长期定位施肥土壤酶活性及其肥力变化研究
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摘要
长期肥料定位试验是目前研究施肥对土壤肥力影响最常用的方法。本文以布设在黄土高原不同地域的三个长期肥料定位试验为基础,研究了长期不同施肥土壤酶活性及其肥力的变化,皆在揭示长期不同施肥条件下土壤肥力的变化规律,以期在获得农作物优质高产的前提下更好的培育土壤肥力,主要结论如下:
1.经过多年定位施肥,土壤有机质含量呈持续增加趋势。
黑垆土2007年的土壤有机质含量较1984年增加11.54%-60.58%。化肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质含量明显高于单施化肥;氮肥有机肥配施增加有机质含量的效果最显著,较对照增加20.75%,氮磷有机肥配施和磷肥有机肥配施的分别增加16.38%和11.50%。
黄绵土化肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质含量明显高于单施化肥;氮磷钾有机肥配施增加土壤有机质含量的效果最明显,较对照增加34.04%,氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质分别增加33.30%和32.66%。
沙质黄绵土氮肥有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤有机质含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加43.31%和22.09%,明显高于单施化肥。
2.多年定位施肥的土壤氮素含量呈现明显的增加趋势。以有机肥和氮素化肥的施入增加效果显著。
黑垆土2007年的土壤全氮含量与1984年相比增加0.88%-91.67%,碱解氮含量增加13.41%-102.89%。氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全氮含量效果明显,分别较对照增加41.98%和39.51%,明显高于单施化肥。施肥对土壤碱解氮含量的影响与全氮相似,氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施的土壤碱解氮含量分别较对照增加78.65%和71.39%。
黄绵土氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全氮含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加21.74%和22.61%,明显高于单施化肥。氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤碱解氮含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加39.44%和36.87%。
沙质黄绵土2006年的土壤全氮含量较1992年增加5.13%-15.38%。施用有机肥的土壤全氮含量明显高于单施化肥,氮肥有机肥配施提高土壤全氮含量的效果最显著。
3.长期施肥对土壤磷素含量的影响显著,尤其是施用磷肥,土壤全磷、速效磷含量增加显著。
黑垆土2007年的土壤全磷含量与1984年相比增加4.55%-37.88%,速效磷含量增加0.08-14.53倍。氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全磷含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加33.33%和30.43%,且明显高于单施化肥。磷肥配施有机肥增加土壤速效磷含量的效果明显,较对照增加15.87倍,氮磷有机肥配施的土壤速效磷含量较对照增加13.33倍。
黄绵土氮磷配施的土壤全磷含量增加效果显著,较对照增加27.69%,氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施的效果次之,分别较对照增加24.62%和20%,明显高于其它施肥。氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤速效磷含量效果显著,明显高于单施化肥。
沙质黄绵土2006年的土壤全磷含量比1992年增加5.08%-23.73%,速效磷含量增加0.9-3.27倍。单施磷肥的土壤全磷含量增幅最明显,较对照增加17.74%,其它施肥的土壤全磷含量差异不显著。
4.长期施肥对土壤速效钾含量有较为明显的影响。
黑垆土2007年的土壤速效钾含量较1984年增加0.08-3.36倍。单施有机肥的土壤速效钾含量增加效果明显,较对照增加2.5倍。施用有机肥和施用化肥的土壤速效钾含量差异显著。
黄绵土氮磷钾有机肥配施增加土壤速效钾含量的效果明显,较对照增加33.87%,明显高于其它施肥。
5.施肥对土壤酶活性有不同方向的显著性影响。单施磷肥降低了耕层土壤的脲酶活性,与对照相比,黑垆土脲酶活性降低0.5%,沙质黄绵土脲酶活性降低77.78%,其它施肥均显著增加了脲酶活性。单施氮肥降低了土壤转化酶活性,施用有机肥可显著增加土壤转化酶活性,黑垆土的转化酶活性较对照增加1.56%-15.63% ,黄绵土的增加10.13%-30.38% ,沙质黄绵土的增加1.43%-35.71%。施肥对过氧化氢酶活性影响不明显,但增加了耕层碱性磷酸酶活性,有机肥增加效果更显著。长期施肥,不同土类的土壤酶活性剖面分布趋势相似:随土层深度的加深,酶活性逐渐降低。
6.酶活性与肥力间的关系非常密切。相关分析和通径分析表明:碱性磷酸酶与土壤C、N、P状况有密切关系,均达显著相关,脲酶与土壤N含量显著相关,转化酶与土壤P含量显著相关,因此土壤酶活性可以用来综合评价黄土区的土壤肥力水平。
Long-term fertilization experiment is the most common method which is used to study the impact of fertilization on soil fertility. This article studied the change of enzyme activity and soil fertility based on three long-term fertilization experiments in the Loess Plateau, in order to reveal the impacts of long-term fertilization on soil fertility and improve the soil fertility under the premise of obtaining high-quality and high-yield. The results are as follows:
1 After long-term fertilization, the organic matter content increased compared to the beginning of the experiment. The organic matter content increased significantly in the treatment applying with manure.
