城市框架内的碳足迹量化方法及影响因素研究
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摘要
本论文以自上而下视角,在城市框架内对城市、部门、行业、企业和产品等多个对象展开碳足迹量化方法研究,主要从概念内涵、计算方法和研究案例等3个方面对不同的碳足迹量化方法进行分析和总结,建立起一套自上而下、在城市框架内开展的碳足迹量化和影响因素研究的逻辑体系,以期推动国内碳足迹理论和实践的发展,为城市应对气候变化、系统推进节能减排工作奠定科学理论基础。同时,对高碳行业的碳排放强度及能源消费碳足迹进行了因素分解研究,并进行了实证分析。
本论文提出的以调研为基础、基于能源消耗的城镇碳足迹量化方法综合采用了IPCC的计算方法和GHG Protocol的“范围”划分概念,计算结果与其它城市的碳足迹结果具有较高的可比性。通过对小榄镇的碳排放结果进行数据分析,发现控制外购电力消耗、降低制造业、居民生活、以及电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业等3个部门的碳排放,是小榄镇低碳决策的关键。最后,为促进小榄镇低碳经济的发展,本论文还提出了4个策略方针。
运用排放因子法,计算出广州市规模以上工业2006-2011年的碳排放量和碳排放强度。根据计算结果,从行业碳排放总量上确定出高排放行业,从行业碳排放强度上确定出高碳行业。然后运用因素分解法,对高碳行业碳排放强度变化中的结构份额和效率份额进行了测算,发现高碳行业碳排放强度的下降主要由效率份额贡献,结构份额总体上主要起抑制作用。
从能源结构、能源排放强度、能源强度、经济增长、人口规模等5方面考虑,利用LMDI方法对影响工业行业能源消费碳足迹的因素进行分解,并选取纺织业作为研究对象进行实证分析。研究结果表明,经济增长效应是纺织业碳排放降低的主要抑止因素,而能源强度效应对于减少碳排放量具有重要意义,是纺织业碳排放降低的主要拉动因素。
应用工业碳足迹的评估模型,并选取典型纺织品作为研究对象,对工业产品在工业生产加工阶段的碳足迹进行量化方法研究。研究结果表明：1000千克全涤纶印花布和全棉染色布的工业碳足迹分别为9245.32千克CO2e和8007.26千克CO2e；染缸工艺为两种产品主要生产线上碳排放最高的阶段；热电联产机组的原煤消耗为纺织品工业碳足迹的主要源头；不能忽视主要生产线外的公共部分碳排放。
以纺织品工业碳足迹的主要排放源(火电机组)中典型碳排放环节——烟气脱硫(FGD)工艺——为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,综合比较和评价了循环流化床烟气脱硫(CFB-FGD)口石灰石湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)技术的全生命周期过程的环境性能,研究结果表明,在节约能源消耗、应对气候变化、以及综合的环境性能上WFGD技术具有优势,而在节约资源消耗上CFB-FGD的性能技术则更为优异。此外,可通过提高脱硫副产品的利用率,减轻脱硫技术对环境性能的整体影响。
In this thesis, carbon footprint quantitative methods for cities, sectors, industries,enterprises and products were researched within the urban framework, from a top-downperspective. Different carbon footprint quantitative methods were analyzed and summarizedin areas of concept discrimination and definition, calculation methods and case studies, atop-down research system on quantitative methods and influencing factors of carbon footprintwithin the urban framework were established, in order to promote the development of carbonfootprint theory and practice, and provide scientific reference for cities to respond to globalclimate changes and promote energy saving and emission reduction. Meanwhile, carbonintensity and carbon footprint of high carbon intensity industries were studied by using thefactor decomposition method and some empirical analysis.
In this paper, a survey-based, energy-related quantitative method of carbon footprint fortowns was presented, which combined the calculation method of IPCC Guidelines and the“scope” concept of GHG Protocol. It can provide higher consistency with other cities’ carbonfootprint results. According to analysis for the carbon emission data of Xiaolan, it is the cruxof low-carbon policy-making to control purchased electricity consumption and reduce carbonemissions from the “manufacturing”,“residents”, power, gas&water production and supply”sectors. Finally, four strategic policy approaches to facilitate the development of low-carboneconomy in Xiaolan were proposed.
