玛多—甘德断裂活动性研究
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摘要
长期的地球科学研究表明,地球的表层部分(地壳和上地幔)是不断运动的。这些运动的历史就是地球构造格局形成和演化的历史。一直以来,对各种构造活动的研究被列为地质学研究的主题之一,并取得了诸多成果。目前,大多数学者将晚更新世(10万～12万年)以来有过活动,以后一段时间内仍然会活动的各种构造称为活动构造,并形成了一个独立的研究方向。由于活动构造与人类生存与发展的关系极为密切,随着经济的发展和社会的进步,活动构造的研究日益受到国内外地学界和工程学界的高度重视,因为它不仅为研究现代地壳运动及地球动力学特征提供了基础资料,更在现代城市规划、地震预测与灾害预防、工程稳定性与地震安全性评价等方面起着十分重要的作用。
我国的活动构造分布广泛,呈现出十分复杂的构造样式和形态。不少学者认为我国的活动构造具有明显的分区性(邓起东,1996,2002)。其中,青藏高原地区是现代地壳运动和各种构造活动最强烈的地区之一,它的内部和周围分布着大量的活动断裂,这些活动断裂控制着青藏高原地区的强震活动。据统计,青藏高原内部发生过8.0级以上地震10次,7.0～7.9级地震78次,6.0～6.9级地震250余次,无论震级大小还是地震数量都远远超过我国的其他地区。此外,青藏高原内部的活动构造对其周边地区的地震孕育和发生也起着十分重要的作用。2008年汶川MS8.0级地震的成因就与青藏高原内部巴颜喀拉块体的SE向运动有着密切的关系。
巴颜喀拉块体是青藏高原中东部的长条状活动地块,它的南、北边界分别被甘孜—玉树—鲜水河断裂系和东昆仑断裂系所围控,东部边界由龙门山断裂带中—南段和近南北向岷江断裂组成。这些边界断裂在历史上曾发生多次7.0级以上破坏性地震。例如,近十年来分别在南、北、东边界带发生了多次MS7.0级以上强震(2010年玉树MS7.1级地震、2001昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震和2008年汶川MS8.0级地震等)。前人对巴颜喀拉块体周边的主控边界断裂:东昆仑断裂、玉树—甘孜—鲜水河断裂以及包括龙门山断裂和岷江断裂在内的大多数活动断裂的活动性以及青藏高原东缘地区的快速隆升过程做过比较详细研究和讨论。
除了块体边界的活动断裂以外,在巴颜喀拉块体内部也存在着一些活动断裂,然而它们的研究程度相对较低。例如块体东部新发现的龙日坝断裂、东昆仑断裂系东延的塔藏断裂、块体中部的昆仑山口西—达日断裂以及本文研究的玛多—甘德断裂。这些断裂所在的周边区域历史上都发生过较强的地震,其中震级最大的是1947年达日附近的MS7.8级地震。
结合现有地质学、地球物理学、构造地貌学等资料和相关研究成果认为,这些块体内部的断裂晚第四纪以来可能有过强烈的活动并至今活跃,应当给予足够的重视和关注并逐步开展定量的研究工作。本文选择玛多—甘德断裂为研究对象,在遥感解译的基础上,结合野外调查,以活动断裂的定量研究为核心,综合运用遥感地质学、地震地质学、地貌学、数学物理学等方法,结合探槽开挖和地质测年,开展对断裂活动性的综合研究。
本文的主要研究内容和取得成果如下:
1.运用遥感地质学的方法对断裂整体进行初步研究。利用RSI ENVI 4.3遥感图像处理软件以及Global Mapper v8.03专业绘图软件,对研究区内TM、ETM+、SRTM等卫星遥感数据和图像进行了处理和综合解译,并结合1:10万地形图和1:6万航片等测绘资料,初步分析了研究区断裂构造的几何展布特征和区域地形地貌特征,对断裂的性质有了初步的认识。玛多—甘德断裂全长约650km,整体走向NW-NWW,在甘德境内由三条近似平行的断裂组成。
2.在遥感解译的基础上进行了详细的野外调查工作,在玛多—甘德断裂的甘德段新发现了地震地表破裂带,通过野外连续追踪,获得了地表破裂带的展布特征和位移分布特征。野外考察获得的地表破裂带长度约50km,最新一次活动的最大左旋水平位移7.6m,最大垂直位移4m左右。沿破裂带发现了大量的地震活动遗迹。断裂活动形成一系列呈线状排列的垭口地貌,各类断错现象也十分丰富,沿断裂带发育有整齐的断层三角面、山脊(梁)扭错、冲沟水系位错、断层陡坎、断层泉、地震鼓包、断层槽地、断头(尾)沟、断塞塘等地貌现象。通过对各类地质地貌现象的观察和分析认为,玛多—甘德断裂具有明显的左旋走滑性质,并兼有逆冲运动特征。
3.运用TOPCON Hiper Ga/Gb型差分GPS对断裂带上的各种微地貌现象进行了精确的测量,获得了大量的GPS数据。并通过室内GPS数据的处理和计算,最终得出了近百个点的位移量数据。主要包括冲沟的水平错动量和断层陡坎的垂直位移量及其形态特征。沿断裂带各类冲沟普遍被错动,水平位移量从最小的2m左右到最大的850m左右;新老洪积扇上保留的断层陡坎高度最小的1m左右,最大的可达10m左右。
4.通过野外调查及探槽的开挖获取了断层的产状等基本要素。通过断层剖面的观察和绘制,对断层的运动性质有了直观的了解。在开挖的探槽剖面及其他地质体内取得了20余个光释光(OSL)测年样品。测年结果显示断层活动年代分布从晚更新世中期(Q23)至全新世(Q4),与野外的初步判断比较相符。
5.结合室内和野外两方面的研究工作,利用常规的断错地貌方法和建立的理论模型,最终从不同时间尺度给出了玛多—甘德断裂甘德段的活动速率。
(1)水平活动速率
①利用F2-2段目日哇麻西岸山前全新世洪积扇上冲沟位错及地貌面年龄求得全新世(Q4)以来断层水平活动速率约为3.38±0.08mm/a。
②利用F2-1段索合洛盆地西侧山前老洪积扇上冲沟位错结合地貌年龄求得晚更新世末期(Q33)以来断层水平活动速率为8.39±0.09mm/a。利用F2-2、F3段目日哇麻至安北东吾六条大冲沟同步累计位错量和冲沟形成时代求得断裂晚更新世中期(Q23)以来的水平滑动速率约为8.13±0.15mm/a～8.41±0.06mm/a。借助冲沟溯源侵蚀原理建立起的断裂活动与冲沟位错关系模型最终求得晚更新世中期(Q23)以来断层水平活动速率约为7.2mm/a。
