功率变换器的分布式控制和结构研究
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摘要
电力电子技术是21世纪应用最广泛的技术之一,随着电力电子技术在国民经济中的作用不断增强,电力电子技术的发展也非常迅速。因此,对电力电子系统性能的要求,可靠性要求等愈来愈高。本文系统深入地研究了在功率变换器内部实现分布式控制和结构的相关内容,为变换器硬件构成及控制实现提出了一种新的思路,对于实现新型变换器、简化复杂变换器结构、提高系统可靠性等方面具有重要的意义,在较为复杂的电力电子系统中具有良好的应用前景。
论文第一章对电力电子系统的集中式控制方式进行了归纳和总结。同时,还对分布式变换器结构研究的背景进行了概述,主要包括数字控制技术在电力电子中越来越广泛的应用及电力电子系统集成技术的迅速发展。通过与传统的集中式控制结构的功率变换器的对比可以得出:数字控制技术与电力电子系统集成技术有机的结合,分布式结构的功率变换器具有良好的发展前景。
论文的第二章提出了分布式结构变换器的基本概念并对其特点进行了阐述。根据仿生学在电力电子中应用的基本观点,通过对分布式电力电子系统和人体系统的类比,总结出两者的共同特点为分层递阶结构和分散自治控制,它们的优越性为可以简化系统结构、提高系统可靠性、便于实现容错技术、易于进行模块化和系统的在线维护等。根据分布式电力电子系统的特点,本文提出了它们的一般性软件结构和两种典型的硬件实现方式。在此基础上,论文提出了适用于分布式控制变换器的功率集成模块——电力电子细胞以及适用于分布式结构变换器的三种基本控制结构。利用分立元件构建了电力电子细胞的实验室原型,为分布式结构变换器的深入研究打下了硬件基础。
论文的第三章以由两个电力电子细胞构成的双环反馈控制的单相全桥逆变器为典型对象进行了深入的探讨和研究。通过对控制环节进行不同方式的划分,提出四种逆变器控制结构,分别为同步结构、分层结构、主从结构和完全分散自治结构。在对逆变器模型进行理论分析的基础上,论文对模块间参数分散性、启动时刻的不同步、多速率采样、数据通信、参考信号和载波信号的不同步等方面对系统的影响进行了理论分析,并通过仿真和实验验证了分析结果。通过研究发现,对于本文讨论的逆变器,同步结构中电压环的反馈系数的分散性对系统性能的影响显著,而其它参数的微小的差别对系统性能的影响可以忽略;在其它结构中,只要将参数存在的差异限定在一定范围内就可以忽略其影响。同时,同步结构下的两个电压环不同时启动容易造成系统输出的畸变,因此不适合于实际应用。对于其它几个非理想因素,论文的研究表明,适当设计参数可以将它们的不利影响减小甚至完全消除。论文中提出的完全分散自治结构与传统结构具有较大差异,这种结构下两个模块间不存在直接的信息交换,比其它结构更加简单,更适合构造复杂系统,论文专门分析了其特点并给出了它的实现方式以及实验波
As one of the most widely used technologies for 21st century, power electronics gets a rapid progress along with its stepped-up role in the national economy. Reliability and systematic performance requirement are thus demanded more and more. In this dissertation, the topology-related distributed control within the power converter is researched. This work provides a new way to construct the converter and realize the control function, which is valuable for realization of new converter, simplifying the converters' structure and enhancing the system reliability. It can be well applied to the complex power electronics system.In the first chapter, the conventional centralized control method in power converters has been summarized and classified for the purpose of contrast. In the same chapter, the research background of this work is introduced, including the more and more wide applications of digital control technology in the power electronics and the rapid development of the power electronics integration technology. Based on the two aspects, the conclusion can be drawn that the distributed converter structure has a promising prospect.In the second chapter, the basic concept and the characteristics of the distributed converter structure have been clarified. According to the view of the bionics, the distributed power electronics system and the human body system have the same characteristics of hierarchical architecture and autonomous decentralized control. Also the two systems have the similar advantages such as simplified system structure, enhanced reliability, convenient implemention of fault-tolerant technology, convenient modularization and online maintenance. Based on the characteristics of the distributed structure power electronics system, the general software architecture is proposed and two typical hardware structures are illustrated too. In chapter two, the power integration module named power electronics cell has been proposed which can be applied in the distributed converter structure. There control structures of the distributed converter are also proposed. The laboratory prototype of power electronics cell has been realized by using discrete components, which provides the hardware basis for the further study.In the third chapter, as a typical distributed converter structure a single phase full-bridge inverter with dual-loop feedback control, which is composed of two power electronics cells, has been studied. Four inverter control structures including the synchronization mode, hierarchical mode, master-slave mode and fully decentralized autonomous mode are presented by dividing the control loop in different ways. Based
