青藏高原东缘、东北缘典型地区晚新生代地貌过程研究
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摘要
近些年,高原山脉隆升机制、造山带演化模式的研究关注地壳演化过程的地表过程证据,地表过程的研究也由定性化转变到半定量-定量化阶段。研究切入点是地壳形变、气候演化等的标志性载体,即地表地形地貌。另外,造山带系统内部水系发育的模式及其对构造隆升、气候变化的响应和反馈作用一直以来是构造地貌和河流地貌研究的热点。同时,数字高程模型(DEM)空间分析技术已被广泛地应用于定量地貌研究,如基本地形分析和古地形面(Paleo-surface)恢复重建以及剥蚀量的定量化研究。
青藏高原是印度板块与欧亚板块新生代以来的汇聚碰撞的结果,同高原主体平坦的地形相比,高原东缘、东北缘的地貌表现出强烈的陡变和突变性特征,而相对于青藏高原的南北边界而言,又具有较为弥散和不规则等特征。论文在讨论了青藏高原东缘以及东北缘现今差异地貌特征的基础上,重点选择青藏高原东缘岷江水系流域、青藏高原东北缘贵德—循化盆地地区为分析对象,通过系统提取了岷江水系流域相关流域地貌参数(如亚流域盆地面积,周长,沟谷总长度和分支比)和河流纵剖面形态等定量参数,以及贵德—循化盆地地区更新世古地貌形态和剥蚀量的分布形式等研究,最终得到如下结论和认识:
(1) 青藏高原东缘与东北缘的地貌具有显著的差异性。在高原东缘地区,龙门山—岷山构造带与四川盆地之间构成显著的地形陡变带,造山带内部表现为高坡度,高地形起伏,岷江和嘉陵江两大基岩水系侵蚀下切作用明显,沟谷地形波长小。而青藏高原东北缘地区主要表现为地形高程呈逐渐递减的趋势,没有明显的地形陡变边界,总体为低坡度,低地形起伏,剖面反映地形波长较高原东缘地区变长,地貌上以宽缓的新生代盆地广泛分布为典型特征。
(2) 岷江亚流域盆地典型参数特征指示了岷江水系两侧晚新生代构造活动的差异性,反映并印证了岷江断裂东西两侧晚新生代以来的不均衡抬升。晚新生代以来岷山构造带的快速隆起以及龙门山构造带内部差异活动是造成岷江水系东侧各支流发育程度低,东西两侧亚流域差异地貌特征形成的主要原因。岷江流域盆地内部区域地形起伏发育特征表明,岷山—龙门山构造带与四川盆地之间的差异隆升导致了持续递增的河流势能差,因此也就形成现今由北向南地形起伏逐渐增大的特征。微观来看,局部盆地地区后期地表剥蚀与沉积过程“削高填低”的作用控制了整个流域盆地内部局部低起伏地貌特征。
(3) 通过对青藏高原东北缘贵德—循化盆地地区更新世古地貌形态的恢复以及剥蚀量定量分析研究,详细总结归纳了关键技术及方法,并建立了相关工作流程。
(4) 以恢复的古地貌面为基础,对宏观尺度的古地貌形态(盆岭格局)和剥蚀量分布以及微观尺度典型地区(如湟水河)进行了分析和讨论,特别是有关湟水河河道变迁和河流下切(剥蚀)量分析为高原东北缘的垂向构造变形提供了一定的资料补充。湟水河河道更新世以来向南变迁可以作为课题组关于青藏高原东北缘第三纪时期隆升扩展以及变形过程研究(早第三纪西宁期西秦岭隆升—新第三纪贵德期祁连山隆升—更新世祁连山再次持续隆升)有力的支持。以剥蚀量为基础,本文得到青藏高原东北缘更新世以来的隆升速率可能比高原主体地区相对要小的认识。
In recent years, researches on plateau uplift and orogenic evolvement focused on the evidence of surfacial process. All the studies have been becoming semi-quantitive and quantitive. And the key target of these studies is the carrier, i.e. landform, which recorded the crustal deformation and climate changes during geological time. In addition, the river drainage patterns and their implications for the plateau uplift and climate changing also have attracted more and more attentions than ever. Meanwhile, spatial analysis and applications of digital elevation model (DEM) were widely utilized in quantitive geomorphological researches, such as topographic analysis, paleosurface reconstruction and incision (erosion) analysis.Cenozoic India-Asia collision makes the higher and inboard flat Tibetan Plateau. But unlike the northern and southern margins, the eastern and northeastern ones are very disperse and irregular. Based on the discussions on different geomorphic characteristics between the eastern and northeastern margins, the Minjiang drainage basin (east Tibetan Plateau) and the Guide-Xunhua Basins (northeast Tibetan Plateau) are focused for this study. According to the extraction and processing of correlative geomorphic parameters (such as subbasin area, perimeter, channel length and bifurcation ratio) and longitudinal profile within the Minjiang drainage basin, and Pleistocene paleosurface reconstruction and incision pattern analysis, this paper draws the following ultimate conclusions:(1) Obviously different geomorphic features are determined between eastern and northeastern plateau margins. In eastern margin, the Longmenshan-Minshan tectonic belt and Sichuan Basin together build up the typical escarpment and higher slope and relief within these orogens are also remarkable. And elevation profiles across the orogenic ranges indicate shorter wavelength and higher frequency of the elevation variability. Comparably, the geomorphic features of northeastern margin show lower slope and relief, and longer wavelength and lower altitude changing frequency. Cenozoic basins widely dominate this geomorphic unit.(2) Typical drainage parameters determined within the Minjiang drainage basin
