车辆撞击下柱式基础桥梁的动力响应分析
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摘要
随着我国交通事业的迅猛发展,大型车辆日益增多,车辆撞击桥梁的问题越发突出。车辆撞击导致桥梁破坏,是目前城市交通必须面对而又尚未解决的重要课题,深入研究车—桥碰撞的内在科学机理,进而提出有针对性的桥梁抗撞击设计方法和防护技术措施,是解决车辆撞击桥梁问题的重要科学技术基础。
本文基于ABAQUS非线性有限元程序,以T梁和箱梁为例,对集装箱车辆撞击柱式基础结构的桥梁进行了模拟分析,得到了柱式基础结构桥梁在不同撞击速度、质量、接触高度和接触角度等各种随机工况下的动态响应,本文从应力、位移、能量三个角度讨论主梁、支座和墩柱的破坏情况。主要得出以下结论:
(1)对于混凝土T梁桥,撞击后主要特征是腹板和翼缘局部冲切破坏严重,对支座和桩基的影响不大;而对于混凝土箱梁桥,其梁身整体性好,抗撞能力较强,撞击后主要破坏特征是支座位移过大,同时墩柱下部也会出现裂缝。
(2)各种随机工况作用下,两种梁桥碰撞后的动态响应变化趋势基本相同。如速度越大,主梁、支座和桩基的应力和位移都越大,对桥梁的破坏程度越严重。
(3)各种随机工况作用下,车辆的动能,除极少部分转化为粘性耗散能和摩擦耗散掉外,大部分转化为体系的弹性应变能和塑性应变能。
车-桥碰撞是一类典型的高速、强非线性、局部破坏和整体破坏相互作用的复杂动力演化过程,本文仅从撞击力的大小、方向、历程、能量的分配等角度对混凝土T梁桥和箱梁桥进行了模拟分析,而对其他的桥型比如钢—混组合结构和钢梁桥等结构形式尚未做系统分析,对桥梁的防撞和不同车型对桥梁的影响也未作深入研究;此外,像高应变率下桥梁材料本构、桥梁局部破坏的大变形强材料非线性、桥梁整体破坏的大位移强几何非线性等问题都还没有解决,因此车—桥耦合碰撞课题还有很长一段路要走。
With the rapid development of transportation, the number of large vehicles increased day by day, the problem of vehicle impacting the bridge becomes more prominent. Vehicle collision caused damage to the bridge, which is an important but unresolved subject that the city traffic engineering must face, so it is the important scientific and technological foundation to solve the vehicle- bridge collision by further studying the inner scientific mechanism of the vehicle-bridge collision and providing the targeted anti-collision design methods and protected technical measures.
Taking the T beam and box as an example, which was based on nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS, in this paper, the vehicle-bridge collision process was simulated and analyzed, the dynamic response of the column foundation bridge was obtained ,which was under kinds of random conditions, such as different impact velocity, mass, contact height and contact angle, the failure condition of the main girder ,bearing and pier column were discussed in the respects of stress, displacement and energy. Draw the following conclusions:
(1) For concrete T beam bridge, the main feature is, the web and flange local will have a serious punching failure, but the pier column and bearing will be little effected; For concrete girder bridge, which has good body integrity and anti-collision ability, the main feature is the bearing’s displacement is too large, and the bottom of pier column will have cracks.
(2) The two kinds of bridges will have the same trend under various random conditions. Such as, the greater the speed is, the larger the stress and displacement of main beam, bearing and pier column have, and the more serious damage to the bridge.
(3) Under various random conditions, the vehicle's kinetic energy, except a small part will be changed into viscous dissipation energy and friction dissipation energy, most of them would be changed into elastic strain energy and plastic strain energy of system.