③利用F1段断裂两盘基岩的滑动总量与地层年代求得甘德段第四纪以来的活动速率约为3.48mm/a～5.23mm/a。利用走滑断裂带中断裂错距(D)与破裂带宽度(t)的理论与统计关系,得到的断裂第四纪以来的活动速率为4mm/a～6mm/a。取二者均值,求得第四纪以来断裂平均水平滑动速率约为4.68mm/a。
(2)垂直活动速率
①对F2-1段目日休麻和安母长亚生两处冲沟阶地高度及其形成时代的测定,估算出全新世中期(Q24)和早期(Q14)以来区域性垂直平均运动速率分别约为0.39±0.1mm/a和0.37±0.05mm/a。
②利用差分GPS对F2、F3断裂带内不同地貌面上保留的断层陡坎的测量,利用断层陡坎演化的扩散方程求得晚更新世末期(Q33)以来断层的平均垂直活动速率约为0.33mm/a,全新世(Q4)以来的平均垂直活动速率约为0.78mm/a。
③利用DEM数据分析跨越断层的多条地形剖面,得出断裂F2两盘的累计垂直位移量并结合地层年代,可求得玛多—甘德断裂第四纪以来的平均垂直差异运动速率约为0.15mm/a～0.23mm/a。考虑到盆地的沉积,其速率可能更大。
Long term of research on the earth science shows that the surface of the Earth (crust and upper mantle) is constantly moving. The history of these movements is the history of the formation and evolution of Earth’s tectonic pattern. The research of various tectonic activities has been listed as one of the themes of geology research and a lot of results are achieved. Currently, most of scholars consider the active tectonics as the tectonics which active since Late Pleistocene (about 100 to 120 thousand years ago) and will still be active within a period of time in the future, and, an independent direction of research has been developed gradually. As there is a very close relationship between the active tectonics and human survival and development, the research of active tectonics has been increasingly given attention by scholars in earth science and engineering study area home and abroad with the economic development and social progress. Because it’s not only provide the basic data for the study of modern crustal movement and geodynamical characteristics, even play an important role in modern urban planning, earthquake prediction and disaster prevention, project stability and seismic safety evaluation and some other relative fields.
Active tectonics is widely distributed in China, showing a very complex status and with the obvious regional characteristics (Deng Qidong, 1996). Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the most intense areas of modern crustal movement and tectonic activities. Within and around the plateau, there are distributed a large number of active faults which control the activities of the strong earthquake of these area. According to statistics, within Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, above MS8.0 earthquake occurred 10 times, MS7.0~MS7.9 magnitude earthquake 78 times, from MS6.0 to MS6.9 earthquake more than 250 times. No matter the magnitude or the number size of earthquake is far more than other areas of our country. In addition, tectonic activities within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau also play an important role