红壤坡面与黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程对比研究
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摘要
黄土高原是我国土壤侵蚀最严重的地区,红壤丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀严重程度仅次于黄土高原。目前黄土区的坡面土壤侵蚀过程与机理研究较深入,而红壤丘陵区坡面土壤侵蚀过程与机理研究较薄弱,且相同降雨和地形条件下红壤和黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的对比研究还鲜见报道。本文通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对比研究相同降雨和地形条件下红壤和黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程的差异性,研究结果将加深对坡面土壤侵蚀过程的理解,并为红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论支持。主要研究结论如下:
1)红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流率随着坡度的增加基本呈减小趋势,随雨强的增大而增大,雨强对红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流率的影响一直处于主导地位,坡度对产流率的影响在很大程度上被雨强所掩盖;相同坡度和降雨条件下,红壤坡面平均产流率大于黄土坡面平均产流率。除雨强100mm/h坡度20°试验条件外,其余试验条件下红壤坡面总径流量均大于黄土坡面,在1.02~2.53倍之间。红壤坡面和黄土坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的关系呈线性相关,红壤坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:R1=-18.84+4.90I-2.75S,R2=0.95;黄土坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:R2=-218.83+6.52I-3.45S,R2=0.83。
2)相同降雨强度下红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙率都随坡度的增加而增大,红壤坡面侵蚀产沙在50mm/h雨强下,在20°附近存在临界坡度,黄土坡面侵蚀产沙在75和100mm/h雨强下,在25°附近存在临界坡度;红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙率均随降雨强度的增加而增大。红壤坡面侵蚀以片蚀为主,在5°和25°时,主要受雨强影响,10°到20°之间雨强和坡度共同对红壤坡面侵蚀产生作用;黄土坡面侵蚀过程可明显分为三个阶段,在5°到20°之间,主要受雨强影响,20°到25°之间雨强和坡度共同对黄土坡面侵蚀产生作用,30°时,雨强对坡面侵蚀产沙的作用占主导地位。不同雨强和坡度的组合,对红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙的影响不同,雨强50和100 mm/h下、坡度小于10°和雨强为75 mm/h、坡度小于20°时,雨强和坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的综合影响大于对黄土坡面,雨强为50和100mm/h、坡度大于10°和雨强为75mm/h、坡度大于20°时,情况正好相反;雨强为75 mm/h、坡度5°时红壤坡面与黄土坡面侵蚀量差异最大,红壤坡面侵蚀量是黄土坡面的11.5倍。红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的关系呈线性相关,红壤坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:Ms1=-35.24+0.58I+0.798S,R2=0.87;黄土坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:Ms2=-72.03+0.772I+2.463S,R2=0.73。
3)红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流时间都是随坡度和雨强的增大而缩短。在相同坡度和雨强条件下,红壤坡面产流时间早于黄土坡面,且在雨强和坡度较小时,两者产流时间差异较大;随雨强和坡度的增加,其差异性减小。
4)细沟侵蚀对土壤坡面侵蚀有重要贡献,红壤坡面和黄土坡面细沟侵蚀量与总侵蚀量具有同步性;细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的比例随地面坡度的增加而增大。在试验设计条件下,红壤坡面细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的平均值为14.7%~80.7%,黄土坡面细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的10.0%~88.7%。
The Loess Plateau is one of the most severe soil erosion regions in China, and the severity of soil erosion in Red soil hilly region is just next to the Loess Plateau. Current research on hillslope soil erosion processes and mechanism are relatively deep, but research on soil erosion processes and mechanism in Red soil hilly region is relatively weak. Moreover, comparative study of hillslope soil erosion processes between Red soil and Loess under the same rainfall density and terrain little has been reported. Difference of hillslope soil erosion processes between Red soil and Loess under the same rainfall and terrain were comparatively studied by using research methods of indoor simulated rainfall. The research results are beneficial to deepen the understanding of soil erosion, and provide theoretical basis for soil erosion prevention. The main results were as follows:
1)The runoff rate of Red soil and Loess hillslopes showed an decreasing trend with an increase of slope, however it showed an increasing trend with an increase of rainfall intensity. The effect of rainfall intensity on runoff rate of Red soil and Loess always occupied the leading position. To a great extent, the effect of slope gradient on runoff rate of red soil and loess was concealed by rainfall intensity. Under the same slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the average runoff rate of red soil hillslope was greater than that of loessial hillslope. Runoff discharge of red soil was 1.02~2.53 times higher than that of loessial hillslope except 75mm/h of rainfall intensity and 20°of slope gradient. The results showed a good linear relationship between runoff discharge of red soil and rainfall intensity, slope gradient.The fitting equation of red soil is that R1=-18.84+4.90I-2.75S, R2=0.95. The fitting equation of loess is that R2=-218.83+ 6.52I-3.45S, R2=0.83.
