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青藏高原东缘主干断裂活动性及其构造变形模式研究
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摘要
青藏高原东缘(川青块体东部)是研究青藏高原与周边盆地运动学特征的典型地区,而且是验证青藏高原及其周边地区是以地壳深部物质流动而加厚还是地壳上部脆性断裂滑动或逆冲方式来消化吸收印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞剧烈隆升作用的关键部位。2008年5月12日发生在区内龙门山构造带的汶川Ms8.0级特大地震的发生使这一地区的新构造变形特征研究得到高度关注。
     论文以该地区所分布的活动断裂构造为研究对象,对断层活动性进行了详细分析、厘定,获得了断层活动性分段和滑动速率等指标,结合地形地貌、现代形变观测、地震活动性、断层组合分析等手段,探讨了青藏高原东缘的构造变形机制和模式。
     (1)通过地质、地貌及地震活动性研究,青藏高原东缘(川青块体东部)所分布的主要边界断裂晚第四纪以来表现活动特征各异,其中NW向东昆仑断裂南东段(塔藏)以左旋走滑为主,最大水平滑动速率约3mm/a;NS向岷江断裂和虎牙断裂则表现为逆冲运动特征,滑动速率在1mm/a左右;NE向龙门山断裂带呈现显著的逆冲兼右旋走滑运动特征,单条断裂的活动速率在1mm/a左右。
     (2)边界断裂旁侧所分布的分支断裂也具有明显的晚第四纪活动的地质、地貌证据。NW向迭部—白龙江断裂带由数条平行分布的分支断裂组成,晚第四纪以来表现为左旋滑动兼逆冲运动特征,单条断裂上的滑动速率小于东昆仑断裂;NE向龙日坝断裂由两条活动性显著的分支断裂组成,其右旋滑动速率高于其东侧的边界断裂—岷江断块—龙门山断裂带。
     (3)区内各主干断裂的活动性具有明显的分段性特点,其中在龙门山断裂带中央断裂—北川—映秀断裂的最新活动段发生了2008年汶川8.0级地震。地表断层和破裂带调查与探槽开挖、地震活动特征及深部地球物理场证据表明,其北东端应延伸至青川县城-乔庄镇,与后山断裂相接,全长约290km。
     (4)青藏高原东缘北部边界带主干断裂旁侧的分支性断裂在区域构造变形中起到重要的作用。由东昆仑断裂带南东端(塔藏断裂)与迭部白龙江断裂共同组合成NW向平行分布的大型走滑断层束,一起承担了来自西侧因青藏高原隆起而向SEE方向传递的构造变形;青藏高原东缘东部边界带则由NE向的龙日坝断裂与NS-NE向岷山断块—龙门山断裂带共同组成,岷山断块—龙门山断裂带是比较典型的向东逆冲断褶带,因此,龙日坝断裂可能作为其后缘逆冲走滑带,具有很强的构造变形分解和吸收作用。
     通过研究,青藏高原东缘边界带各段上滑动变形总量相近,说明地壳浅部的脆性断裂运动总量与本区域内所接受的变形量基本匹配。
     (5)地形地貌特征分析,区内主干断裂活动具有继承性特点,构造作用在塑造地形地貌方面起到了控制性作用。
     (6)区内地震均属于浅源型地震,震源机制解表明现代构造应力场以北西西—北西向近水平的主压应力为主的特征。强震的主要活动场所是活动断块的边界、活动断裂的交汇部位和新构造运动十分强烈的地区。现代地壳形变观测(GPS)结果表明了主干断裂对地壳形变有控制性调节作用。
     (7)地壳脆性断裂的逆冲运动所造成的地壳缩短应是该地区造山的主因。青藏高原东缘的构造变形特点就是由于青藏高原的强烈隆升作用,使得川青块体向SEE方向逸(挤)出,从而驱动区内的上地壳中的大型脆性断裂沿地表下埋深约20余公里的中、上地壳间的拆离带(低速带)发生走滑或逆冲运动。通过龙门山逆冲带中的几条边界断裂的逆冲运动,加之区内北边界的走滑运动分量在尾端进行了构造变形转换,加剧了岷江—龙门山地区横向构造的地壳缩短,因而形成了如今高耸的山脉。
The eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (eastern Chuanqing Block) is atypical region for studying on the kinetics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and ambitusbasins.In this unique region, the tectonic deformation mechanism from the affectiondue to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurosian Plate; that is, the upliftis produced by thrust faulting and crustal shortening or by inflation of the ductilelower crust. The Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake of May12th,2008located at theLongmen Shan fault of the eastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau attracted moreresearchers to discuss the recent tectonic deformation in this region.
