长沙方言双宾结构的句法研究
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摘要
双宾语结构是一种既特殊又重要的句式,国内外学者都非常重视。长沙方言中双宾结构的语序与普通话的双宾结构有所不同,比如长沙方言中有一种双宾结构的语序为：动词+直接宾语+间接宾语。这在普通话中是不存在的。这种结构在我国南方地区的方言中是普遍存在的。尽管有不少学者对其进行过研究,但他们大多数只在传统语法的框架下进行研究,而且几乎没有人用生成语法的相关理论讨论过长沙方言中的特殊双宾结构。因此,本文主要从生成语法的角度研究长沙方言中的双宾语结构,讨论长沙方言中双宾结构动词的分类,并从句法角度分析其生成过程。
本文总结了长沙方言双宾结构的三种类型：S+V+IO+DO；S+V+O1+ba+O2；S+V+O1+V+O2。根据石毓智(2004)提出的观点,本文把动词分为三类：右向：给予类和教类；左向：取得类；左右向：借类。本文用大量例子说明不同类动词句子词序的异同。本文在Radford(2000)提出的宾语呼应短语分裂假设(split AgrOP hypothesis)的基础上增加了FP的检验。作者相信这种假设可以更加合理地解释长沙方言双宾结构的三种句型的生成。
通过探讨长沙方言双宾结构的生成,作者希望能给汉语双宾结构研究提供更多的语料,从而丰富汉语研究的理论。
Double-object Construction is one of the research goals in modern linguistics. The patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect are different from those in Mandarin Chinese in some aspects. For example, the direct object is put in front of the indirect one while this pattern is unacceptable in Mandarin Chinese. This pattern can also be found in other southern dialects. Although many scholars have conducted research on it, most of their studies are based on traditional grammar. Moreover, few researchers have studied this construction in Changsha dialect within the framework of generative linguistics. Thus, the thesis attempts to study the double-object construction in Changsha dialect from this angle. It focuses on the classification of the relative verbs and the derivation of the patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect.
This thesis discusses the following three patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect:S+V+IO+DO, S+V+O1+ba+O2, S+V+O1+V+O2. According to the viewpoints put forward by Shi Yuzhi(2004), we have classified the verbs of the double-object construction in Changsha dialects into three types: rightward verbs which have the meaning of giving and teaching; leftward verbs which have the meaning of acquiring; leftward&rightward verbs which have the meaning of borrowing and lending. We have used many examples to explain these patterns. On the basis of Radford's (2000) split AgrOP hypothesis, we put forward FP hypothesis. We believe that FP hypothesis can give us a better account of the derivation of the patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect.
Through the analysis of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect, the author sincerely hopes that the thesis can provide some useful corpora for the study of Chinese so that the research of Chinese grammar can be enriched.
本文总结了长沙方言双宾结构的三种类型：S+V+IO+DO；S+V+O1+ba+O2；S+V+O1+V+O2。根据石毓智(2004)提出的观点,本文把动词分为三类：右向：给予类和教类；左向：取得类；左右向：借类。本文用大量例子说明不同类动词句子词序的异同。本文在Radford(2000)提出的宾语呼应短语分裂假设(split AgrOP hypothesis)的基础上增加了FP的检验。作者相信这种假设可以更加合理地解释长沙方言双宾结构的三种句型的生成。
通过探讨长沙方言双宾结构的生成,作者希望能给汉语双宾结构研究提供更多的语料,从而丰富汉语研究的理论。
Double-object Construction is one of the research goals in modern linguistics. The patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect are different from those in Mandarin Chinese in some aspects. For example, the direct object is put in front of the indirect one while this pattern is unacceptable in Mandarin Chinese. This pattern can also be found in other southern dialects. Although many scholars have conducted research on it, most of their studies are based on traditional grammar. Moreover, few researchers have studied this construction in Changsha dialect within the framework of generative linguistics. Thus, the thesis attempts to study the double-object construction in Changsha dialect from this angle. It focuses on the classification of the relative verbs and the derivation of the patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect.