2) Under the same rainfall intensity, sediment yield rate of red soil and loess increased with an increase of slope gradient. The critical slope for t sediment yield of red soil was about 20°under 50 mm/h of rainfall intensity, but the critical slope for t sediment yield rate of loess was about 25°under 75 mm/h and 100 mm/h of rainfall intensity.Sediment yield rate of red soil and loess increased with an increase of rainfall intensity. Sheet erosion was the main erosion pattern in red soil hillslope. Sediment yield was mainly affected by rainfall intensity at 5°of and 25°of slope gradient and influenced by rainfall intensity and slope gradient between 10°and 20°of slope gradient.Soil erosion processes on loessial hillslope was evidently divided into three stages. Rainfall intensity was the key factor to sediment yield rate between 5°of slope gradient and 20°of slope gradient. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient together played a role to sediment yield rate between 20°of slope gradient and 25°of slope gradient. Rainfall intensity played dominant role at 30°of slope gradient. Effect of different combination of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on sediment yield of red soil and loess was different. Under 50 and 100 mm/h of rainfall intensity, the combined effects to red earth slope was greater than on the loess slopes when the slope gradient was lower than 10°. The trend was opposite on other conditions. The variance of erosion amount between red soil and loess slopes was the most obvious on the condition of rainfall intensity of 75mm/h and 5°of slope gradient, and sediment yield rate of red soil was 11.5 times higher than that of loess.The results showed a good linear relationship between sediment yield of red soil and rainfall intensity, slope gradient. The fitting equation of red soil is that Ms1=-35.24+0.58I+0.798S, R2=0.87. The fitting equation of loess is that Ms2=-72.03+0.772I+ 2.463S, R2=0.73.
3) The time to initiation of runoff were shortened with an increase of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on red soil hillslope and loessial hillslope. On the condition of same slope gradient and rainfall intensity.The time to initiation of runoff on red soil hillslope was earlier than that on loessial hillslope, and there was a great difference between them when slope gradient and rainfall intensity were small. The difference decreased with slope gradient and rainfall intensity increased.
4) The rill erosion had an important contribution to the soil erosion .The rill sediment yield of red soil and loess had a synchronism with total sediment delivery. The proportion of rill sediment yield for the total sediment delivery increased with an increase of slope gradient. On the experimental design condition, the rill sediment yield of red soil accounted for 14.7~80.7% of the total sediment delivery; the rill sediment yield of loess slopes accounted for 10.0~88.7% of the total sediment delivery.
1)红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流率随着坡度的增加基本呈减小趋势,随雨强的增大而增大,雨强对红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流率的影响一直处于主导地位,坡度对产流率的影响在很大程度上被雨强所掩盖;相同坡度和降雨条件下,红壤坡面平均产流率大于黄土坡面平均产流率。除雨强100mm/h坡度20°试验条件外,其余试验条件下红壤坡面总径流量均大于黄土坡面,在1.02~2.53倍之间。红壤坡面和黄土坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的关系呈线性相关,红壤坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:R1=-18.84+4.90I-2.75S,R2=0.95;黄土坡面径流量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:R2=-218.83+6.52I-3.45S,R2=0.83。
2)相同降雨强度下红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙率都随坡度的增加而增大,红壤坡面侵蚀产沙在50mm/h雨强下,在20°附近存在临界坡度,黄土坡面侵蚀产沙在75和100mm/h雨强下,在25°附近存在临界坡度;红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙率均随降雨强度的增加而增大。红壤坡面侵蚀以片蚀为主,在5°和25°时,主要受雨强影响,10°到20°之间雨强和坡度共同对红壤坡面侵蚀产生作用;黄土坡面侵蚀过程可明显分为三个阶段,在5°到20°之间,主要受雨强影响,20°到25°之间雨强和坡度共同对黄土坡面侵蚀产生作用,30°时,雨强对坡面侵蚀产沙的作用占主导地位。不同雨强和坡度的组合,对红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀产沙的影响不同,雨强50和100 mm/h下、坡度小于10°和雨强为75 mm/h、坡度小于20°时,雨强和坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的综合影响大于对黄土坡面,雨强为50和100mm/h、坡度大于10°和雨强为75mm/h、坡度大于20°时,情况正好相反;雨强为75 mm/h、坡度5°时红壤坡面与黄土坡面侵蚀量差异最大,红壤坡面侵蚀量是黄土坡面的11.5倍。红壤坡面和黄土坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的关系呈线性相关,红壤坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:Ms1=-35.24+0.58I+0.798S,R2=0.87;黄土坡面侵蚀量与雨强和坡度的拟合方程为:Ms2=-72.03+0.772I+2.463S,R2=0.73。
3)红壤坡面和黄土坡面产流时间都是随坡度和雨强的增大而缩短。在相同坡度和雨强条件下,红壤坡面产流时间早于黄土坡面,且在雨强和坡度较小时,两者产流时间差异较大;随雨强和坡度的增加,其差异性减小。
4)细沟侵蚀对土壤坡面侵蚀有重要贡献,红壤坡面和黄土坡面细沟侵蚀量与总侵蚀量具有同步性;细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的比例随地面坡度的增加而增大。在试验设计条件下,红壤坡面细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的平均值为14.7%~80.7%,黄土坡面细沟侵蚀量占坡面总侵蚀量的10.0%~88.7%。