in the formation and occurrence of earthquake in their surrounding areas. It is believed that the cause of 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake is closely related to the SE movement of Bayan Har block which lies in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Bayan Har block is a strip terrane in the middle-eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its southern and northern borders are controlled by the Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshui River fault zone and the East Kunlun fault zone, and the eastern boundary consist of the middle-southern part of the Longmen Shan fault zone and the Minjiang fault zone. These boundary faults have occurred many times of above MS7.0 destructive earthquakes in the history. For example, over the past decade at the South, North, East boundary occurred a number of strong earthquakes above MS7.0 (2010 Yushu MS7.1 earthquake, 2001 Kunlun Mountain MS8.1 earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake et al.). Predecessors have done some detailed research and discussion on the activities of these main controlling boundary faults and on the rapid uplift process of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Except the active faults in the boundary of Bayan Har block, there are still some active faults inside the block which are not thoroughly researched. For example, the newly discovered Longriba fault which lies in the eastern of the block, the east extension of the East Kunlun fault zone-Tazang fault, the Kunlunshankouxi-Dari fault and Maduo-Gande fault (studied in this paper)which are lies in the central of Bayan Har block. There used to be some strong earthquake occurred around these fault zones in the history, in which the biggest one is the 1947 MS7.8 earthquake near Dari.
Based on the considerations above and combined with available materials and relevant research results that the faults within the block probably had strong activities since the late Quaternary and may still active nowadays. So, these active faults should be given adequate attention and concern, and a gradual development of quantitative research should be given too. This paper chose the Maduo-Gande fault as the aim of study, based on the interpretation of remote sensing, combined the field investigation, considered the quantitative study of active faults as the core, integrated use of remote sensing geology, seismogeology, geomorphology, geometry, mathematical physics and so on, combined with trench excavation and geological dating, carried out on a comprehensive study of fault activity.