This thesis discusses the following three patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect:S+V+IO+DO, S+V+O1+ba+O2, S+V+O1+V+O2. According to the viewpoints put forward by Shi Yuzhi(2004), we have classified the verbs of the double-object construction in Changsha dialects into three types: rightward verbs which have the meaning of giving and teaching; leftward verbs which have the meaning of acquiring; leftward&rightward verbs which have the meaning of borrowing and lending. We have used many examples to explain these patterns. On the basis of Radford's (2000) split AgrOP hypothesis, we put forward FP hypothesis. We believe that FP hypothesis can give us a better account of the derivation of the patterns of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect.
Through the analysis of the double-object construction in Changsha dialect, the author sincerely hopes that the thesis can provide some useful corpora for the study of Chinese so that the research of Chinese grammar can be enriched.
引文
Anoun, J. Yen-Hui.1989. Order and constituency. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 141-172
Brass and Lasnik.1986. A note on anaphora and double objects. Linguistic Inquiry 17:347-354.
Bussmann, Hadumod.2000. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistic. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chomsky, Noam.1975. Reflections on Language. New York:Pantheon
Chomsky, Noam.1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordercht/Cinnaminjson:Foris Publication
Chomsky, Noam.1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam.1998. Minimalist Inquires:the Framework. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press
Chomsky, Noam.1999. Derivation by Phase. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press
Grimshaw, Jane.1990. Argument Structure. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press
Harley, H.2003. Possession and the double object construction. From the World Wide Web:Http://www. Ling.upenn.edu.
Hudson, R.1992. So-called "Double Object" and Grammatical Relations. Language 68:251-276
Jackendoff, Ray.1990. On Larson's treatment of the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 21(3):427-456
Jackson Ssekiryango.2006. Observations on Double Object Construction in Luganda. From the World Wide Web: http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/paper1408.pdf
Kayne, Rechard S.1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambriadge, Mass: MIT Press.
Koizumi, M.1995. Pharse Structure in Minimalist Syntax. Ph. D. dissertation. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press
Kuno Susumo.1976. Subject, theme and the speaker's emphathy-a reexamination of relativization phenomenon. In Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles N. Li,137-53. New York:Academic Press
Larson, Richard. K.1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19:335-391.
Larson, Richard. K.1990. Double objects revisited:Reply to Jackendoff. Linguistic Inquiry 21:589-632.
Radford,Andrew.2000. Syntax:A minimalist introduction. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
鲍厚星,崔振华,沈若云,伍云姬,1999,《长沙方言研究》,长沙：湖南教育出版社。
陈晖,鲍厚星,2007,湖南省的汉语方言(稿),《方言》第3期,250-258页
蔡庆,2007,随州方言双宾结构的研究：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：中南大学。
陈昌来,2000,《现代汉语句子》,上海：华东师大出版社
程琪龙,2004,双宾结构及其相关概念网络,《外国语》第3期,20-25页。
陈淑梅,2001,汉语方言里一种带虚词的特殊双宾句式,《中国语文》第5期,439-480页。
邓思颖,2006,粤语疑问句句末“先”字的句法特点,《中国语文》第3期,225-231页
丁加勇,2006,《湘方言动词句式的配价研究—以隆回方言为例,长沙：湖南师范大学出版社。
丁建新,2001,英语双宾及物结构的句法和语义分析,《外国语》第1期,54-59页。