The Loess Plateau is one of the most severe soil erosion regions in China, and the severity of soil erosion in Red soil hilly region is just next to the Loess Plateau. Current research on hillslope soil erosion processes and mechanism are relatively deep, but research on soil erosion processes and mechanism in Red soil hilly region is relatively weak. Moreover, comparative study of hillslope soil erosion processes between Red soil and Loess under the same rainfall density and terrain little has been reported. Difference of hillslope soil erosion processes between Red soil and Loess under the same rainfall and terrain were comparatively studied by using research methods of indoor simulated rainfall. The research results are beneficial to deepen the understanding of soil erosion, and provide theoretical basis for soil erosion prevention. The main results were as follows:
1)The runoff rate of Red soil and Loess hillslopes showed an decreasing trend with an increase of slope, however it showed an increasing trend with an increase of rainfall intensity. The effect of rainfall intensity on runoff rate of Red soil and Loess always occupied the leading position. To a great extent, the effect of slope gradient on runoff rate of red soil and loess was concealed by rainfall intensity. Under the same slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the average runoff rate of red soil hillslope was greater than that of loessial hillslope. Runoff discharge of red soil was 1.02~2.53 times higher than that of loessial hillslope except 75mm/h of rainfall intensity and 20°of slope gradient. The results showed a good linear relationship between runoff discharge of red soil and rainfall intensity, slope gradient.The fitting equation of red soil is that R1=-18.84+4.90I-2.75S, R2=0.95. The fitting equation of loess is that R2=-218.83+ 6.52I-3.45S, R2=0.83.
2) Under the same rainfall intensity, sediment yield rate of red soil and loess increased with an increase of slope gradient. The critical slope for t sediment yield of red soil was about 20°under 50 mm/h of rainfall intensity, but the critical slope for t sediment yield rate of loess was about 25°under 75 mm/h and 100 mm/h of rainfall intensity.Sediment yield rate of red soil and loess increased with an increase of rainfall intensity. Sheet erosion was the main erosion pattern in red soil hillslope. Sediment yield was mainly affected by rainfall intensity at 5°of and 25°of slope gradient and influenced by rainfall intensity and slope gradient between 10°and 20°of slope gradient.Soil erosion processes on loessial hillslope was evidently divided into three stages. Rainfall intensity was the key factor to sediment yield rate between 5°of slope gradient and 20°of slope gradient. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient together played a role to sediment yield rate between 20°of slope gradient and 25°of slope gradient. Rainfall intensity played dominant role at 30°of slope gradient. Effect of different combination of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on sediment yield of red soil and loess was different. Under 50 and 100 mm/h of rainfall intensity, the combined effects to red earth slope was greater than on the loess slopes when the slope gradient was lower than 10°. The trend was opposite on other conditions. The variance of erosion amount between red soil and loess slopes was the most obvious on the condition of rainfall intensity of 75mm/h and 5°of slope gradient, and sediment yield rate of red soil was 11.5 times higher than that of loess.The results showed a good linear relationship between sediment yield of red soil and rainfall intensity, slope gradient. The fitting equation of red soil is that Ms1=-35.24+0.58I+0.798S, R2=0.87. The fitting equation of loess is that Ms2=-72.03+0.772I+ 2.463S, R2=0.73.
3) The time to initiation of runoff were shortened with an increase of slope gradient and rainfall intensity on red soil hillslope and loessial hillslope. On the condition of same slope gradient and rainfall intensity.The time to initiation of runoff on red soil hillslope was earlier than that on loessial hillslope, and there was a great difference between them when slope gradient and rainfall intensity were small. The difference decreased with slope gradient and rainfall intensity increased.
4) The rill erosion had an important contribution to the soil erosion .The rill sediment yield of red soil and loess had a synchronism with total sediment delivery. The proportion of rill sediment yield for the total sediment delivery increased with an increase of slope gradient. On the experimental design condition, the rill sediment yield of red soil accounted for 14.7~80.7% of the total sediment delivery; the rill sediment yield of loess slopes accounted for 10.0~88.7% of the total sediment delivery.
引文
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