复合材料点阵结构吸能特性和抗低速冲击性能研究
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摘要
夹芯结构一般是由两个强度/刚度较大的薄面板和中间轻质、较厚的芯材粘接组成。在工程应用中，夹芯结构的上下面板，由于强度高、模量大，主要承受面内拉压载荷，而中间较厚的轻质芯材主要承受剪切载荷。由于夹芯结构设计合理，因此在航空航天等领域得到了广泛的应用。与传统的泡沫、蜂窝等夹芯结构相比，点阵结构作为一种新型的轻质结构材料，具有更高的比强度、比刚度，并且芯子内部具有较大的孔隙率，使得其在多功能结构应用方面具有更广阔的前景。本文采用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板作为夹芯结构的上下面板、铝合金板材作为芯子原材料，制备了一种新型的金字塔点阵夹芯结构，并对其基本力学性能进行了研究，主要工作包括以下内容：
首先，基于嵌锁组装工艺，制备了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料面板、铝合金芯子的金字塔点阵夹芯结构。通过平压试验评估其压缩能力和吸能特性，通过剪切试验研究其剪切性能。此外，采用有限元软件ABAQUS对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的平压过程进行了数值仿真。
其次，采用试验和数值仿真相结合的方法，对复合材料金字塔点阵夹芯结构的抗低速冲击性能进行了研究。通过落锤低速冲击试验研究了冲击能量、冲击位置以及芯子密度对点阵夹芯结构冲击损伤的影响。考虑到冲击过程中复合材料复杂的失效模式以及多个部件之间的接触等影响因素，仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。
然后，采用试验和数值仿真相结合的方法，研究了冲击能量、冲击位置以及芯子密度对金字塔点阵夹芯结构冲击后剩余压缩强度的影响。试验发现：小能量的冲击对金字塔点阵夹芯结构冲击后的剩余压缩强度基本上没有影响；冲击能量、冲击位置的不同造成了试件在冲击后压缩试验中表现出了不同的失效模式；芯子密度较大的试件的冲击容限更高。在数值分析中，将金字塔点阵夹芯结构在低速冲击分析步中得到的损伤状态传递给压缩分析步，实现了对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的低速冲击以及冲击后压缩试验的全程分析。数值仿真结果较好地预测了金字塔点阵夹芯结构在冲击后压缩试验中的失效模式。
最后，为了提高金字塔点阵夹芯结构的吸能特性和抗冲击能力，设计制备了芯子内部填充聚氨酯泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构，并研究了其吸能特性和抗低速冲击性能。试验发现填充聚氨酯泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构的承载能力不再是未填充泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构和聚氨酯泡沫两者承载能力的线性叠加，而是强于两者的累加。落锤低速冲击试验发现填充聚氨酯泡沫对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的抗冲击性能基本没有影响。
Sandwich structures are commonly composed of two thin but stiff skin layers separated by the soft lightweight core material. In engineering applications, the tensile and compressive stresses are usually balanced by the top and bottom facesheets while the shear loads are mainly supported by the core. At present, sandwich structures are widely used in aerospace and astronautic industries due to the designable characteristic. Compared with the conventional sandwich structures, such as the foam and honeycomb sandwich panels, the lattice core sandwich structures have higher specific strength and stiffness. Except that, the unique open cell architecture allows for lattice core sandwich structures have the potential in multi-functional applications. In this dissertation, the pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures consisting of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) facesheets and aluminum alloy cores are manufactured. Then, the basic mechanical properties are also investigated by the experimental and numerical methods. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, based on the slot-fitting method, the pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures are manufactured. Quasi-static compression tests are conducted to get the stress-strain curves and to evaluate the energy absorption mechanism. While, the shear properties are investigated by the shear tests. Furthermore, the finite element method is employed to simulate the compressive behavior.
Secondly, a combined experimental and numerical method is conducted to assess the damage resistance of such structures subjected to low velocity impact. The effects of impact energy, impact site and core density are considered in the low velocity impact tests. In view of the complicated composite failure and contact involved in the tests, in general, the numerical results give a good agreement when compared with the experiments, which can be helpful in the structural design.
Then, the compression-after-impact (CAI) strength of pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures is explored by the experimental and numerical methods. The parameters affecting the CAI strength, such as impact energy, impact site and core density, are considered in this research. It is observed that the small energy impact has negligible effect on the CAI strength. In addition, the failure modes of such structures are distinct during the CAI tests when the impact site is different and that the specimens with higher density cores have slightly lower normalized CAI strength reduction. In the finite element analysis, the impact damage of impact-damaged sandwich structures are initially obtained in the impact analytical step and then transferred to the compression step to forecast the residual compressive strength. Generally speaking, the numerical results are satisfied.