顾阳,2000,试论汉语双宾语结构的语义和句法特征,《语法研究和探索》第十辑,121-135页。
何晓炜,1999,双宾语结构的句法研究,《现代外语》第4期,331-345页。
何晓炜,2008,最简方案框架下的英汉双宾语结构生成研究,《现代外语》第1期,1-11页。
李白清,2004,论英语双宾结构的句法特征,《中南大学学报(社会科学版)》第2期,269-272页。
李临定,1984,双宾句类型分析,《语法研究和探索》第二辑,125-131 页。
李永明,1991,《长沙方言》,长沙：湖南出版社。
李宇明,1996,领属关系与双宾句分析,《语言教学与研究》第3期,62-73页。
林素娥,2008,汉语南方方言倒置双宾结构初探,语言科学第3期,308-318页。
林亚军,2008,汉语动词的语义句法特征与双宾语结构,《外语学刊》第3期,89-92页。
刘宇,2008,双宾结构与两种特殊句式的生成,《汉语学报》第3期,64-72页。
陆俭明,1997,关于语义指向分析,来自万维网http://jwc.tsu.edu.cn/yyx/chinese/news/UploadFile/20061212329569 39.doc
陆俭明,2002,再谈“吃了他三个苹果”一类结构的性质,来自万维网：http://xzn.2000y.net/mb/1/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=88713
陆俭明,2005,《作为第二语言的汉语本体研究》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社
马庆株,2004,《汉语动词和动词性结构》,北京：北京大学出版社。
满在江,2003,生成语法理论与汉语双宾语结构,《现代外语》第3期,232-240页。
满在江,2005,汉语双宾语结构句法研究述评,《岱宗学刊》第4期,95-97页。
孙晋文,2004,双宾语结构的最简方案研究：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：湖南大学。
孙叶林,2006,邵阳方言特殊双宾句S+V+O直+O间,《湖南文理学院学报(社会科学版)》第1期,138-142页。
沈阳,何元建,顾阳,2001,《生成语法理论与汉语语法研究》,黑龙江：黑龙江教育出版社。
石毓智,2004,汉英双宾结构差别的概念化原因,《外语教学与研究》第2期,83-89页。
王立德,2008,现代汉语双宾结构的最简句法分析：[硕士学位论文]。湘潭：湘潭大学。
王奇,2005,领属关系与英汉双宾构式的句法结构,《现代外语》第2期,129-137页。
温宾利,2002,《当代句法学导论》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
易平,2006,湘阴方言中双宾语结构的句法：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：湖南大学。
徐盛桓,2001,试论英语双及物构块式,《外语教学与研究》第2期,81-87页。
熊雪亮,2007,英汉语双宾构式探析,《外语教学与研究》第4期,261-267页。
杨朝春,程莲,2004,格位理论与英汉语中的双宾结构,《清华大学学报(社会科学版)》第1期,7-11页。
张伯江,1999,现代汉语的双及物结构式,《中国语文》第3期, 175-184页。
朱德熙,1979,与动词“给”相关的句法问题,《方言》第2期,81-87页。
朱德熙,1982,《语法讲义》,北京：商务印书馆。
张建理,2006,英汉双宾语句认知对比研究,《外国语》第6期,28-33页。
赵元任,1979,《汉语口语语法》,北京：商务印书馆。
Brass and Lasnik.1986. A note on anaphora and double objects. Linguistic Inquiry 17:347-354.
Bussmann, Hadumod.2000. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistic. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chomsky, Noam.1975. Reflections on Language. New York:Pantheon
Chomsky, Noam.1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordercht/Cinnaminjson:Foris Publication
Chomsky, Noam.1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam.1998. Minimalist Inquires:the Framework. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press
Chomsky, Noam.1999. Derivation by Phase. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press
Grimshaw, Jane.1990. Argument Structure. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press
Harley, H.2003. Possession and the double object construction. From the World Wide Web:Http://www. Ling.upenn.edu.
Hudson, R.1992. So-called "Double Object" and Grammatical Relations. Language 68:251-276
Jackendoff, Ray.1990. On Larson's treatment of the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 21(3):427-456
Jackson Ssekiryango.2006. Observations on Double Object Construction in Luganda. From the World Wide Web: http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/paper1408.pdf
Kayne, Rechard S.1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambriadge, Mass: MIT Press.
Koizumi, M.1995. Pharse Structure in Minimalist Syntax. Ph. D. dissertation. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press
Kuno Susumo.1976. Subject, theme and the speaker's emphathy-a reexamination of relativization phenomenon. In Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles N. Li,137-53. New York:Academic Press
Larson, Richard. K.1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19:335-391.
Larson, Richard. K.1990. Double objects revisited:Reply to Jackendoff. Linguistic Inquiry 21:589-632.