The vehicle-bridge collision is a complex interaction of dynamic evolution, which has a typical feature of high-speed, high nonlinearity, local damage and overall damage. In this paper, concrete T beam bridge and box girder bridge are simulated and analyzed only from views of the impact force, direction, course and energy distribution, while the other kinds of bridges such as steel-concrete composite bridge structures and steel beam structure has not been throughly analyzed, also the anti-collision ability of bridge and the impact of different vehicle models on the bridge has not been deeply researched yet too; In addition, several problems, such as the high strain rate constitutive materials, the large deformation of the bridge strong material nonlinearity by local damage, strong geometric nonlinearity of large displacement by the overall damage to the bridge are not solved, so the research of Coupled Vehicle-Bridge Collision project still has a long way to go.
本文基于ABAQUS非线性有限元程序,以T梁和箱梁为例,对集装箱车辆撞击柱式基础结构的桥梁进行了模拟分析,得到了柱式基础结构桥梁在不同撞击速度、质量、接触高度和接触角度等各种随机工况下的动态响应,本文从应力、位移、能量三个角度讨论主梁、支座和墩柱的破坏情况。主要得出以下结论:
(1)对于混凝土T梁桥,撞击后主要特征是腹板和翼缘局部冲切破坏严重,对支座和桩基的影响不大;而对于混凝土箱梁桥,其梁身整体性好,抗撞能力较强,撞击后主要破坏特征是支座位移过大,同时墩柱下部也会出现裂缝。
(2)各种随机工况作用下,两种梁桥碰撞后的动态响应变化趋势基本相同。如速度越大,主梁、支座和桩基的应力和位移都越大,对桥梁的破坏程度越严重。
(3)各种随机工况作用下,车辆的动能,除极少部分转化为粘性耗散能和摩擦耗散掉外,大部分转化为体系的弹性应变能和塑性应变能。
车-桥碰撞是一类典型的高速、强非线性、局部破坏和整体破坏相互作用的复杂动力演化过程,本文仅从撞击力的大小、方向、历程、能量的分配等角度对混凝土T梁桥和箱梁桥进行了模拟分析,而对其他的桥型比如钢—混组合结构和钢梁桥等结构形式尚未做系统分析,对桥梁的防撞和不同车型对桥梁的影响也未作深入研究;此外,像高应变率下桥梁材料本构、桥梁局部破坏的大变形强材料非线性、桥梁整体破坏的大位移强几何非线性等问题都还没有解决,因此车—桥耦合碰撞课题还有很长一段路要走。
With the rapid development of transportation, the number of large vehicles increased day by day, the problem of vehicle impacting the bridge becomes more prominent. Vehicle collision caused damage to the bridge, which is an important but unresolved subject that the city traffic engineering must face, so it is the important scientific and technological foundation to solve the vehicle- bridge collision by further studying the inner scientific mechanism of the vehicle-bridge collision and providing the targeted anti-collision design methods and protected technical measures.
Taking the T beam and box as an example, which was based on nonlinear finite element program ABAQUS, in this paper, the vehicle-bridge collision process was simulated and analyzed, the dynamic response of the column foundation bridge was obtained ,which was under kinds of random conditions, such as different impact velocity, mass, contact height and contact angle, the failure condition of the main girder ,bearing and pier column were discussed in the respects of stress, displacement and energy. Draw the following conclusions:
(1) For concrete T beam bridge, the main feature is, the web and flange local will have a serious punching failure, but the pier column and bearing will be little effected; For concrete girder bridge, which has good body integrity and anti-collision ability, the main feature is the bearing’s displacement is too large, and the bottom of pier column will have cracks.
(2) The two kinds of bridges will have the same trend under various random conditions. Such as, the greater the speed is, the larger the stress and displacement of main beam, bearing and pier column have, and the more serious damage to the bridge.
(3) Under various random conditions, the vehicle's kinetic energy, except a small part will be changed into viscous dissipation energy and friction dissipation energy, most of them would be changed into elastic strain energy and plastic strain energy of system.