on the small-signal averaging model, the characteristics of the new structures are discussed and the effects of the parameter dispersivity, the multi-rate sampling, the communication, and the synchronization error of reference and carrier signals in the new structures are analyzed. It can be concluded that for the studied inverter, only the dispersivity of the voltage feedback coefficient in the synchronization mode affects the output greatly and other parameters dispersivity has little effects on the output performance. At the same time, the output waveform will be distorted because of the different startup time of the two cells in the synchronization mode. Compared with other three modes, the synchronization mode has more drawbacks. Conclusion is also made that the effects of the other nonideal factors can be eliminated by well-designed system and control loop. Because of its special structure and characteristics, the proposed fully decentralized autonomous mode has been discussed in detail. The simulation and experimental results included in the dissertation verified the theoretical analysis. The research on distributed inverter structure not only provides the new way to form new type inverters, but also provides the guideline for the other types of distributed converter structures.In the fourth chapter, the distributed multilevel converter structures have been researched. Based on the idea of forming multilevel converter topologies from the basic cells, the division mode of the multilevel converter topologies has been further investigated. Three kinds of division modes have been proposed according to the topologies' features. The advanced basic cells proposed in this paper are more suitable for the multilevel converters because it can be applied to most multilevel converter topologies and at the same time, two complementary switches are included in the same cell. The distributed five-level inverter prototypes for generalized topology and cascaded topology have been built. The prototypes show the distributed control within the complex converter has many advantages such as the simple structure, the shortened interconnection wires and the enhanced reliability. The theoretical analysis shows that the lower-order harmonic contents increase if there is a synchronization error among the cells, but the synchronization method proposed can obtain high accuracy and can avoid its side effects on output performance. So the distributed multilevel converter structures, which have many advantages, can achieve the same output performances as the conventional centralized ones. The research of distributed multilevel converters is valuable for applying multilevel technologies into industry more widely.In the fifth chapter, the fault-tolerant technology is researched. In the multilevel
converters, the mass components and complex structure lead to low reliability, so the fault-tolerant technology is important. By analyzing the typical multilevel topologies and the existing fault-tolerant method, we find a principle of the fault-tolerant technologies, which is contained in the distributed multilevel converters constructed by the advanced basic cells. The principle is that in the fault-tolerant methods, the two switches in the same cell should be dealt with simultaneously. So the realization of the fault-tolerance in multilevel converters gets the benefits from the distributed control. The quick detection and protection can be obtained in the damaged cell and that prevents the whole system breakdown. The concept of the control signal reconfiguration has been proposed to deal with the fault situations in the multilevel converters, which have the switching states redundancy, such as the flying-capacitor topology, cascaded topology and generalized topology. The fault-tolerant method for carrier-modulated cascaded five-level converter has been proposed. With the proposed method, when the fault occurs in the three-phase multilevel inverters, the normal line-to-line voltage can be achieved. At the same time, the structure of the topology is identical to the normal one and the voltage stress and current stress of the components are not changed. The principle discovered in the dissertation gives the guide for systematic researching on fault-tolerant technology and designing new fault-tolerant methods. And the proposed fault-tolerant method has many advantages and can be easily implemented in the multilevel inverters.Summaries are given in the last chapter, and the consequent research anticipation included.