The main research contents and results of this paper are as follows:
1. Using the remote sensing geological methods to have a preliminary study about the faults overall. Processed and gave integrated interpretation of the TM/ETM/SRTM remote sensing data in the study area with the RSI ENVI 4.3 remote sensing image processing software, and Global Mapper v8.03 professional graphics software. Combined with 1:100 thousand topographic maps and 1:60 thousand aerial photographs and other mapping information, we gave a preliminary analysis of the topographic and geomorphologic features and the distribution characteristics of the faults in the study area, and had an initial understanding about the nature of the faults.
2. A detailed field survey work was given and an earthquake surface rupture zone was found in Gande segment on the basis of remote sensing interpretation. A large number of earthquake traces were found and also the distribution characterics of rupture zone and its displacement via continuous tracking through the field. According to the field investigation, the rupture zone has the lenth of about 50km. We got a maximum horizontal displacement of 7.6m and a maximum vertical displacement of 4m. Due to the fault activities, a series of linear arranged pass landforms formed. And the phenomena of various types of dislocation are also very rich, along the fault zone, there are neat fault triangles, ridges (beam) twisted, gullies dislocation, fault scarps, fault springs, pressure ridges, fault troughs, head/tail missing gullies, sag-ponds, et al. Through the observation and analysis of various types of geological and geomorphological features along the fault, we believe that the Maduo-Gande fault has obvious sinistral strike-slip feature, and both thrust characteristic.
3. We measured a variety of micro-geomorphic phenomena by TOPCON Hiper Ga/Gb differential GPS accurately along the fault. After indoor processing and calculating of GPS data, we obtained the displacement of about 100 points. Include the horizontal displacement of gullies and vertical displacement of fault scarps. All kinds of gullies along the fault zone generally dislocated, and the displacement from the smallest of 2m or so to the largest of 850m or so; new and old alluvial fan to retain a high degree of fault scarps around the minimum 1m, maximum up to 10m or so.
4. Through field investigation and trench excavation to obtain faults occurrence and other basic elements. And through the observing and drawing section of the faults, we obtained its characteristic of activity with intuitive understanding. More than 20 OSL dating samples are made in the trench and other geological body. The dating results show that from the mid-Late Pleistocene (Q23) to the Holocene (Q4), which is correspond to the preliminary judge while field investigation. Combines both indoor and field work, using conventional methods of displacement of geomorphology unit, and the establishment of theoretical model, we figured out the active rates of Gande segment in different time scales.
5. Horizontal active rates
(1) In F2-2 segment, using the gully dislocation on the Holocene alluvial fan in Muriwama west and the dating data, we got a slip rate of 3.38±0.08mm/a since Holocene (Q4).
(2) In F2-1 segment, using the gully dislocation on the old alluvial fan in front of Suoheluo basin west piedmont and the dating data, we got a slip rate of 8.39±0.09mm/a since the late period of late Pleistocene(Q33). In F2-2 segment, using the synchronous dislocation of 6 big gully between Muriwama and Anbeidongwu, combined with the date of the gully, we got a slip rate of 8.13±0.15mm/a～8.41±0.06mm/a since the middle period of late Pleistocene(Q23). On the principles of gully headward erosion, we established the relationship model between the gully displacement and the fault activities. Then, figure out the slip rate of 7.2mm/a since the middle period of late Pleistocene(Q23).
(3) In F1 segment, using the total displacement of the rock between each side of the fault and the age of strata, we got a slip rate of 3.48mm/a～5.23mm/a since Quaternary. Using the theoretical and statistical relationships of strike-slip faults between its displacement and its rupture width, we got a slip rate of 4mm/a～6mm/a since Quaternary. Then, take the average, we got the mean slip rate about 4.68 mm/a.
6. Vertical active rates
(1) In F2-1 segment, using the height of two gullies’terrace in Murixiuma and Anmuchangyasheng, combined with the dating results, we got a respectively regional uplift rate of 0.39±0.1mm/a and 0.37±0.05mm/a since mid-Holocene(Q24) and early-Holocene (Q14).
