物所引起的污垢等问题，其在污水源热泵系统中有着广阔的应用前景，本文主要工作及结论如下：
(1)针对污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中的污垢特征，将污垢的形成过程分为五个部分，将污垢的附着机制分为物理．化学机制与微生物机制；将污水源热泵系统取水换热中的污垢分为紧贴壁面的黏膜层与黏膜生长增厚层；基于污垢在紧贴壁面的黏膜层与黏膜生长增厚层中受力不同的特点，考虑到城市污水中微生物自身的生理特性，采用Kern-Seacon模型探讨了污水源热泵系统取水换热中污垢的形成机理，解释了增大流速可以抑制污垢与高流速条件下污垢仍然存在的原因，指出了彻底解决污水源热泵系统取水换热中污垢问题的关键在于形成剥离力大于附着力的状态。
(2)探讨了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中垢层的力学性能，紧贴换热壁面的污垢所能承受的最大破坏应力超过100Pa。在污水源热泵系统取水换热中对流化固体粒子防、除垢机理起主要作用的是液固两相流对垢层的剪应力与固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力，考虑碰撞应力以接触面中心成对称分布的特点，修正了已有碰撞应力模型，对剪应力与碰撞应力进行分析表明剪应力随着循环流速与固体粒子的体积分率增大而增大，固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力随着固体粒子径向速度和密度的增大而增大，液固两相流对垢层的剪应力的数量级是帕，而固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力数量级在千帕以上，单靠剪应力的增大无法达到垢层的最大破坏应力。固体粒子对垢层的随机碰撞可视为垢层受到的碰撞应力是交变出现，具有疲劳特征，引入疲劳理论解释了流化床技术防、除垢的机理。初步探讨了固体粒子的强化换热机理，其主要表现在减轻或者彻底清除污垢热阻与提高污水的对流换热系数。
(3)总结出液固循环流化床防、除垢主要作用机制：污垢层较稀松的物质随着液固流化床壁面剪应力的增大而被带走；污垢层粘附比较紧密的物质在液固流化床中固体粒子的碰撞应力作用下，变的比较疏松，进而在剪应力的带动下脱离污垢层；紧贴壁面黏着十分牢靠的污垢，在固体粒子的随机碰撞下，污垢层受到周期性的碰撞应力作用，在疲劳机制下，垢层上逐渐产生裂纹，直至脱落进入主流中；固体粒子对垢层的随机碰撞，阻止污垢物质沉积到壁面以及污垢物质在壁面上的生长。
(4)目前流化床换热技术中的固液分离器需采用动力设备进行固液分离，需消耗额外的动力，本文开发了一种流化床换热器的固液分离装置，在流化床换热设备的水源出口上安装无动力的重力沉降式固液分离器，在不增加额外能耗的基础上，实现了完全将固体粒子从液体中分离出来进入换热设备循环使用。
(5)搭建单管式液固流化床换热器实验系统，基于Delphi编程语言自主开发了测试分析软件，进行了液固流化床换热器的流动特性、防、除垢特性及换热特性的实验研究。实验结果表明加入粒子后无论是清水还是污水的压降均出现不同程度的增加，并且加入钢球后的压降明显大于加入沙子和无粒子的压降，液固流化床换热器可有效抑制污垢的增长并实现在线清洗，有着明显的强化换热功效。
(6)对流化除垢与强化换热式污水源热泵系统进行了初步研究，开发了旋转板式和旋转筒式过滤取水装置，采用自动反洗装置将大型污物去除，从而保证系统流量充足稳定，解决了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中的堵塞问题。结合自动除污取水装置与流化床换热技术，提出一套高效利用低位冷热源的方法，有效解决了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中出现的污物堵塞换热设备、换热性能低与污垢严重等问题。
Urban sewage, river water, ground water and seawater are generally acknowledged as ideal cool and heat sources of heat pump system. But these waters quality can't conform to correlative standard of heat-transfer equipment, and urban sewage quality is the worst. There are obstruction and pollution problems in sewage source heat pump (SSHP) system project, flow and heat-transfer characteristics are unknown, high thermal resistance resulted by fouling in heat exchanger restricts the application of SSHP. The paper studies the fouling forming mechanism, and then applies solid-liquid fluidized bed technique for fouling prevention and removing of SSHP system. The results of theory and experiment show that solid-liquid fluidized bed technique can effectively solve the fouling problem in SSHP system and have wide application foreground in SSHP system. The main contents of the paper are as follows:
(1) According to fouling characteristics of SSHP system, fouling forming process is divided into five processes, adhesion mechanism into physical-chemistry mechanism and microbe mechanism and fouling of SSHP system into two layers: mucous membrane and its growth. Based on Kern-Seaton model, taking different stress of fouling in different fouling layer and microbe physiology into account, the paper explains the reason high velocity can prevent and remove fouling and high velocity can't absolutely remove fouling, indicates key way of removing fouling is that adhesion stress is less than peeling stress.