The organic matter content of dark loessial soil was increased by 11.54%-60.58% compared to 1984. The organic matter content in the combined chemical fertilizer and organic manure treatment of the dark loessial soil was significantly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Soil organic matter content in the NM treatment increased by 20.75% compared to CK, NPM and PM increased by 16.38% and 11.50% respectively.
The organic matter content of the loessial soil in the combined of chemical fertilizer with organic manure treatment was significantly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. In compared with CK, soil organic matter content increased by 34.04% in the NPKM treatment, and increased by 33.30% and 32.66% in the treatment of NPM and NM.
Soil organic matter increased by 43.31% and 22.09% in the NM and NPM treatments of the sandy loess, which was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer treatment markedly.
2 After years of fertilization, the nitrogen content was increased.
Compared with 1984, total N content of the dark loessial soil increased by 0.88%-91.67%, and the content of the available N increased by 13.41%-102.89%. Compared with CK, total N increased by 41.98% and 39.51% both of NPM and NM in the dark loessial soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Available N increased by 78.65% and 71.39% respectively in the NPM and NM treatment.
Compared with CK, total N increased by 21.74% and 22.61% in the NPM and NM treatments of the loess soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Available N increased by 39.44% and 36.87% in the NPKM and NPM treatments of the loess soil.
Compared with 1992, the total N content increased by 5.13%-15.38% of the sandy loess soil. Single manure Application can increased total N of the sandy loess soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the chemical fertilizer treatment. The total N of NM treatment was higher.
3 the effect of Longer-term fertilization on soil phosphorus was significantly and the soil total P and available P increased significantly in the application of phosphorus fertilizer treatment.
In comparisons with 1984, the total P content increased by 4.55%-37.88% of the dark loessial soil. The available P increased by 0.08-14.53-fold. Total P increased by 33.33% and 30.43% in the NPM and NM treatment respectively, which was markedly higher than that of in the chemical fertilizer treatment. The available P increased by 15.87-fold in the PM treatment, and increased by 13.33-fold in the NPM treatment.
In comparison with CK, total P content increased by 27.09% in the NP treatment of the loess soil, and increased by 24.62% and 20% in the treatment of NPKM and NPM respectively, which was markedly higher than that of in other treatments. Available P content increased obviously in the NPKM and NM treatments, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment.
In comparison with 1992, total P increased by 5.085-23.73% of the sandy loess soil, and the available P content increased by 0.9-3.27-fold.
4 Soil available K increased obviously under Long-term fertilization experiment.
In comparison with 1984, the available K content increased by 0.08-3.36-fold of the dark loessial soil in 2007. Available K increased by 33.87% in the treatment combined with NPK and manure of the loess soil, which was higher than that of in other treatments markedly.
5 single P Application can reduce the activity of soil urease. Compared with CK, the dark loessial soil urease activity reduced by 0.5%, the sandy loess soil urease activity reduced by 77.78%, other fertilization treatment increased soil urease activity significantly. soil invertase activity reduced in different soil types under the Single N fertilizer treatment, and were increased in other fertilization treatments.Long-term organic manure application can increase the soil invertase activity significantly. Compared with the CK treatment, soil invertase activity increased by 1.56%-15.63% of the dark loessial soil, increased by 10.13% -30.38% of the loessial soil, and increased by 1.43% -35.71% of the sandy loess soil. Long-term fertilization had little effect on soil catalase activity. The alkaline phosphatase activity in the different fertilization treatments under different types of soil are all increased, the increase was even more evident in the organic fertilizer treatment. After years of fertilization, the activity of soil enzyme was lowering gradually with the deepening of soil depth.
6 According to correlation and path analysis, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soil P were related to alkaline phosphatase, calatase activities; urease activity was inversely related to soil N content, and invertase activity was inversely related to soil P content, so it can be used to estimate the level of soil fertility.
