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地下空区对边坡稳定性的影响研究
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摘要
边坡稳定性分析是工程防灾减灾的重要研究领域。影响边坡稳定性的因素很多,其中地下空区作为影响边坡稳定性的外部因素对边坡造成的破坏分为二种形式:即边坡的滑动和边坡坡面(台阶)的塌陷。根据边坡与地下空区存在的先后关系,考虑二种情况下地下空区对边坡稳定性的影响:第一种情况是先有地下空区然后进行边坡的开挖,如露天矿边坡下存在的地下老采空区;第二种情况是先有边坡然后进行地下工程的开挖,如山区隧道工程的开挖。本文在已有研究工作的基础上,利用遗传算法的原理、强度折减理论和大型岩土工程专用软件FLAC~(3D),结合工程实例,并在现场调查及监测的基础上,进行地下空区对边坡的稳定性影响研究,其主要研究内容如下:
     首先,本文提出改进遗传算法的思想,基于简化Bishop条分法和Janbu法,利用Matlab编写了CMIGA和RMIGA程序分别进行边坡最危险圆弧滑动面和任意形状滑动面的搜索并计算其安全系数。通过三个计算实例表明,对于简单的边坡,遗传算法与其它传统计算方法相比没有多大的优越性,而对于复杂边坡,遗传算法优势明显,因为它可以搜索到最优化问题的全局最优解。
     针对中国铝业公司矿山公司夹沟铝矿的地下老采空区边坡,提出加速混合遗传算法,同时采用FLAC软件分析不同大小、位置的地下老采空区对边坡稳定性的影响,并通过边坡应力和位移及边坡安全系数的变化情况,系统地分析了各种影响因素的影响程度。
     地下采空区顶板的最小安全厚度是保证边坡坡面(台阶)不发生塌陷的必要条件。以夹沟铝矿为工程背景,利用强度折减技术和二分法原理,以塑性区的贯通作为顶板破坏的标准,利用FLAC软件计算地下空区顶板最小安全厚度,并得出了影响空区顶板最小安全厚度的主要因素,进一步分析了边坡的安全系数随着空区顶板厚度的变化规律。
     通过综合分析各种地下空区对边坡稳定性影响,得出了夹沟铝矿西南面边坡上部土层发生滑动的和夹沟铝矿西面边坡300水平(台阶)坍塌事故的主要原因。为较好地判断地下空区边坡是否发生滑动或者塌陷,提出了边坡下伏的各种地下空区处理与否的标准。
     对关口垭浅埋隧道开挖过程中的山体边坡位移进行现场监控量测,并进行了数据整理和分析,得出了边坡位移变化的规律。在隧道开挖过程中,边坡地表的变形与开挖面的位置有非常密切的关系,边坡地表的变形大致可分四个阶段,即:微小变形阶段、变形剧增阶段、变形缓慢阶段和变形基本稳定阶段。
     对FLAC~(3D)软件进行二次开发并建立了三维模型,用于计算浅埋隧道开挖的不同阶段边坡地表的变形,同时得到隧道开挖过程中边坡的应力场、位移场和安全系数,总结得出隧道开挖的每一个工况对边坡稳定性的影响规律;通过现场监测数据及计算结果对比可知,计算结果与实测结果较为吻合,可以为浅埋隧道施工提供指导。
     本文所做研究工作,立足于学科前沿,运用最新数学计算方法和手段,对地下空区对边坡稳定性的影响进行了研究,具有较高的理论和应用价值。
Stability analysis of slope is an important research field of disasterprevention and reduction. There are many factors to effect the slopestability, of which underground vacant area is the exterior factor. The slipof slope and the subsidence of the surface of slope are the destructiveforms that underground vacant area acts to slope. According to theexistent relation of underground vacant area and slope, two cases shouldbe considered: the first one, underground vacant area had existed beforeslope was excavated, such as the underground mined-out area under theslope of strip mine; The second one, slope had existed beforeunderground vacant area was excavated, such as the tunnel excavation inmountainous areas. On the basis of the foregone researches, geneticalgorithm、strength reduction theory and FLAC~(3D) software are adopted inthe analysis of engineering examples, then the slope stability influencedby underground vacant area is researched. The main research contents areas follows:
     An improved genetic algorithm is present first, and then, on thebasis of simplied Bishop Method and Janbu Method, CMIGA andRMIGA programs are compiled in Matlab to search for the mostdangerous circle slip surface or the random slip surface shaperespectively, with which the safty factors are calculated. The resultsobtained from three numerical examples indicate that genetic algorithmhaven't obvious advantage compared with other methods in simple slope,but it has obvious advantages in complex slope because this method canget the global optimal solution of optimization problems.
     Accelerating hybrid genetic algorithm (AHGA) and FLAC softwareare used to analyse how underground mined-out area of different size andlocation influence the slope stability in Jia Gou Aluminium Mine ofAluminium Company in China. According to the variation of the stress、displacement and safety factor of slope, Author synthetically analyse theinfluencing degree of every influencing factor.
     The least safety thickness of the vacant area roof is the necessarycondition that the surface of slope cann't collapse. Strength reduction technique and dichotomy principle are adopted, and the through cuttingof plasticity zone is regarded to be the destructive criterion, then, the leastsafety thicknesses are calculated by FLAC in Jia Gou Aluminium Mine.The main factors that influence the least safety thickness of the vacantarea roof are gained, and the variation laws that the safety factors of slopefollow the thickness of the vacant area roofs are studied.
     After the synthetical analysis of the slope stability influenced byundergroud vacant area, the main reasons of slope slip and collapse in JiaGou aluminium mine are obtained. In order to judge if the slope happento slide or collapse, the treatment standard of underground vacant area isput forward.
     The displacements of slope surface are measured during the shallowburying tunnel is dug in Guankouya, and the variation law is obtainedthrough data treatment and analysis. The displacements of slope surfaceare nearly relative to the location of cutting surface of tunnel. Thedisplacements of slope surface are divided into 4 phases: tinydisplacement phase, faster increase phase, lower increase phase andsteady phase.
     Based on the after-exploited technology of FLAC~(3D), the 3D modelis set up to calculate the displacement of slope surface in the defferentphase of shallow burying tunnel cutting, at the same time, the stress fieldand safety factor are obtained, and the influencing laws that every workcondition of tunnel cutting influence to the slope are concluded. Thecalculation results and the measure data are compared, and we can knowthat calculation result answer the measure data very well, so the resultscan be used to guide construction.
     Standing at the front of science research, the influence thatunderground vacant area acts to the slope is studied by the author of thedissertation using newly numerical methods and means in the course ofresearch work. It shows a high theoretical and practical value.
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