(2) The destroyed stress of fouling of SSHP system is discussed, shearing stress model of solid-liquid fluidized bed heat-exchanger is analyzed, and collision stress model is modified. It shows that shearing stress increases with particle hold-up and circulating velocity, collision stress increases with particle density and particle radial velocity, and increasing shearing stress can't absolutely remove fouling. The paper explains prevent and remove fouling mechanisms of solid-liquid fluidized bed technique by using fatigue theory, and initially investigates mechanism of strengthening heat transfer.
(3) Main mechanisms of prevent and remove fouling in solid-liquid fluidized bed heat-exchanger is summarized as follows: incompact fouling is removed from tube surface by increasing shearing stress, compact fouling is removed from tube surface by increasing shearing stress and stochastic collision of particle, more compact fouling is destroyed by discontinuous stochastic collision of particle and then is removed from tube surface, and increasing shearing stress and stochastic collision of particle can prevent fouling forming on tube surface.
(4) A new solid-liquid separator is invented, the separator can realize the absolute separation and recirculation use of particle, but it doesn't consume extra energy.
(5) An experimental system of the solid-liquid cycling fluidized bed heat-exchanger (SLCFBE) is built, and the pressure drop and convection coefficient of urban sewage are analyzed by this system. Compared with the conventional shell and tube heat-exchanger, the solid-liquid fluidized bed heat exchanger (SLCFBE) of urban sewage with particle in the liquid can achieve higher convection coefficient, control fouling and on-line clean the system effectively, and the effect of steel ball is better than that of sand, it shows prospect of wide application.
(6) Sewage source heat pump system with solid-liquid fluidized bed technique is studied; intake water devices of rotary plate and rotary plate are invented by using auto-backflushing, which solve the obstruction of heat-exchange equipment because of large scale sewerage in urban sewage. Combining solid-liquid fluidized bed technique with auto-intake water device; a high efficient system of utilization of cooling and heating source of once-through water (urban sewage, river water, ground water, seawater, etc) is presented, which can solve the fouling problem and low convection coefficient.
(1)针对污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中的污垢特征，将污垢的形成过程分为五个部分，将污垢的附着机制分为物理．化学机制与微生物机制；将污水源热泵系统取水换热中的污垢分为紧贴壁面的黏膜层与黏膜生长增厚层；基于污垢在紧贴壁面的黏膜层与黏膜生长增厚层中受力不同的特点，考虑到城市污水中微生物自身的生理特性，采用Kern-Seacon模型探讨了污水源热泵系统取水换热中污垢的形成机理，解释了增大流速可以抑制污垢与高流速条件下污垢仍然存在的原因，指出了彻底解决污水源热泵系统取水换热中污垢问题的关键在于形成剥离力大于附着力的状态。
(2)探讨了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中垢层的力学性能，紧贴换热壁面的污垢所能承受的最大破坏应力超过100Pa。在污水源热泵系统取水换热中对流化固体粒子防、除垢机理起主要作用的是液固两相流对垢层的剪应力与固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力，考虑碰撞应力以接触面中心成对称分布的特点，修正了已有碰撞应力模型，对剪应力与碰撞应力进行分析表明剪应力随着循环流速与固体粒子的体积分率增大而增大，固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力随着固体粒子径向速度和密度的增大而增大，液固两相流对垢层的剪应力的数量级是帕，而固体粒子对垢层的碰撞应力数量级在千帕以上，单靠剪应力的增大无法达到垢层的最大破坏应力。固体粒子对垢层的随机碰撞可视为垢层受到的碰撞应力是交变出现，具有疲劳特征，引入疲劳理论解释了流化床技术防、除垢的机理。初步探讨了固体粒子的强化换热机理，其主要表现在减轻或者彻底清除污垢热阻与提高污水的对流换热系数。
(3)总结出液固循环流化床防、除垢主要作用机制：污垢层较稀松的物质随着液固流化床壁面剪应力的增大而被带走；污垢层粘附比较紧密的物质在液固流化床中固体粒子的碰撞应力作用下，变的比较疏松，进而在剪应力的带动下脱离污垢层；紧贴壁面黏着十分牢靠的污垢，在固体粒子的随机碰撞下，污垢层受到周期性的碰撞应力作用，在疲劳机制下，垢层上逐渐产生裂纹，直至脱落进入主流中；固体粒子对垢层的随机碰撞，阻止污垢物质沉积到壁面以及污垢物质在壁面上的生长。
(4)目前流化床换热技术中的固液分离器需采用动力设备进行固液分离，需消耗额外的动力，本文开发了一种流化床换热器的固液分离装置，在流化床换热设备的水源出口上安装无动力的重力沉降式固液分离器，在不增加额外能耗的基础上，实现了完全将固体粒子从液体中分离出来进入换热设备循环使用。
(5)搭建单管式液固流化床换热器实验系统，基于Delphi编程语言自主开发了测试分析软件，进行了液固流化床换热器的流动特性、防、除垢特性及换热特性的实验研究。实验结果表明加入粒子后无论是清水还是污水的压降均出现不同程度的增加，并且加入钢球后的压降明显大于加入沙子和无粒子的压降，液固流化床换热器可有效抑制污垢的增长并实现在线清洗，有着明显的强化换热功效。
(6)对流化除垢与强化换热式污水源热泵系统进行了初步研究，开发了旋转板式和旋转筒式过滤取水装置，采用自动反洗装置将大型污物去除，从而保证系统流量充足稳定，解决了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中的堵塞问题。结合自动除污取水装置与流化床换热技术，提出一套高效利用低位冷热源的方法，有效解决了污水源热泵系统取水换热过程中出现的污物堵塞换热设备、换热性能低与污垢严重等问题。