are indicative for the different late Cenozoic tectonic activities between two flanks of the Minjiang River, and implying the differential late Cenozoic uplift history between two plates of the Minjiang Fault. The contrary geomorphic characteristics of eastern subbasins and western ones result from quick uplift of the Minshan and inner Longmenshan. Additionally, the macroscale regular variety and microscale anomaly of local relief within the Minjiang drainage basin are indicating the continuous increasing fluvial potential energy resulted from Minshan and Longmenshan uplift versus the Sichuan Basin, and delivering and discharging of sedimentation within local basins that build low relief landform.(3) Based on the Pleistocene paleosurface reconstruction and incision history analysis, some key techniques and methods are well documented and summarized, and correlative processing procedures are constructed.(4) According to the analysis on paleosurface, macroscale landform pattern (such as basin and range distribution) and microscale typical area (such as Huangshuihe river channel change) are analyzed and discussed, especially the studies on Huangshuihe river channel change and river incision provide new insights for the uplift and growth history of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Channel change of the Huangshuihe river might be indicative of the late Pleistocene uplift of the Qilian ranges. And this paper also comes to some cognition of lower uplift rate within Guide-Xunhua Basin comparing with the inner plateau.
青藏高原是印度板块与欧亚板块新生代以来的汇聚碰撞的结果,同高原主体平坦的地形相比,高原东缘、东北缘的地貌表现出强烈的陡变和突变性特征,而相对于青藏高原的南北边界而言,又具有较为弥散和不规则等特征。论文在讨论了青藏高原东缘以及东北缘现今差异地貌特征的基础上,重点选择青藏高原东缘岷江水系流域、青藏高原东北缘贵德—循化盆地地区为分析对象,通过系统提取了岷江水系流域相关流域地貌参数(如亚流域盆地面积,周长,沟谷总长度和分支比)和河流纵剖面形态等定量参数,以及贵德—循化盆地地区更新世古地貌形态和剥蚀量的分布形式等研究,最终得到如下结论和认识:
(1) 青藏高原东缘与东北缘的地貌具有显著的差异性。在高原东缘地区,龙门山—岷山构造带与四川盆地之间构成显著的地形陡变带,造山带内部表现为高坡度,高地形起伏,岷江和嘉陵江两大基岩水系侵蚀下切作用明显,沟谷地形波长小。而青藏高原东北缘地区主要表现为地形高程呈逐渐递减的趋势,没有明显的地形陡变边界,总体为低坡度,低地形起伏,剖面反映地形波长较高原东缘地区变长,地貌上以宽缓的新生代盆地广泛分布为典型特征。
(2) 岷江亚流域盆地典型参数特征指示了岷江水系两侧晚新生代构造活动的差异性,反映并印证了岷江断裂东西两侧晚新生代以来的不均衡抬升。晚新生代以来岷山构造带的快速隆起以及龙门山构造带内部差异活动是造成岷江水系东侧各支流发育程度低,东西两侧亚流域差异地貌特征形成的主要原因。岷江流域盆地内部区域地形起伏发育特征表明,岷山—龙门山构造带与四川盆地之间的差异隆升导致了持续递增的河流势能差,因此也就形成现今由北向南地形起伏逐渐增大的特征。微观来看,局部盆地地区后期地表剥蚀与沉积过程“削高填低”的作用控制了整个流域盆地内部局部低起伏地貌特征。
(3) 通过对青藏高原东北缘贵德—循化盆地地区更新世古地貌形态的恢复以及剥蚀量定量分析研究,详细总结归纳了关键技术及方法,并建立了相关工作流程。
(4) 以恢复的古地貌面为基础,对宏观尺度的古地貌形态(盆岭格局)和剥蚀量分布以及微观尺度典型地区(如湟水河)进行了分析和讨论,特别是有关湟水河河道变迁和河流下切(剥蚀)量分析为高原东北缘的垂向构造变形提供了一定的资料补充。湟水河河道更新世以来向南变迁可以作为课题组关于青藏高原东北缘第三纪时期隆升扩展以及变形过程研究(早第三纪西宁期西秦岭隆升—新第三纪贵德期祁连山隆升—更新世祁连山再次持续隆升)有力的支持。以剥蚀量为基础,本文得到青藏高原东北缘更新世以来的隆升速率可能比高原主体地区相对要小的认识。