(2) In F2 and F3 segment, using the differential GPS to measure the scarps exist on the different topography in fault zone, then, we got the average vertical active rates of about 0.33mm/a since the late period of late Pleistocene(Q33) and about 0.78mm/a since Holocene (Q4).by using the diffusion equation of scarp evolution.
(3) Using DEM data to analysis the terrain profiles across the faults, we obtained the cumulative vertical displacement between each side of fault F2. Then, combined with strata age, we got a vertical active rate of 0.15mm/a～0.22mm/a since Quaternary.
我国的活动构造分布广泛,呈现出十分复杂的构造样式和形态。不少学者认为我国的活动构造具有明显的分区性(邓起东,1996,2002)。其中,青藏高原地区是现代地壳运动和各种构造活动最强烈的地区之一,它的内部和周围分布着大量的活动断裂,这些活动断裂控制着青藏高原地区的强震活动。据统计,青藏高原内部发生过8.0级以上地震10次,7.0～7.9级地震78次,6.0～6.9级地震250余次,无论震级大小还是地震数量都远远超过我国的其他地区。此外,青藏高原内部的活动构造对其周边地区的地震孕育和发生也起着十分重要的作用。2008年汶川MS8.0级地震的成因就与青藏高原内部巴颜喀拉块体的SE向运动有着密切的关系。
巴颜喀拉块体是青藏高原中东部的长条状活动地块,它的南、北边界分别被甘孜—玉树—鲜水河断裂系和东昆仑断裂系所围控,东部边界由龙门山断裂带中—南段和近南北向岷江断裂组成。这些边界断裂在历史上曾发生多次7.0级以上破坏性地震。例如,近十年来分别在南、北、东边界带发生了多次MS7.0级以上强震(2010年玉树MS7.1级地震、2001昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震和2008年汶川MS8.0级地震等)。前人对巴颜喀拉块体周边的主控边界断裂:东昆仑断裂、玉树—甘孜—鲜水河断裂以及包括龙门山断裂和岷江断裂在内的大多数活动断裂的活动性以及青藏高原东缘地区的快速隆升过程做过比较详细研究和讨论。
除了块体边界的活动断裂以外,在巴颜喀拉块体内部也存在着一些活动断裂,然而它们的研究程度相对较低。例如块体东部新发现的龙日坝断裂、东昆仑断裂系东延的塔藏断裂、块体中部的昆仑山口西—达日断裂以及本文研究的玛多—甘德断裂。这些断裂所在的周边区域历史上都发生过较强的地震,其中震级最大的是1947年达日附近的MS7.8级地震。
结合现有地质学、地球物理学、构造地貌学等资料和相关研究成果认为,这些块体内部的断裂晚第四纪以来可能有过强烈的活动并至今活跃,应当给予足够的重视和关注并逐步开展定量的研究工作。本文选择玛多—甘德断裂为研究对象,在遥感解译的基础上,结合野外调查,以活动断裂的定量研究为核心,综合运用遥感地质学、地震地质学、地貌学、数学物理学等方法,结合探槽开挖和地质测年,开展对断裂活动性的综合研究。
本文的主要研究内容和取得成果如下:
1.运用遥感地质学的方法对断裂整体进行初步研究。利用RSI ENVI 4.3遥感图像处理软件以及Global Mapper v8.03专业绘图软件,对研究区内TM、ETM+、SRTM等卫星遥感数据和图像进行了处理和综合解译,并结合1:10万地形图和1:6万航片等测绘资料,初步分析了研究区断裂构造的几何展布特征和区域地形地貌特征,对断裂的性质有了初步的认识。玛多—甘德断裂全长约650km,整体走向NW-NWW,在甘德境内由三条近似平行的断裂组成。
2.在遥感解译的基础上进行了详细的野外调查工作,在玛多—甘德断裂的甘德段新发现了地震地表破裂带,通过野外连续追踪,获得了地表破裂带的展布特征和位移分布特征。野外考察获得的地表破裂带长度约50km,最新一次活动的最大左旋水平位移7.6m,最大垂直位移4m左右。沿破裂带发现了大量的地震活动遗迹。断裂活动形成一系列呈线状排列的垭口地貌,各类断错现象也十分丰富,沿断裂带发育有整齐的断层三角面、山脊(梁)扭错、冲沟水系位错、断层陡坎、断层泉、地震鼓包、断层槽地、断头(尾)沟、断塞塘等地貌现象。通过对各类地质地貌现象的观察和分析认为,玛多—甘德断裂具有明显的左旋走滑性质,并兼有逆冲运动特征。
3.运用TOPCON Hiper Ga/Gb型差分GPS对断裂带上的各种微地貌现象进行了精确的测量,获得了大量的GPS数据。并通过室内GPS数据的处理和计算,最终得出了近百个点的位移量数据。主要包括冲沟的水平错动量和断层陡坎的垂直位移量及其形态特征。沿断裂带各类冲沟普遍被错动,水平位移量从最小的2m左右到最大的850m左右;新老洪积扇上保留的断层陡坎高度最小的1m左右,最大的可达10m左右。