The “emission factor” method from IPCC Guidelines was used to calculate the quantityand intensity of carbon emissions from industrial sectors above designated size in Guangzhoufrom2006to2011. According to the results, high carbon emission industries were classifiedby the quantity of carbon emissions, and high carbon intensity industries were classified bythe level of carbon intensity. Then, the structure share and efficiency share of the changes ofthe carbon emission intensity of high carbon intensity industries were calculated by using thefactor decomposition method. The results showed that the decline trend of the carbonemission intensity was mainly caused by efficiency, while structure played an inhibitoryeffect.
The decomposition model of carbon footprint caused by energy consumption of Guangzhou’s industries was built with the LMDI method and the influencing factorsincluding energy structure, energy emission intensity, energy intensity, economic growth andpopulation size were analyzed with the model. The textile industry was selected as the objectand then studied by an empirical analysis. Results showed that the economic growth effectwas the main inhibiting factor for the decrease of carbon emissions of Guangzhou’s textileindustry while the energy intensity effect was meaningful and the main pull factors for thedecrease of carbon emissions.
An industrial carbon footprint assessment model was used to calculate carbon footprintsof industrial products during producing and processing stage. The typical textiles wereselected as the study object. The findings indicated that the carbon footprints of1000kg100%polyester calico and100%cotton dyed fabric were9245.32kg CO2e and8007.26kg CO2e,respectively; in the main production line, the dyeing machines emit the highest carbonemission; the combined heat and power generation (CHP) unit was the main source ofindustrial carbon footprints of two textiles; the part from public responsible carbon emissionsshould not be ignored.
The typical carbon emissions process of the main carbon emission source (Thermalpower unit) resulting in industrial carbon footprint of textile, flue gas desulfurization (FGD)process, was researched. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to compare andassess the circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) and wet limestoneflue gas desulfurization (WFGD) technologies, comprehensively. The results showed that theWFGD technology had the advantages in energy saving, response to climate change andcomprehensive environmental performance, while the CFB-FGD technology had superiorperformance in terms of resource conservation. Furthermore, comprehensive environmentalimpact of FGD technologies can be decreased by increasing the utilization rate of FGDby-products.
本论文提出的以调研为基础、基于能源消耗的城镇碳足迹量化方法综合采用了IPCC的计算方法和GHG Protocol的“范围”划分概念,计算结果与其它城市的碳足迹结果具有较高的可比性。通过对小榄镇的碳排放结果进行数据分析,发现控制外购电力消耗、降低制造业、居民生活、以及电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业等3个部门的碳排放,是小榄镇低碳决策的关键。最后,为促进小榄镇低碳经济的发展,本论文还提出了4个策略方针。
运用排放因子法,计算出广州市规模以上工业2006-2011年的碳排放量和碳排放强度。根据计算结果,从行业碳排放总量上确定出高排放行业,从行业碳排放强度上确定出高碳行业。然后运用因素分解法,对高碳行业碳排放强度变化中的结构份额和效率份额进行了测算,发现高碳行业碳排放强度的下降主要由效率份额贡献,结构份额总体上主要起抑制作用。
从能源结构、能源排放强度、能源强度、经济增长、人口规模等5方面考虑,利用LMDI方法对影响工业行业能源消费碳足迹的因素进行分解,并选取纺织业作为研究对象进行实证分析。研究结果表明,经济增长效应是纺织业碳排放降低的主要抑止因素,而能源强度效应对于减少碳排放量具有重要意义,是纺织业碳排放降低的主要拉动因素。
应用工业碳足迹的评估模型,并选取典型纺织品作为研究对象,对工业产品在工业生产加工阶段的碳足迹进行量化方法研究。研究结果表明：1000千克全涤纶印花布和全棉染色布的工业碳足迹分别为9245.32千克CO2e和8007.26千克CO2e；染缸工艺为两种产品主要生产线上碳排放最高的阶段；热电联产机组的原煤消耗为纺织品工业碳足迹的主要源头；不能忽视主要生产线外的公共部分碳排放。
以纺织品工业碳足迹的主要排放源(火电机组)中典型碳排放环节——烟气脱硫(FGD)工艺——为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,综合比较和评价了循环流化床烟气脱硫(CFB-FGD)口石灰石湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)技术的全生命周期过程的环境性能,研究结果表明,在节约能源消耗、应对气候变化、以及综合的环境性能上WFGD技术具有优势,而在节约资源消耗上CFB-FGD的性能技术则更为优异。此外,可通过提高脱硫副产品的利用率,减轻脱硫技术对环境性能的整体影响。