In recent years, researches on plateau uplift and orogenic evolvement focused on the evidence of surfacial process. All the studies have been becoming semi-quantitive and quantitive. And the key target of these studies is the carrier, i.e. landform, which recorded the crustal deformation and climate changes during geological time. In addition, the river drainage patterns and their implications for the plateau uplift and climate changing also have attracted more and more attentions than ever. Meanwhile, spatial analysis and applications of digital elevation model (DEM) were widely utilized in quantitive geomorphological researches, such as topographic analysis, paleosurface reconstruction and incision (erosion) analysis.Cenozoic India-Asia collision makes the higher and inboard flat Tibetan Plateau. But unlike the northern and southern margins, the eastern and northeastern ones are very disperse and irregular. Based on the discussions on different geomorphic characteristics between the eastern and northeastern margins, the Minjiang drainage basin (east Tibetan Plateau) and the Guide-Xunhua Basins (northeast Tibetan Plateau) are focused for this study. According to the extraction and processing of correlative geomorphic parameters (such as subbasin area, perimeter, channel length and bifurcation ratio) and longitudinal profile within the Minjiang drainage basin, and Pleistocene paleosurface reconstruction and incision pattern analysis, this paper draws the following ultimate conclusions:(1) Obviously different geomorphic features are determined between eastern and northeastern plateau margins. In eastern margin, the Longmenshan-Minshan tectonic belt and Sichuan Basin together build up the typical escarpment and higher slope and relief within these orogens are also remarkable. And elevation profiles across the orogenic ranges indicate shorter wavelength and higher frequency of the elevation variability. Comparably, the geomorphic features of northeastern margin show lower slope and relief, and longer wavelength and lower altitude changing frequency. Cenozoic basins widely dominate this geomorphic unit.(2) Typical drainage parameters determined within the Minjiang drainage basin
are indicative for the different late Cenozoic tectonic activities between two flanks of the Minjiang River, and implying the differential late Cenozoic uplift history between two plates of the Minjiang Fault. The contrary geomorphic characteristics of eastern subbasins and western ones result from quick uplift of the Minshan and inner Longmenshan. Additionally, the macroscale regular variety and microscale anomaly of local relief within the Minjiang drainage basin are indicating the continuous increasing fluvial potential energy resulted from Minshan and Longmenshan uplift versus the Sichuan Basin, and delivering and discharging of sedimentation within local basins that build low relief landform.(3) Based on the Pleistocene paleosurface reconstruction and incision history analysis, some key techniques and methods are well documented and summarized, and correlative processing procedures are constructed.(4) According to the analysis on paleosurface, macroscale landform pattern (such as basin and range distribution) and microscale typical area (such as Huangshuihe river channel change) are analyzed and discussed, especially the studies on Huangshuihe river channel change and river incision provide new insights for the uplift and growth history of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Channel change of the Huangshuihe river might be indicative of the late Pleistocene uplift of the Qilian ranges. And this paper also comes to some cognition of lower uplift rate within Guide-Xunhua Basin comparing with the inner plateau.
引文
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