1.经过多年定位施肥,土壤有机质含量呈持续增加趋势。
黑垆土2007年的土壤有机质含量较1984年增加11.54%-60.58%。化肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质含量明显高于单施化肥;氮肥有机肥配施增加有机质含量的效果最显著,较对照增加20.75%,氮磷有机肥配施和磷肥有机肥配施的分别增加16.38%和11.50%。
黄绵土化肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质含量明显高于单施化肥;氮磷钾有机肥配施增加土壤有机质含量的效果最明显,较对照增加34.04%,氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施的土壤有机质分别增加33.30%和32.66%。
沙质黄绵土氮肥有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤有机质含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加43.31%和22.09%,明显高于单施化肥。
2.多年定位施肥的土壤氮素含量呈现明显的增加趋势。以有机肥和氮素化肥的施入增加效果显著。
黑垆土2007年的土壤全氮含量与1984年相比增加0.88%-91.67%,碱解氮含量增加13.41%-102.89%。氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全氮含量效果明显,分别较对照增加41.98%和39.51%,明显高于单施化肥。施肥对土壤碱解氮含量的影响与全氮相似,氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施的土壤碱解氮含量分别较对照增加78.65%和71.39%。
黄绵土氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全氮含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加21.74%和22.61%,明显高于单施化肥。氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤碱解氮含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加39.44%和36.87%。
沙质黄绵土2006年的土壤全氮含量较1992年增加5.13%-15.38%。施用有机肥的土壤全氮含量明显高于单施化肥,氮肥有机肥配施提高土壤全氮含量的效果最显著。
3.长期施肥对土壤磷素含量的影响显著,尤其是施用磷肥,土壤全磷、速效磷含量增加显著。
黑垆土2007年的土壤全磷含量与1984年相比增加4.55%-37.88%,速效磷含量增加0.08-14.53倍。氮磷有机肥配施和氮肥有机肥配施增加土壤全磷含量的效果明显,分别较对照增加33.33%和30.43%,且明显高于单施化肥。磷肥配施有机肥增加土壤速效磷含量的效果明显,较对照增加15.87倍,氮磷有机肥配施的土壤速效磷含量较对照增加13.33倍。
黄绵土氮磷配施的土壤全磷含量增加效果显著,较对照增加27.69%,氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施的效果次之,分别较对照增加24.62%和20%,明显高于其它施肥。氮磷钾有机肥配施和氮磷有机肥配施增加土壤速效磷含量效果显著,明显高于单施化肥。
沙质黄绵土2006年的土壤全磷含量比1992年增加5.08%-23.73%,速效磷含量增加0.9-3.27倍。单施磷肥的土壤全磷含量增幅最明显,较对照增加17.74%,其它施肥的土壤全磷含量差异不显著。
4.长期施肥对土壤速效钾含量有较为明显的影响。
黑垆土2007年的土壤速效钾含量较1984年增加0.08-3.36倍。单施有机肥的土壤速效钾含量增加效果明显,较对照增加2.5倍。施用有机肥和施用化肥的土壤速效钾含量差异显著。
黄绵土氮磷钾有机肥配施增加土壤速效钾含量的效果明显,较对照增加33.87%,明显高于其它施肥。
5.施肥对土壤酶活性有不同方向的显著性影响。单施磷肥降低了耕层土壤的脲酶活性,与对照相比,黑垆土脲酶活性降低0.5%,沙质黄绵土脲酶活性降低77.78%,其它施肥均显著增加了脲酶活性。单施氮肥降低了土壤转化酶活性,施用有机肥可显著增加土壤转化酶活性,黑垆土的转化酶活性较对照增加1.56%-15.63% ,黄绵土的增加10.13%-30.38% ,沙质黄绵土的增加1.43%-35.71%。施肥对过氧化氢酶活性影响不明显,但增加了耕层碱性磷酸酶活性,有机肥增加效果更显著。长期施肥,不同土类的土壤酶活性剖面分布趋势相似:随土层深度的加深,酶活性逐渐降低。
6.酶活性与肥力间的关系非常密切。相关分析和通径分析表明:碱性磷酸酶与土壤C、N、P状况有密切关系,均达显著相关,脲酶与土壤N含量显著相关,转化酶与土壤P含量显著相关,因此土壤酶活性可以用来综合评价黄土区的土壤肥力水平。
Long-term fertilization experiment is the most common method which is used to study the impact of fertilization on soil fertility. This article studied the change of enzyme activity and soil fertility based on three long-term fertilization experiments in the Loess Plateau, in order to reveal the impacts of long-term fertilization on soil fertility and improve the soil fertility under the premise of obtaining high-quality and high-yield. The results are as follows:
1 After long-term fertilization, the organic matter content increased compared to the beginning of the experiment. The organic matter content increased significantly in the treatment applying with manure.