     With the basic goal of studying the active faults in this region, this paperdiscusses in detail the active features on the faults and gains some data, such as faultsegmentation, slips rate. In the meantime, by other methods of landform, the crustmovement observation, earthquake activities and fault-combination, this paperpresents the reasonable explanation for the crust deformation in the eastern margin ofQinghai-Tibet Plateau.
     (1)By the studies on the geological, geomorphology and seismic data, the mainboundary faults in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (eastern Chuanqing Block) shows thedifferent activities since late Quaternary. Among them, the southeastern section(Tazang fault) of NW trending eastern Kunlun fault shows the main horizontalmovement with a maxima sinistral slip rate of3mm/a. The NS trending Min Jiangfault and Hu Ya fault show the vertical movement with a slip rate of1mm/a or so. TheNE trending Longmen Shan faults presents a thrust movement with an amount ofdextral horizontal movement. A slip rate of1mm/a or so can be seen in the eachsingle fault in the fault zone.
     (2)The lateral branch faults near the boundary fault show some active evidenceson geology, landform since late-Quaternary. The NW trending Diebu-Bailongjiang fault zone is composed of several parallel branch faults, which show the active featureof sinistral slip with some vertical amount. On the each section, the slip rate is lessthan the amount on the boundary fault-eastern Kunlun fault. The NE trendingLongriba fault is divided by two active branch faults, on which, the dextral slip rate isbigger than the amount on the east side main faults—Min Jiang fault and Hu Ya fault.
     (3)These main faults in this region show obvious segmentation feature. Amongthem, the newest active section of the central fault-Beichuan-Yingxiu fault,Longmenshan faults, produced the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake of May12th,2008.Some important evidences of ground fault and earthquake rupture investigation andtrenching, seismic activity and geophysical field in depth explain that its northeasternend should extend to Qiaozhuang Town, Qingchuan County, and approach to the backrange faults of the Longmen Shan faults. The total section length is about290km.
     (4)In the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, some branch faults nearthe main faults in the north part of the margin, take an important role in the process ofregional tectonic deformation. Combining with the parallel branch faults,Diebu-Bailongjiang faults, the south eastern section (Tazang fault) of NW trendingeastern Kunlun fault accept and regulate the regional crust deformation with SEEdirection form the crust material escape due to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-TibetPlateau. In the east part of the margin, the NE trending Longriba faults also regulatesand decomposes the regional tectonic deformation, with the main border fault-MinShan block and Longmen Shan faults, a typical thrust-faulting zone from west to east.So Longriba faults possibly become a kind of trailing edge reverse slip and can absorband regulate a part of crust deformation obviously. Through the studies, the total slipvalues along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are matched. It indicatesthat the slip and movement along the brittle faults in the crust matches with the forcefrom the west.
     (5)On the basis of research on the geomorphology, the main faults in this regionhave a common characteristic of succession since the Quaternary. The tectonicaffection should play a controlling role on the process of shaping topography in theregion.
     (6)The earthquakes occurred at this region all belong to the shallow focus type,Recent tectonic stress field shows a feature of near horizontal maxima press forcewith a NWW-NW direction. The strong earthquake almost toke place in the border ofactive blocks, joints of active faults and special section of strong new tectonicmovement. The result of recent crust deformation observation (GPS) shows that the main faults obviously control and regulate the crust deformation.
     (7)The crust shortening due to the thrust-slip movement in the brittle faults ismain source for the orogenic movement in this region. The regional crust deformationwith SEE direction form the crust material escape due to the rapid uplift of theQinghai-Tibet Plateau drives huge brittle faults in the upper crust to slip or thrustalong the low-velocity layer as a detachment-slip zone in the depth of20km.Through the thrust movement of the Longmen Shan faults, with tectonicdeformation transition of horizontal slip in the end of the north part in this area, thecross section crust has been shortened and thicken so as to produce such distincthigh land.
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