论文第一章对电力电子系统的集中式控制方式进行了归纳和总结。同时,还对分布式变换器结构研究的背景进行了概述,主要包括数字控制技术在电力电子中越来越广泛的应用及电力电子系统集成技术的迅速发展。通过与传统的集中式控制结构的功率变换器的对比可以得出:数字控制技术与电力电子系统集成技术有机的结合,分布式结构的功率变换器具有良好的发展前景。
论文的第二章提出了分布式结构变换器的基本概念并对其特点进行了阐述。根据仿生学在电力电子中应用的基本观点,通过对分布式电力电子系统和人体系统的类比,总结出两者的共同特点为分层递阶结构和分散自治控制,它们的优越性为可以简化系统结构、提高系统可靠性、便于实现容错技术、易于进行模块化和系统的在线维护等。根据分布式电力电子系统的特点,本文提出了它们的一般性软件结构和两种典型的硬件实现方式。在此基础上,论文提出了适用于分布式控制变换器的功率集成模块——电力电子细胞以及适用于分布式结构变换器的三种基本控制结构。利用分立元件构建了电力电子细胞的实验室原型,为分布式结构变换器的深入研究打下了硬件基础。
论文的第三章以由两个电力电子细胞构成的双环反馈控制的单相全桥逆变器为典型对象进行了深入的探讨和研究。通过对控制环节进行不同方式的划分,提出四种逆变器控制结构,分别为同步结构、分层结构、主从结构和完全分散自治结构。在对逆变器模型进行理论分析的基础上,论文对模块间参数分散性、启动时刻的不同步、多速率采样、数据通信、参考信号和载波信号的不同步等方面对系统的影响进行了理论分析,并通过仿真和实验验证了分析结果。通过研究发现,对于本文讨论的逆变器,同步结构中电压环的反馈系数的分散性对系统性能的影响显著,而其它参数的微小的差别对系统性能的影响可以忽略;在其它结构中,只要将参数存在的差异限定在一定范围内就可以忽略其影响。同时,同步结构下的两个电压环不同时启动容易造成系统输出的畸变,因此不适合于实际应用。对于其它几个非理想因素,论文的研究表明,适当设计参数可以将它们的不利影响减小甚至完全消除。论文中提出的完全分散自治结构与传统结构具有较大差异,这种结构下两个模块间不存在直接的信息交换,比其它结构更加简单,更适合构造复杂系统,论文专门分析了其特点并给出了它的实现方式以及实验波
As one of the most widely used technologies for 21st century, power electronics gets a rapid progress along with its stepped-up role in the national economy. Reliability and systematic performance requirement are thus demanded more and more. In this dissertation, the topology-related distributed control within the power converter is researched. This work provides a new way to construct the converter and realize the control function, which is valuable for realization of new converter, simplifying the converters' structure and enhancing the system reliability. It can be well applied to the complex power electronics system.In the first chapter, the conventional centralized control method in power converters has been summarized and classified for the purpose of contrast. In the same chapter, the research background of this work is introduced, including the more and more wide applications of digital control technology in the power electronics and the rapid development of the power electronics integration technology. Based on the two aspects, the conclusion can be drawn that the distributed converter structure has a promising prospect.In the second chapter, the basic concept and the characteristics of the distributed converter structure have been clarified. According to the view of the bionics, the distributed power electronics system and the human body system have the same characteristics of hierarchical architecture and autonomous decentralized control. Also the two systems have the similar advantages such as simplified system structure, enhanced reliability, convenient implemention of fault-tolerant technology, convenient modularization and online maintenance. Based on the characteristics of the distributed structure power electronics system, the general software architecture is proposed and two typical hardware structures are illustrated too. In chapter two, the power integration module named power electronics cell has been proposed which can be applied in the distributed converter structure. There control structures of the distributed converter are also proposed. The laboratory prototype of power electronics cell has been realized by using discrete components, which provides the hardware basis for the further study.In the third chapter, as a typical distributed converter structure a single phase full-bridge inverter with dual-loop feedback control, which is composed of two power electronics cells, has been studied. Four inverter control structures including the synchronization mode, hierarchical mode, master-slave mode and fully decentralized autonomous mode are presented by dividing the control loop in different ways. Based