Finally, the polyurethane foam filled pyramidal lattice core sandwich panel is fabricated in order to improve the energy absorption and low velocity impact resistance. Based on the compression tests, a synergistic effect that the foam filled sandwich panels have a greater load carrying capacity compared with the sum of the unfilled specimens and the filled polyurethane block is found. During the impact tests, it is found that the filled polyurethane foam does not demonstrate significant influence on the impact resistance.
首先，基于嵌锁组装工艺，制备了碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料面板、铝合金芯子的金字塔点阵夹芯结构。通过平压试验评估其压缩能力和吸能特性，通过剪切试验研究其剪切性能。此外，采用有限元软件ABAQUS对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的平压过程进行了数值仿真。
其次，采用试验和数值仿真相结合的方法，对复合材料金字塔点阵夹芯结构的抗低速冲击性能进行了研究。通过落锤低速冲击试验研究了冲击能量、冲击位置以及芯子密度对点阵夹芯结构冲击损伤的影响。考虑到冲击过程中复合材料复杂的失效模式以及多个部件之间的接触等影响因素，仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好。
然后，采用试验和数值仿真相结合的方法，研究了冲击能量、冲击位置以及芯子密度对金字塔点阵夹芯结构冲击后剩余压缩强度的影响。试验发现：小能量的冲击对金字塔点阵夹芯结构冲击后的剩余压缩强度基本上没有影响；冲击能量、冲击位置的不同造成了试件在冲击后压缩试验中表现出了不同的失效模式；芯子密度较大的试件的冲击容限更高。在数值分析中，将金字塔点阵夹芯结构在低速冲击分析步中得到的损伤状态传递给压缩分析步，实现了对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的低速冲击以及冲击后压缩试验的全程分析。数值仿真结果较好地预测了金字塔点阵夹芯结构在冲击后压缩试验中的失效模式。
最后，为了提高金字塔点阵夹芯结构的吸能特性和抗冲击能力，设计制备了芯子内部填充聚氨酯泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构，并研究了其吸能特性和抗低速冲击性能。试验发现填充聚氨酯泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构的承载能力不再是未填充泡沫的金字塔点阵夹芯结构和聚氨酯泡沫两者承载能力的线性叠加，而是强于两者的累加。落锤低速冲击试验发现填充聚氨酯泡沫对金字塔点阵夹芯结构的抗冲击性能基本没有影响。
Sandwich structures are commonly composed of two thin but stiff skin layers separated by the soft lightweight core material. In engineering applications, the tensile and compressive stresses are usually balanced by the top and bottom facesheets while the shear loads are mainly supported by the core. At present, sandwich structures are widely used in aerospace and astronautic industries due to the designable characteristic. Compared with the conventional sandwich structures, such as the foam and honeycomb sandwich panels, the lattice core sandwich structures have higher specific strength and stiffness. Except that, the unique open cell architecture allows for lattice core sandwich structures have the potential in multi-functional applications. In this dissertation, the pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures consisting of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) facesheets and aluminum alloy cores are manufactured. Then, the basic mechanical properties are also investigated by the experimental and numerical methods. The main contents are as follows:
Firstly, based on the slot-fitting method, the pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures are manufactured. Quasi-static compression tests are conducted to get the stress-strain curves and to evaluate the energy absorption mechanism. While, the shear properties are investigated by the shear tests. Furthermore, the finite element method is employed to simulate the compressive behavior.
Secondly, a combined experimental and numerical method is conducted to assess the damage resistance of such structures subjected to low velocity impact. The effects of impact energy, impact site and core density are considered in the low velocity impact tests. In view of the complicated composite failure and contact involved in the tests, in general, the numerical results give a good agreement when compared with the experiments, which can be helpful in the structural design.
Then, the compression-after-impact (CAI) strength of pyramidal lattice core sandwich structures is explored by the experimental and numerical methods. The parameters affecting the CAI strength, such as impact energy, impact site and core density, are considered in this research. It is observed that the small energy impact has negligible effect on the CAI strength. In addition, the failure modes of such structures are distinct during the CAI tests when the impact site is different and that the specimens with higher density cores have slightly lower normalized CAI strength reduction. In the finite element analysis, the impact damage of impact-damaged sandwich structures are initially obtained in the impact analytical step and then transferred to the compression step to forecast the residual compressive strength. Generally speaking, the numerical results are satisfied.
Finally, the polyurethane foam filled pyramidal lattice core sandwich panel is fabricated in order to improve the energy absorption and low velocity impact resistance. Based on the compression tests, a synergistic effect that the foam filled sandwich panels have a greater load carrying capacity compared with the sum of the unfilled specimens and the filled polyurethane block is found. During the impact tests, it is found that the filled polyurethane foam does not demonstrate significant influence on the impact resistance.
引文
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