The vehicle-bridge collision is a complex interaction of dynamic evolution, which has a typical feature of high-speed, high nonlinearity, local damage and overall damage. In this paper, concrete T beam bridge and box girder bridge are simulated and analyzed only from views of the impact force, direction, course and energy distribution, while the other kinds of bridges such as steel-concrete composite bridge structures and steel beam structure has not been throughly analyzed, also the anti-collision ability of bridge and the impact of different vehicle models on the bridge has not been deeply researched yet too; In addition, several problems, such as the high strain rate constitutive materials, the large deformation of the bridge strong material nonlinearity by local damage, strong geometric nonlinearity of large displacement by the overall damage to the bridge are not solved, so the research of Coupled Vehicle-Bridge Collision project still has a long way to go.
引文
1.王军华,叶晓彦.立交桥试用激光防撞预警系统[N].北京晚报, 2007-07-31.
2.陆新征,张炎圣,宁静,江见鲸,任爱珠,超高车辆与立交桥梁碰撞的高精度非线性有限元仿真[J],石家庄铁道学院学报, 20(1), 2007, 29~34.
3.张炎圣,陆新征,宁静,江见鲸,超高车辆撞击组合结构桥梁的仿真分析[J],交通与计算机, 2007, 25(3), 65~69.
4. Song G, Olmi C, Gu H. An overheight vehicle–bridge collision monitoring system using piezoelectric transducers [J]. Smart Mater. Struct. 2007, 16, 462~468.
5. Abendroth RE, Fanous FS, Andrawes BO. Steel diaphragms in prestressed concrete girder bridges [R]. Final Report of Iowa DOT Project TR-424 CTRE Project 99-36, 2004.
6. Bridge design manual[S]. Texas Department of Transportation, 2001.
7. Russo FM, Wipf T , Klaiber FW. Diagnostic load tests of a prestressed concrete bridge damaged by overheight vehicle impact [J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 1696 / 2000, 2007. 103~110.
8.雷正保,周屏艳,颜海棋,钱小敏.汽车-护栏系统耐撞性研究的有限元模型[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(8):9~16.
9.杨渡军.桥梁的防撞保护系统计其设计[M].北京.人民交通出版社,1990.
10.姚启明.汽车碰撞防撞护栏碰撞力计算方法的研究[A].上海市公路学会第六届年会学术论文集[C].上海,2003:122~127.
11.陆勇,曹立波.对汽车撞柱的仿真研究[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2006,174(1):28~31.
12. JTJ 021-89.公路桥涵设计通用规范[S].北京, 1989.
13. JTG D60-2004.公路桥涵设计通用规范[S].北京, 2004.
14. Monique CH. Evaluation of the performance of bridge steel pedestals under low seismic loads [D]. Doctor Thesis of Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
15. Fu CC, Burhouse JR, Chang GL. Overheight vehicle collisions with highway bridges [J]. Journal Transportation Research Record, 2007, 1865 / 2004: 80~88.
16. Green PS, Boyd AJ. CFRP repair of impact-damaged bridge girders[R]. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Final Report, BC354-55, 2005.
17. Wipf TJ, Klaiber FW, Rhodes JD, Kempers BJ. Effective structural concrete repair, repair of impact damaged prestressed concrete beams with CFRP[R]. Final Report of Iowa DOT Project TR - 428, 2004.
18. Hudson S. Bridge strikes–special topic report [J]. Railway Safety, January 2002.
19.吴晶.船舶-桥梁碰撞计算研究进展[J].广东交通职业技术学院学报,2004,4:60~64.
20.王君杰,颜海泉,钱铧,基于碰撞仿真的桥梁船撞力规范公式的比较研究[J],公路交通科技,2006,23(2):68~73.
21.林建筑,郑振飞,卓卫东,泉州后渚大桥船撞力试验研究[J],中国公路学报, 2003, 116(12): 57~60.
22.刘建成,顾永宁.基于整船整桥模型的船桥碰撞数值仿真[J].工程力学,2003,20(5):155~162.
23.张文明,王涛,张华兵,张海龙.基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的船桥碰撞分析[J],中国水运, 2006,6(11): 21~23.
24.耿波,王君杰,汪宏,范立础.桥梁船撞风险评估系统总体研究[J],土木工程学报,2007,40(5):34~40.