4.通过野外调查及探槽的开挖获取了断层的产状等基本要素。通过断层剖面的观察和绘制,对断层的运动性质有了直观的了解。在开挖的探槽剖面及其他地质体内取得了20余个光释光(OSL)测年样品。测年结果显示断层活动年代分布从晚更新世中期(Q23)至全新世(Q4),与野外的初步判断比较相符。
5.结合室内和野外两方面的研究工作,利用常规的断错地貌方法和建立的理论模型,最终从不同时间尺度给出了玛多—甘德断裂甘德段的活动速率。
(1)水平活动速率
①利用F2-2段目日哇麻西岸山前全新世洪积扇上冲沟位错及地貌面年龄求得全新世(Q4)以来断层水平活动速率约为3.38±0.08mm/a。
②利用F2-1段索合洛盆地西侧山前老洪积扇上冲沟位错结合地貌年龄求得晚更新世末期(Q33)以来断层水平活动速率为8.39±0.09mm/a。利用F2-2、F3段目日哇麻至安北东吾六条大冲沟同步累计位错量和冲沟形成时代求得断裂晚更新世中期(Q23)以来的水平滑动速率约为8.13±0.15mm/a～8.41±0.06mm/a。借助冲沟溯源侵蚀原理建立起的断裂活动与冲沟位错关系模型最终求得晚更新世中期(Q23)以来断层水平活动速率约为7.2mm/a。
③利用F1段断裂两盘基岩的滑动总量与地层年代求得甘德段第四纪以来的活动速率约为3.48mm/a～5.23mm/a。利用走滑断裂带中断裂错距(D)与破裂带宽度(t)的理论与统计关系,得到的断裂第四纪以来的活动速率为4mm/a～6mm/a。取二者均值,求得第四纪以来断裂平均水平滑动速率约为4.68mm/a。
(2)垂直活动速率
①对F2-1段目日休麻和安母长亚生两处冲沟阶地高度及其形成时代的测定,估算出全新世中期(Q24)和早期(Q14)以来区域性垂直平均运动速率分别约为0.39±0.1mm/a和0.37±0.05mm/a。
②利用差分GPS对F2、F3断裂带内不同地貌面上保留的断层陡坎的测量,利用断层陡坎演化的扩散方程求得晚更新世末期(Q33)以来断层的平均垂直活动速率约为0.33mm/a,全新世(Q4)以来的平均垂直活动速率约为0.78mm/a。
③利用DEM数据分析跨越断层的多条地形剖面,得出断裂F2两盘的累计垂直位移量并结合地层年代,可求得玛多—甘德断裂第四纪以来的平均垂直差异运动速率约为0.15mm/a～0.23mm/a。考虑到盆地的沉积,其速率可能更大。
Long term of research on the earth science shows that the surface of the Earth (crust and upper mantle) is constantly moving. The history of these movements is the history of the formation and evolution of Earth’s tectonic pattern. The research of various tectonic activities has been listed as one of the themes of geology research and a lot of results are achieved. Currently, most of scholars consider the active tectonics as the tectonics which active since Late Pleistocene (about 100 to 120 thousand years ago) and will still be active within a period of time in the future, and, an independent direction of research has been developed gradually. As there is a very close relationship between the active tectonics and human survival and development, the research of active tectonics has been increasingly given attention by scholars in earth science and engineering study area home and abroad with the economic development and social progress. Because it’s not only provide the basic data for the study of modern crustal movement and geodynamical characteristics, even play an important role in modern urban planning, earthquake prediction and disaster prevention, project stability and seismic safety evaluation and some other relative fields.