The organic matter content of dark loessial soil was increased by 11.54%-60.58% compared to 1984. The organic matter content in the combined chemical fertilizer and organic manure treatment of the dark loessial soil was significantly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Soil organic matter content in the NM treatment increased by 20.75% compared to CK, NPM and PM increased by 16.38% and 11.50% respectively.
The organic matter content of the loessial soil in the combined of chemical fertilizer with organic manure treatment was significantly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. In compared with CK, soil organic matter content increased by 34.04% in the NPKM treatment, and increased by 33.30% and 32.66% in the treatment of NPM and NM.
Soil organic matter increased by 43.31% and 22.09% in the NM and NPM treatments of the sandy loess, which was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer treatment markedly.
2 After years of fertilization, the nitrogen content was increased.
Compared with 1984, total N content of the dark loessial soil increased by 0.88%-91.67%, and the content of the available N increased by 13.41%-102.89%. Compared with CK, total N increased by 41.98% and 39.51% both of NPM and NM in the dark loessial soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Available N increased by 78.65% and 71.39% respectively in the NPM and NM treatment.
Compared with CK, total N increased by 21.74% and 22.61% in the NPM and NM treatments of the loess soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment. Available N increased by 39.44% and 36.87% in the NPKM and NPM treatments of the loess soil.
Compared with 1992, the total N content increased by 5.13%-15.38% of the sandy loess soil. Single manure Application can increased total N of the sandy loess soil, which was markedly higher than that of in the chemical fertilizer treatment. The total N of NM treatment was higher.
3 the effect of Longer-term fertilization on soil phosphorus was significantly and the soil total P and available P increased significantly in the application of phosphorus fertilizer treatment.
In comparisons with 1984, the total P content increased by 4.55%-37.88% of the dark loessial soil. The available P increased by 0.08-14.53-fold. Total P increased by 33.33% and 30.43% in the NPM and NM treatment respectively, which was markedly higher than that of in the chemical fertilizer treatment. The available P increased by 15.87-fold in the PM treatment, and increased by 13.33-fold in the NPM treatment.
In comparison with CK, total P content increased by 27.09% in the NP treatment of the loess soil, and increased by 24.62% and 20% in the treatment of NPKM and NPM respectively, which was markedly higher than that of in other treatments. Available P content increased obviously in the NPKM and NM treatments, which was markedly higher than that of in the single chemical fertilizer treatment.
In comparison with 1992, total P increased by 5.085-23.73% of the sandy loess soil, and the available P content increased by 0.9-3.27-fold.
4 Soil available K increased obviously under Long-term fertilization experiment.
In comparison with 1984, the available K content increased by 0.08-3.36-fold of the dark loessial soil in 2007. Available K increased by 33.87% in the treatment combined with NPK and manure of the loess soil, which was higher than that of in other treatments markedly.
5 single P Application can reduce the activity of soil urease. Compared with CK, the dark loessial soil urease activity reduced by 0.5%, the sandy loess soil urease activity reduced by 77.78%, other fertilization treatment increased soil urease activity significantly. soil invertase activity reduced in different soil types under the Single N fertilizer treatment, and were increased in other fertilization treatments.Long-term organic manure application can increase the soil invertase activity significantly. Compared with the CK treatment, soil invertase activity increased by 1.56%-15.63% of the dark loessial soil, increased by 10.13% -30.38% of the loessial soil, and increased by 1.43% -35.71% of the sandy loess soil. Long-term fertilization had little effect on soil catalase activity. The alkaline phosphatase activity in the different fertilization treatments under different types of soil are all increased, the increase was even more evident in the organic fertilizer treatment. After years of fertilization, the activity of soil enzyme was lowering gradually with the deepening of soil depth.
6 According to correlation and path analysis, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soil P were related to alkaline phosphatase, calatase activities; urease activity was inversely related to soil N content, and invertase activity was inversely related to soil P content, so it can be used to estimate the level of soil fertility.
引文
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