Urban sewage, river water, ground water and seawater are generally acknowledged as ideal cool and heat sources of heat pump system. But these waters quality can't conform to correlative standard of heat-transfer equipment, and urban sewage quality is the worst. There are obstruction and pollution problems in sewage source heat pump (SSHP) system project, flow and heat-transfer characteristics are unknown, high thermal resistance resulted by fouling in heat exchanger restricts the application of SSHP. The paper studies the fouling forming mechanism, and then applies solid-liquid fluidized bed technique for fouling prevention and removing of SSHP system. The results of theory and experiment show that solid-liquid fluidized bed technique can effectively solve the fouling problem in SSHP system and have wide application foreground in SSHP system. The main contents of the paper are as follows:
(1) According to fouling characteristics of SSHP system, fouling forming process is divided into five processes, adhesion mechanism into physical-chemistry mechanism and microbe mechanism and fouling of SSHP system into two layers: mucous membrane and its growth. Based on Kern-Seaton model, taking different stress of fouling in different fouling layer and microbe physiology into account, the paper explains the reason high velocity can prevent and remove fouling and high velocity can't absolutely remove fouling, indicates key way of removing fouling is that adhesion stress is less than peeling stress.
(2) The destroyed stress of fouling of SSHP system is discussed, shearing stress model of solid-liquid fluidized bed heat-exchanger is analyzed, and collision stress model is modified. It shows that shearing stress increases with particle hold-up and circulating velocity, collision stress increases with particle density and particle radial velocity, and increasing shearing stress can't absolutely remove fouling. The paper explains prevent and remove fouling mechanisms of solid-liquid fluidized bed technique by using fatigue theory, and initially investigates mechanism of strengthening heat transfer.
(3) Main mechanisms of prevent and remove fouling in solid-liquid fluidized bed heat-exchanger is summarized as follows: incompact fouling is removed from tube surface by increasing shearing stress, compact fouling is removed from tube surface by increasing shearing stress and stochastic collision of particle, more compact fouling is destroyed by discontinuous stochastic collision of particle and then is removed from tube surface, and increasing shearing stress and stochastic collision of particle can prevent fouling forming on tube surface.
(4) A new solid-liquid separator is invented, the separator can realize the absolute separation and recirculation use of particle, but it doesn't consume extra energy.
(5) An experimental system of the solid-liquid cycling fluidized bed heat-exchanger (SLCFBE) is built, and the pressure drop and convection coefficient of urban sewage are analyzed by this system. Compared with the conventional shell and tube heat-exchanger, the solid-liquid fluidized bed heat exchanger (SLCFBE) of urban sewage with particle in the liquid can achieve higher convection coefficient, control fouling and on-line clean the system effectively, and the effect of steel ball is better than that of sand, it shows prospect of wide application.
(6) Sewage source heat pump system with solid-liquid fluidized bed technique is studied; intake water devices of rotary plate and rotary plate are invented by using auto-backflushing, which solve the obstruction of heat-exchange equipment because of large scale sewerage in urban sewage. Combining solid-liquid fluidized bed technique with auto-intake water device; a high efficient system of utilization of cooling and heating source of once-through water (urban sewage, river water, ground water, seawater, etc) is presented, which can solve the fouling problem and low convection coefficient.
引文
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