Radford,Andrew.2000. Syntax:A minimalist introduction. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
鲍厚星,崔振华,沈若云,伍云姬,1999,《长沙方言研究》,长沙：湖南教育出版社。
陈晖,鲍厚星,2007,湖南省的汉语方言(稿),《方言》第3期,250-258页
蔡庆,2007,随州方言双宾结构的研究：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：中南大学。
陈昌来,2000,《现代汉语句子》,上海：华东师大出版社
程琪龙,2004,双宾结构及其相关概念网络,《外国语》第3期,20-25页。
陈淑梅,2001,汉语方言里一种带虚词的特殊双宾句式,《中国语文》第5期,439-480页。
邓思颖,2006,粤语疑问句句末“先”字的句法特点,《中国语文》第3期,225-231页
丁加勇,2006,《湘方言动词句式的配价研究—以隆回方言为例,长沙：湖南师范大学出版社。
丁建新,2001,英语双宾及物结构的句法和语义分析,《外国语》第1期,54-59页。
顾阳,2000,试论汉语双宾语结构的语义和句法特征,《语法研究和探索》第十辑,121-135页。
何晓炜,1999,双宾语结构的句法研究,《现代外语》第4期,331-345页。
何晓炜,2008,最简方案框架下的英汉双宾语结构生成研究,《现代外语》第1期,1-11页。
李白清,2004,论英语双宾结构的句法特征,《中南大学学报(社会科学版)》第2期,269-272页。
李临定,1984,双宾句类型分析,《语法研究和探索》第二辑,125-131 页。
李永明,1991,《长沙方言》,长沙：湖南出版社。
李宇明,1996,领属关系与双宾句分析,《语言教学与研究》第3期,62-73页。
林素娥,2008,汉语南方方言倒置双宾结构初探,语言科学第3期,308-318页。
林亚军,2008,汉语动词的语义句法特征与双宾语结构,《外语学刊》第3期,89-92页。
刘宇,2008,双宾结构与两种特殊句式的生成,《汉语学报》第3期,64-72页。
陆俭明,1997,关于语义指向分析,来自万维网http://jwc.tsu.edu.cn/yyx/chinese/news/UploadFile/20061212329569 39.doc
陆俭明,2002,再谈“吃了他三个苹果”一类结构的性质,来自万维网：http://xzn.2000y.net/mb/1/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=88713
陆俭明,2005,《作为第二语言的汉语本体研究》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社
马庆株,2004,《汉语动词和动词性结构》,北京：北京大学出版社。
满在江,2003,生成语法理论与汉语双宾语结构,《现代外语》第3期,232-240页。
满在江,2005,汉语双宾语结构句法研究述评,《岱宗学刊》第4期,95-97页。
孙晋文,2004,双宾语结构的最简方案研究：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：湖南大学。
孙叶林,2006,邵阳方言特殊双宾句S+V+O直+O间,《湖南文理学院学报(社会科学版)》第1期,138-142页。
沈阳,何元建,顾阳,2001,《生成语法理论与汉语语法研究》,黑龙江：黑龙江教育出版社。
石毓智,2004,汉英双宾结构差别的概念化原因,《外语教学与研究》第2期,83-89页。
王立德,2008,现代汉语双宾结构的最简句法分析：[硕士学位论文]。湘潭：湘潭大学。
王奇,2005,领属关系与英汉双宾构式的句法结构,《现代外语》第2期,129-137页。
温宾利,2002,《当代句法学导论》,北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
易平,2006,湘阴方言中双宾语结构的句法：[硕士学位论文]。长沙：湖南大学。
徐盛桓,2001,试论英语双及物构块式,《外语教学与研究》第2期,81-87页。
熊雪亮,2007,英汉语双宾构式探析,《外语教学与研究》第4期,261-267页。
杨朝春,程莲,2004,格位理论与英汉语中的双宾结构,《清华大学学报(社会科学版)》第1期,7-11页。
张伯江,1999,现代汉语的双及物结构式,《中国语文》第3期, 175-184页。
朱德熙,1979,与动词“给”相关的句法问题,《方言》第2期,81-87页。
朱德熙,1982,《语法讲义》,北京：商务印书馆。
张建理,2006,英汉双宾语句认知对比研究,《外国语》第6期,28-33页。
赵元任,1979,《汉语口语语法》,北京：商务印书馆。