Active tectonics is widely distributed in China, showing a very complex status and with the obvious regional characteristics (Deng Qidong, 1996). Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the most intense areas of modern crustal movement and tectonic activities. Within and around the plateau, there are distributed a large number of active faults which control the activities of the strong earthquake of these area. According to statistics, within Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, above MS8.0 earthquake occurred 10 times, MS7.0~MS7.9 magnitude earthquake 78 times, from MS6.0 to MS6.9 earthquake more than 250 times. No matter the magnitude or the number size of earthquake is far more than other areas of our country. In addition, tectonic activities within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau also play an important role in the formation and occurrence of earthquake in their surrounding areas. It is believed that the cause of 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake is closely related to the SE movement of Bayan Har block which lies in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Bayan Har block is a strip terrane in the middle-eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Its southern and northern borders are controlled by the Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshui River fault zone and the East Kunlun fault zone, and the eastern boundary consist of the middle-southern part of the Longmen Shan fault zone and the Minjiang fault zone. These boundary faults have occurred many times of above MS7.0 destructive earthquakes in the history. For example, over the past decade at the South, North, East boundary occurred a number of strong earthquakes above MS7.0 (2010 Yushu MS7.1 earthquake, 2001 Kunlun Mountain MS8.1 earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake et al.). Predecessors have done some detailed research and discussion on the activities of these main controlling boundary faults and on the rapid uplift process of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Except the active faults in the boundary of Bayan Har block, there are still some active faults inside the block which are not thoroughly researched. For example, the newly discovered Longriba fault which lies in the eastern of the block, the east extension of the East Kunlun fault zone-Tazang fault, the Kunlunshankouxi-Dari fault and Maduo-Gande fault (studied in this paper)which are lies in the central of Bayan Har block. There used to be some strong earthquake occurred around these fault zones in the history, in which the biggest one is the 1947 MS7.8 earthquake near Dari.
Based on the considerations above and combined with available materials and relevant research results that the faults within the block probably had strong activities since the late Quaternary and may still active nowadays. So, these active faults should be given adequate attention and concern, and a gradual development of quantitative research should be given too. This paper chose the Maduo-Gande fault as the aim of study, based on the interpretation of remote sensing, combined the field investigation, considered the quantitative study of active faults as the core, integrated use of remote sensing geology, seismogeology, geomorphology, geometry, mathematical physics and so on, combined with trench excavation and geological dating, carried out on a comprehensive study of fault activity.
The main research contents and results of this paper are as follows:
1. Using the remote sensing geological methods to have a preliminary study about the faults overall. Processed and gave integrated interpretation of the TM/ETM/SRTM remote sensing data in the study area with the RSI ENVI 4.3 remote sensing image processing software, and Global Mapper v8.03 professional graphics software. Combined with 1:100 thousand topographic maps and 1:60 thousand aerial photographs and other mapping information, we gave a preliminary analysis of the topographic and geomorphologic features and the distribution characteristics of the faults in the study area, and had an initial understanding about the nature of the faults.