25.马祥禄,高志升,张丹华。不同速度超高车辆碰撞下跨线桥动态响应分析。山西建筑,2009年7月10日第20期
26. Tang T.Behvaior of Concrete under Dynamic Compressive Loading.Ph.D.thesis,University of Florid,USA,1990.
27. Bazant Z.P.,oh b.h..Crack band theory for facture of concrete.Material andS tructure. 1983.16(4):155-177.
28. Bhattacharjiee S.S,Leger P.Seismic cracking and energy dissipation in concrete gravity dams.Earthqukake Engineering and Structure Dynamics.1993.22(11):991一1007.
29. Bachmann S.P.Discrete crack modeling fof dynamically loaded unreinforced concrete sturctures.Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics. 1986.14(2):297-315.
30. Lee J.,Fenves G.L.Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures.J.Engineering Mech. 1998.124(8):892-900.
31. Sidorroff,F.On the Formulation of Plasticity and Viscoplasticity with internal Variable[J].Appl Mech WarsaW,1975,27(5-6):807-819.
32. University of Maryland. Maryland study, vehicle collisions with highway bridges [R]. Maryland State Highway Administration Final Report Contract, No. SP907B1, 2001.
33. Research and technology bureau annual report of highway division, highway research and development in Iowa[R],Annual Report,2004-12.
34. EuroCode 1-Actions on structures[S]. European Committee for Standardization, 2005-05.
35. Schenker A, Anteby I, Nizri E, Ostraich B, Kivity Y, Sadot O, Haham O, Michaelis R, Gal E, Ben-Dor G. Foam-protected reinforced concrete structures under impact: experimental and numerical studies[J], Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 131(8): 20005, 1233~1242.
36. US007314020B2. United States Patent, [P], 2008-1-1.
37.庄茁,张帆等. ABAQUS非线性有限元分析与实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2004 .
38.石亦平,周玉蓉.ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解[M〕.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
39.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTJ D62-2004),中华人民共和国交通部.
40.混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2002)[M],中华人民共和国建设部
41.林铁良,陈艾荣等.船撞桥墩撞击角度概率研究.第十七届全国桥梁学术会议论文集. 2006.1149~1156
42.曹映乱.概率论原理在特大桥梁船舶撞击力计算中的应用.第十七届全国桥梁学术会议论文集.2006.1157~1165
2.陆新征,张炎圣,宁静,江见鲸,任爱珠,超高车辆与立交桥梁碰撞的高精度非线性有限元仿真[J],石家庄铁道学院学报, 20(1), 2007, 29~34.
3.张炎圣,陆新征,宁静,江见鲸,超高车辆撞击组合结构桥梁的仿真分析[J],交通与计算机, 2007, 25(3), 65~69.
4. Song G, Olmi C, Gu H. An overheight vehicle–bridge collision monitoring system using piezoelectric transducers [J]. Smart Mater. Struct. 2007, 16, 462~468.
5. Abendroth RE, Fanous FS, Andrawes BO. Steel diaphragms in prestressed concrete girder bridges [R]. Final Report of Iowa DOT Project TR-424 CTRE Project 99-36, 2004.
6. Bridge design manual[S]. Texas Department of Transportation, 2001.
7. Russo FM, Wipf T , Klaiber FW. Diagnostic load tests of a prestressed concrete bridge damaged by overheight vehicle impact [J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 1696 / 2000, 2007. 103~110.
8.雷正保,周屏艳,颜海棋,钱小敏.汽车-护栏系统耐撞性研究的有限元模型[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(8):9~16.
9.杨渡军.桥梁的防撞保护系统计其设计[M].北京.人民交通出版社,1990.
10.姚启明.汽车碰撞防撞护栏碰撞力计算方法的研究[A].上海市公路学会第六届年会学术论文集[C].上海,2003:122~127.
11.陆勇,曹立波.对汽车撞柱的仿真研究[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2006,174(1):28~31.