In this thesis, carbon footprint quantitative methods for cities, sectors, industries,enterprises and products were researched within the urban framework, from a top-downperspective. Different carbon footprint quantitative methods were analyzed and summarizedin areas of concept discrimination and definition, calculation methods and case studies, atop-down research system on quantitative methods and influencing factors of carbon footprintwithin the urban framework were established, in order to promote the development of carbonfootprint theory and practice, and provide scientific reference for cities to respond to globalclimate changes and promote energy saving and emission reduction. Meanwhile, carbonintensity and carbon footprint of high carbon intensity industries were studied by using thefactor decomposition method and some empirical analysis.
In this paper, a survey-based, energy-related quantitative method of carbon footprint fortowns was presented, which combined the calculation method of IPCC Guidelines and the“scope” concept of GHG Protocol. It can provide higher consistency with other cities’ carbonfootprint results. According to analysis for the carbon emission data of Xiaolan, it is the cruxof low-carbon policy-making to control purchased electricity consumption and reduce carbonemissions from the “manufacturing”,“residents”, power, gas&water production and supply”sectors. Finally, four strategic policy approaches to facilitate the development of low-carboneconomy in Xiaolan were proposed.
The “emission factor” method from IPCC Guidelines was used to calculate the quantityand intensity of carbon emissions from industrial sectors above designated size in Guangzhoufrom2006to2011. According to the results, high carbon emission industries were classifiedby the quantity of carbon emissions, and high carbon intensity industries were classified bythe level of carbon intensity. Then, the structure share and efficiency share of the changes ofthe carbon emission intensity of high carbon intensity industries were calculated by using thefactor decomposition method. The results showed that the decline trend of the carbonemission intensity was mainly caused by efficiency, while structure played an inhibitoryeffect.
The decomposition model of carbon footprint caused by energy consumption of Guangzhou’s industries was built with the LMDI method and the influencing factorsincluding energy structure, energy emission intensity, energy intensity, economic growth andpopulation size were analyzed with the model. The textile industry was selected as the objectand then studied by an empirical analysis. Results showed that the economic growth effectwas the main inhibiting factor for the decrease of carbon emissions of Guangzhou’s textileindustry while the energy intensity effect was meaningful and the main pull factors for thedecrease of carbon emissions.
An industrial carbon footprint assessment model was used to calculate carbon footprintsof industrial products during producing and processing stage. The typical textiles wereselected as the study object. The findings indicated that the carbon footprints of1000kg100%polyester calico and100%cotton dyed fabric were9245.32kg CO2e and8007.26kg CO2e,respectively; in the main production line, the dyeing machines emit the highest carbonemission; the combined heat and power generation (CHP) unit was the main source ofindustrial carbon footprints of two textiles; the part from public responsible carbon emissionsshould not be ignored.
The typical carbon emissions process of the main carbon emission source (Thermalpower unit) resulting in industrial carbon footprint of textile, flue gas desulfurization (FGD)process, was researched. Life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to compare andassess the circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) and wet limestoneflue gas desulfurization (WFGD) technologies, comprehensively. The results showed that theWFGD technology had the advantages in energy saving, response to climate change andcomprehensive environmental performance, while the CFB-FGD technology had superiorperformance in terms of resource conservation. Furthermore, comprehensive environmentalimpact of FGD technologies can be decreased by increasing the utilization rate of FGDby-products.
引文
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