2. A detailed field survey work was given and an earthquake surface rupture zone was found in Gande segment on the basis of remote sensing interpretation. A large number of earthquake traces were found and also the distribution characterics of rupture zone and its displacement via continuous tracking through the field. According to the field investigation, the rupture zone has the lenth of about 50km. We got a maximum horizontal displacement of 7.6m and a maximum vertical displacement of 4m. Due to the fault activities, a series of linear arranged pass landforms formed. And the phenomena of various types of dislocation are also very rich, along the fault zone, there are neat fault triangles, ridges (beam) twisted, gullies dislocation, fault scarps, fault springs, pressure ridges, fault troughs, head/tail missing gullies, sag-ponds, et al. Through the observation and analysis of various types of geological and geomorphological features along the fault, we believe that the Maduo-Gande fault has obvious sinistral strike-slip feature, and both thrust characteristic.
3. We measured a variety of micro-geomorphic phenomena by TOPCON Hiper Ga/Gb differential GPS accurately along the fault. After indoor processing and calculating of GPS data, we obtained the displacement of about 100 points. Include the horizontal displacement of gullies and vertical displacement of fault scarps. All kinds of gullies along the fault zone generally dislocated, and the displacement from the smallest of 2m or so to the largest of 850m or so; new and old alluvial fan to retain a high degree of fault scarps around the minimum 1m, maximum up to 10m or so.
4. Through field investigation and trench excavation to obtain faults occurrence and other basic elements. And through the observing and drawing section of the faults, we obtained its characteristic of activity with intuitive understanding. More than 20 OSL dating samples are made in the trench and other geological body. The dating results show that from the mid-Late Pleistocene (Q23) to the Holocene (Q4), which is correspond to the preliminary judge while field investigation. Combines both indoor and field work, using conventional methods of displacement of geomorphology unit, and the establishment of theoretical model, we figured out the active rates of Gande segment in different time scales.
5. Horizontal active rates
(1) In F2-2 segment, using the gully dislocation on the Holocene alluvial fan in Muriwama west and the dating data, we got a slip rate of 3.38±0.08mm/a since Holocene (Q4).
(2) In F2-1 segment, using the gully dislocation on the old alluvial fan in front of Suoheluo basin west piedmont and the dating data, we got a slip rate of 8.39±0.09mm/a since the late period of late Pleistocene(Q33). In F2-2 segment, using the synchronous dislocation of 6 big gully between Muriwama and Anbeidongwu, combined with the date of the gully, we got a slip rate of 8.13±0.15mm/a～8.41±0.06mm/a since the middle period of late Pleistocene(Q23). On the principles of gully headward erosion, we established the relationship model between the gully displacement and the fault activities. Then, figure out the slip rate of 7.2mm/a since the middle period of late Pleistocene(Q23).
(3) In F1 segment, using the total displacement of the rock between each side of the fault and the age of strata, we got a slip rate of 3.48mm/a～5.23mm/a since Quaternary. Using the theoretical and statistical relationships of strike-slip faults between its displacement and its rupture width, we got a slip rate of 4mm/a～6mm/a since Quaternary. Then, take the average, we got the mean slip rate about 4.68 mm/a.
6. Vertical active rates
(1) In F2-1 segment, using the height of two gullies’terrace in Murixiuma and Anmuchangyasheng, combined with the dating results, we got a respectively regional uplift rate of 0.39±0.1mm/a and 0.37±0.05mm/a since mid-Holocene(Q24) and early-Holocene (Q14).
(2) In F2 and F3 segment, using the differential GPS to measure the scarps exist on the different topography in fault zone, then, we got the average vertical active rates of about 0.33mm/a since the late period of late Pleistocene(Q33) and about 0.78mm/a since Holocene (Q4).by using the diffusion equation of scarp evolution.
(3) Using DEM data to analysis the terrain profiles across the faults, we obtained the cumulative vertical displacement between each side of fault F2. Then, combined with strata age, we got a vertical active rate of 0.15mm/a～0.22mm/a since Quaternary.
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