12. JTJ 021-89.公路桥涵设计通用规范[S].北京, 1989.
13. JTG D60-2004.公路桥涵设计通用规范[S].北京, 2004.
14. Monique CH. Evaluation of the performance of bridge steel pedestals under low seismic loads [D]. Doctor Thesis of Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
15. Fu CC, Burhouse JR, Chang GL. Overheight vehicle collisions with highway bridges [J]. Journal Transportation Research Record, 2007, 1865 / 2004: 80~88.
16. Green PS, Boyd AJ. CFRP repair of impact-damaged bridge girders[R]. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Final Report, BC354-55, 2005.
17. Wipf TJ, Klaiber FW, Rhodes JD, Kempers BJ. Effective structural concrete repair, repair of impact damaged prestressed concrete beams with CFRP[R]. Final Report of Iowa DOT Project TR - 428, 2004.
18. Hudson S. Bridge strikes–special topic report [J]. Railway Safety, January 2002.
19.吴晶.船舶-桥梁碰撞计算研究进展[J].广东交通职业技术学院学报,2004,4:60~64.
20.王君杰,颜海泉,钱铧,基于碰撞仿真的桥梁船撞力规范公式的比较研究[J],公路交通科技,2006,23(2):68~73.
21.林建筑,郑振飞,卓卫东,泉州后渚大桥船撞力试验研究[J],中国公路学报, 2003, 116(12): 57~60.
22.刘建成,顾永宁.基于整船整桥模型的船桥碰撞数值仿真[J].工程力学,2003,20(5):155~162.
23.张文明,王涛,张华兵,张海龙.基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的船桥碰撞分析[J],中国水运, 2006,6(11): 21~23.
24.耿波,王君杰,汪宏,范立础.桥梁船撞风险评估系统总体研究[J],土木工程学报,2007,40(5):34~40.
25.马祥禄,高志升,张丹华。不同速度超高车辆碰撞下跨线桥动态响应分析。山西建筑,2009年7月10日第20期
26. Tang T.Behvaior of Concrete under Dynamic Compressive Loading.Ph.D.thesis,University of Florid,USA,1990.
27. Bazant Z.P.,oh b.h..Crack band theory for facture of concrete.Material andS tructure. 1983.16(4):155-177.
28. Bhattacharjiee S.S,Leger P.Seismic cracking and energy dissipation in concrete gravity dams.Earthqukake Engineering and Structure Dynamics.1993.22(11):991一1007.
29. Bachmann S.P.Discrete crack modeling fof dynamically loaded unreinforced concrete sturctures.Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics. 1986.14(2):297-315.
30. Lee J.,Fenves G.L.Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures.J.Engineering Mech. 1998.124(8):892-900.
31. Sidorroff,F.On the Formulation of Plasticity and Viscoplasticity with internal Variable[J].Appl Mech WarsaW,1975,27(5-6):807-819.
32. University of Maryland. Maryland study, vehicle collisions with highway bridges [R]. Maryland State Highway Administration Final Report Contract, No. SP907B1, 2001.
33. Research and technology bureau annual report of highway division, highway research and development in Iowa[R],Annual Report,2004-12.
34. EuroCode 1-Actions on structures[S]. European Committee for Standardization, 2005-05.
35. Schenker A, Anteby I, Nizri E, Ostraich B, Kivity Y, Sadot O, Haham O, Michaelis R, Gal E, Ben-Dor G. Foam-protected reinforced concrete structures under impact: experimental and numerical studies[J], Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 131(8): 20005, 1233~1242.
36. US007314020B2. United States Patent, [P], 2008-1-1.
37.庄茁,张帆等. ABAQUS非线性有限元分析与实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2004 .
38.石亦平,周玉蓉.ABAQUS有限元分析实例详解[M〕.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
39.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTJ D62-2004),中华人民共和国交通部.
40.混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2002)[M],中华人民共和国建设部
41.林铁良,陈艾荣等.船撞桥墩撞击角度概率研究.第十七届全国桥梁学术会议论文集. 2006.1149~1156
42.曹映乱.概率论原理在特大桥梁船舶撞击力计算中的应用.第十七届全国桥梁学术会议论文集.2006.1157~1165