高技术虚拟企业动态利益分配机制及其支持系统
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摘要
技术复杂度的增加和更新频率的加快使高技术企业面临着前所未有的财务风险和创新风险。高技术企业若要快速地实现高技术产品的开发和产业化以应对全球化的竞争格局,迫切需要通过整合多方的优势资源来分散投资风险和提高创新效率。从长远的角度看,组建高技术虚拟企业(High-tech Virtual Enterprise,HTVE)不仅是高技术企业培养持续核心竞争力的有效途径,还有助于整合局部核心优势,使我国高技术企业在整体规模和研发能力不足的形势下也能快速地进行技术创新和产品开发。然而,HTVE中的成员企业为了共同目标的实现往往会承担不同程度的成本投入和风险水平,而且最终的收益水平也会不同。在这种情况下,HTVE必须制定出合理的利益分配机制来保证各成员企业所承担的风险和成本支出得到有效地补偿,否则成员企业将向使自身利润最大化的方向努力,这将严重影响虚拟企业运营的稳定性和总体收益水平。
从系统的角度看,利益分配与成员企业的分工、核心能力、成本和收入的管理方式、HTVE的组织结构等因素都具有很强的相关性,因而,利益分配机制的研究必须与HTVE的管理背景紧密联系起来。论文首先分析了HTVE产生的动因及其特征;在研究了盟主式HTVE和联邦式HTVE的适用条件及及运营模式的特点后,提出了为HTVE建立动态利益分配机制的必要性。由于盟主模式下的利益分配管理相对较为简单,论文主要以联邦模式为对象研究了HTVE动态利益分配机制实施的细节。第四章建立了分析成员的核心能力、收益率、风险态度和创新成本等因素与利益分配所得额间定量关系的数学模型,分别研究了分散决策模式和集中决策模式下的最优利益分配策略及其适用条件;进而给出了在实践中如何制定HTVE初始利益分配策略的方案。由于在HTVE运营过程中需要对初始分配策略的合理性及时地作动态评价和修改,第五章研究了根据成员企业在不同阶段的实际成本投入和风险承受状况调整利益分配策略的方法。但是,这种动态利益分配机制要求HTVE建立起复杂的分布式决策模式,其实际操作过程需要DSS进行辅助,并且这种DSS还应具有良好的可重用性才能适应HTVE运营的不确定性。因此,第六章研究了基于ESP规则的可重用建模体系,涉及通用模型定义、元模型的集成、可重用模型的构建方法等问题。第七章将可拓理论体系中完善的推理逻辑和规范的知识表示方法引入问题处理系统的设计中,深入研究了基于可拓逻辑规则的问题处理系统、表层利益分配问题的识别方法、核问题的拓展方法以及利益分配策略自动生成的方法。最后,论文以麦格纳唐纳利(Magna Donnelly)汽车科技有限公司发起的虚拟合作项目为背景,展示了实施动态利益分配机制的关键过程,验证了动态利益分配机制及其支持系统的可行性和有效性。
采用动态利益分配机制不仅可以避免出现成员企业投资套牢现象,更好地激励成员企业创新的积极性,还可以动态地对成员企业的合作能力进行评估。本研究为HTVE管理层制定初始利益分配策略、修改分配策略以及分配策略的实施等都提供了具有可操作性的参考方案;基于ESP规则的模型表示和模式集成方式较好地实现了模型的可重用功能,而将可拓推理逻辑应用于问题处理系统的设计是一种新的尝试,该方法对增强DSS的智能未能能力具有重要的理论意义。
The increasing complexity and accelerating renewal of technology make high-tech enterprises face unprecedented risks of finance and innovation. In order to cope with global competition by fast development and industrialization of high-tech product, high-tech enterprises should quickly integrate varying advantages for dispersing investment risks and promoting innovation efficiency. From the perspective of long-term, to establish a High-tech Virtual Enterprise (HTVE) is an effective method to cultivate sustainable competitive advantages and also facilitate the integration of regionally distributed competitiveness, which will help Chinese High-tech enterprises with limited scale and R&D capability quickly conduct technology innovation and product development. However, partners in a HTVE always assume different degree of risks and cost for achieving the common objective. In such a situation, a reasonable profit sharing mechanism is imperatively required to assure the actual risk and cost assumed by partners to be compensated timely. Otherwise, the partners will engage in efforts for maximizing their own profit, which may result in the damage of the stabilization and total revenue of a HTVE.