on the small-signal averaging model, the characteristics of the new structures are discussed and the effects of the parameter dispersivity, the multi-rate sampling, the communication, and the synchronization error of reference and carrier signals in the new structures are analyzed. It can be concluded that for the studied inverter, only the dispersivity of the voltage feedback coefficient in the synchronization mode affects the output greatly and other parameters dispersivity has little effects on the output performance. At the same time, the output waveform will be distorted because of the different startup time of the two cells in the synchronization mode. Compared with other three modes, the synchronization mode has more drawbacks. Conclusion is also made that the effects of the other nonideal factors can be eliminated by well-designed system and control loop. Because of its special structure and characteristics, the proposed fully decentralized autonomous mode has been discussed in detail. The simulation and experimental results included in the dissertation verified the theoretical analysis. The research on distributed inverter structure not only provides the new way to form new type inverters, but also provides the guideline for the other types of distributed converter structures.In the fourth chapter, the distributed multilevel converter structures have been researched. Based on the idea of forming multilevel converter topologies from the basic cells, the division mode of the multilevel converter topologies has been further investigated. Three kinds of division modes have been proposed according to the topologies' features. The advanced basic cells proposed in this paper are more suitable for the multilevel converters because it can be applied to most multilevel converter topologies and at the same time, two complementary switches are included in the same cell. The distributed five-level inverter prototypes for generalized topology and cascaded topology have been built. The prototypes show the distributed control within the complex converter has many advantages such as the simple structure, the shortened interconnection wires and the enhanced reliability. The theoretical analysis shows that the lower-order harmonic contents increase if there is a synchronization error among the cells, but the synchronization method proposed can obtain high accuracy and can avoid its side effects on output performance. So the distributed multilevel converter structures, which have many advantages, can achieve the same output performances as the conventional centralized ones. The research of distributed multilevel converters is valuable for applying multilevel technologies into industry more widely.In the fifth chapter, the fault-tolerant technology is researched. In the multilevel
converters, the mass components and complex structure lead to low reliability, so the fault-tolerant technology is important. By analyzing the typical multilevel topologies and the existing fault-tolerant method, we find a principle of the fault-tolerant technologies, which is contained in the distributed multilevel converters constructed by the advanced basic cells. The principle is that in the fault-tolerant methods, the two switches in the same cell should be dealt with simultaneously. So the realization of the fault-tolerance in multilevel converters gets the benefits from the distributed control. The quick detection and protection can be obtained in the damaged cell and that prevents the whole system breakdown. The concept of the control signal reconfiguration has been proposed to deal with the fault situations in the multilevel converters, which have the switching states redundancy, such as the flying-capacitor topology, cascaded topology and generalized topology. The fault-tolerant method for carrier-modulated cascaded five-level converter has been proposed. With the proposed method, when the fault occurs in the three-phase multilevel inverters, the normal line-to-line voltage can be achieved. At the same time, the structure of the topology is identical to the normal one and the voltage stress and current stress of the components are not changed. The principle discovered in the dissertation gives the guide for systematic researching on fault-tolerant technology and designing new fault-tolerant methods. And the proposed fault-tolerant method has many advantages and can be easily implemented in the multilevel inverters.Summaries are given in the last chapter, and the consequent research anticipation included.
引文
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