Profit sharing closely connects with many factors in a virtual enterprise system, such as task division, core competency, cost, revenue and even organization structure of the HTVE. Thus, the study of a profit sharing mechanism must intimately embed in the background of HTVE. In chapter 3, driving forces of the emergence of a HTVE and its characteristics are firstly introduced. After analyzing the application environment and operation patterns of both federal and unified HTVE, the dissertation argues the necessity for a HTVE to establish a Dynamic Profit Sharing Mechanism (DPSM). Because the profit sharing management of an unified HTVE is comparatively simple, researches are primarily conducted based on the background of a federal one. The dissertation in chapter 4 formulates a model for examining how attributes of parters (E.g. core competency, marginal ratio, attitude to risks and innovation cost) quantitively affect their available profit. Optimal tactics as well as preconditions in both decentralized and centralized situation are respectively provided, and then practical methods for making original sharing contracts. Conflicts between partners always result from the inevitable changes of anticipated investment during cooperation process, so timely evaluation and modification are required. Chapter 5 further designs a seriesof method for modifying sharing tactics dynamically according to the actual cost and risks the partners assumed in different stages. However, Implementation of DPSM is required to establish a comparatively complex environment of distributed decision-making so that a DSS with better expansibility is needed. Next chapter constructs a reconfigurable modeling system based on ESP rules to make the DSS flexibly adapt to the changes of application circumstance. The definition of uniform model, meta-model integration and model construction are involved. In chapter 7, the perfect reasoning mechanism and formalized knowledge presentation pattern of extenics are incorporated into the design of PPS. Structure of PPS, methods for problem identification, core problem expansion and automotive tactic generation are introduced. In order to certify the validity and feasibility of DPSM, the dissertation finally presents the details on how to implement DPSM in a project initiated by Magna Donnelly ltd. Corporation and shows some function modules of the corresponding DSS.
DPSM can not only motivate partners to innovate actively without the worry of being locked in, but can dynamically evaluate the cooperation capability of partners. The study provides some referential methods for making and modifying sharing tactics and even for sharing process. The model representation and integration methods based on ESP rules bring forward new ways for model reuse. The attempt that introduces extensive logic into PPS design will make sense to the improvement of the intellectual decision-making capability of DSS.
从系统的角度看,利益分配与成员企业的分工、核心能力、成本和收入的管理方式、HTVE的组织结构等因素都具有很强的相关性,因而,利益分配机制的研究必须与HTVE的管理背景紧密联系起来。论文首先分析了HTVE产生的动因及其特征;在研究了盟主式HTVE和联邦式HTVE的适用条件及及运营模式的特点后,提出了为HTVE建立动态利益分配机制的必要性。由于盟主模式下的利益分配管理相对较为简单,论文主要以联邦模式为对象研究了HTVE动态利益分配机制实施的细节。第四章建立了分析成员的核心能力、收益率、风险态度和创新成本等因素与利益分配所得额间定量关系的数学模型,分别研究了分散决策模式和集中决策模式下的最优利益分配策略及其适用条件;进而给出了在实践中如何制定HTVE初始利益分配策略的方案。由于在HTVE运营过程中需要对初始分配策略的合理性及时地作动态评价和修改,第五章研究了根据成员企业在不同阶段的实际成本投入和风险承受状况调整利益分配策略的方法。但是,这种动态利益分配机制要求HTVE建立起复杂的分布式决策模式,其实际操作过程需要DSS进行辅助,并且这种DSS还应具有良好的可重用性才能适应HTVE运营的不确定性。因此,第六章研究了基于ESP规则的可重用建模体系,涉及通用模型定义、元模型的集成、可重用模型的构建方法等问题。第七章将可拓理论体系中完善的推理逻辑和规范的知识表示方法引入问题处理系统的设计中,深入研究了基于可拓逻辑规则的问题处理系统、表层利益分配问题的识别方法、核问题的拓展方法以及利益分配策略自动生成的方法。最后,论文以麦格纳唐纳利(Magna Donnelly)汽车科技有限公司发起的虚拟合作项目为背景,展示了实施动态利益分配机制的关键过程,验证了动态利益分配机制及其支持系统的可行性和有效性。
采用动态利益分配机制不仅可以避免出现成员企业投资套牢现象,更好地激励成员企业创新的积极性,还可以动态地对成员企业的合作能力进行评估。本研究为HTVE管理层制定初始利益分配策略、修改分配策略以及分配策略的实施等都提供了具有可操作性的参考方案;基于ESP规则的模型表示和模式集成方式较好地实现了模型的可重用功能,而将可拓推理逻辑应用于问题处理系统的设计是一种新的尝试,该方法对增强DSS的智能未能能力具有重要的理论意义。
The increasing complexity and accelerating renewal of technology make high-tech enterprises face unprecedented risks of finance and innovation. In order to cope with global competition by fast development and industrialization of high-tech product, high-tech enterprises should quickly integrate varying advantages for dispersing investment risks and promoting innovation efficiency. From the perspective of long-term, to establish a High-tech Virtual Enterprise (HTVE) is an effective method to cultivate sustainable competitive advantages and also facilitate the integration of regionally distributed competitiveness, which will help Chinese High-tech enterprises with limited scale and R&D capability quickly conduct technology innovation and product development. However, partners in a HTVE always assume different degree of risks and cost for achieving the common objective. In such a situation, a reasonable profit sharing mechanism is imperatively required to assure the actual risk and cost assumed by partners to be compensated timely. Otherwise, the partners will engage in efforts for maximizing their own profit, which may result in the damage of the stabilization and total revenue of a HTVE.
Profit sharing closely connects with many factors in a virtual enterprise system, such as task division, core competency, cost, revenue and even organization structure of the HTVE. Thus, the study of a profit sharing mechanism must intimately embed in the background of HTVE. In chapter 3, driving forces of the emergence of a HTVE and its characteristics are firstly introduced. After analyzing the application environment and operation patterns of both federal and unified HTVE, the dissertation argues the necessity for a HTVE to establish a Dynamic Profit Sharing Mechanism (DPSM). Because the profit sharing management of an unified HTVE is comparatively simple, researches are primarily conducted based on the background of a federal one. The dissertation in chapter 4 formulates a model for examining how attributes of parters (E.g. core competency, marginal ratio, attitude to risks and innovation cost) quantitively affect their available profit. Optimal tactics as well as preconditions in both decentralized and centralized situation are respectively provided, and then practical methods for making original sharing contracts. Conflicts between partners always result from the inevitable changes of anticipated investment during cooperation process, so timely evaluation and modification are required. Chapter 5 further designs a seriesof method for modifying sharing tactics dynamically according to the actual cost and risks the partners assumed in different stages. However, Implementation of DPSM is required to establish a comparatively complex environment of distributed decision-making so that a DSS with better expansibility is needed. Next chapter constructs a reconfigurable modeling system based on ESP rules to make the DSS flexibly adapt to the changes of application circumstance. The definition of uniform model, meta-model integration and model construction are involved. In chapter 7, the perfect reasoning mechanism and formalized knowledge presentation pattern of extenics are incorporated into the design of PPS. Structure of PPS, methods for problem identification, core problem expansion and automotive tactic generation are introduced. In order to certify the validity and feasibility of DPSM, the dissertation finally presents the details on how to implement DPSM in a project initiated by Magna Donnelly ltd. Corporation and shows some function modules of the corresponding DSS.
DPSM can not only motivate partners to innovate actively without the worry of being locked in, but can dynamically evaluate the cooperation capability of partners. The study provides some referential methods for making and modifying sharing tactics and even for sharing process. The model representation and integration methods based on ESP rules bring forward new ways for model reuse. The attempt that introduces extensive logic into PPS design will make sense to the improvement of the intellectual decision-making capability of DSS.
引文
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