施肥除莠对青海高寒地区人工草地生产特性和群落稳定性研究
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摘要
多年生禾草混播人工草地的改建是快速恢复青藏高原高寒草甸次生裸地—“黑土滩”植被的有效途径,也是提高草地生产力、维护草地生态系统平衡和进行集约化畜牧业生产的最佳选择。但受环境因子制约,“黑土滩”多年生人工草地的生产—生态稳定性较难维持,如何才能让人工草地为我们提供更好的服务是一个亟待解决的问题。为此,在青海省果洛藏族自治州玛沁县大武镇格姆滩的“黑土滩”退化草地上,通过封育、灭鼠、施肥、毒杂草防除等人工调控措施对黑土滩混播人工草地的稳定性进行了初步研究,结果表明:
1.在混播禾草人工草地建植当年,对照组和处理组的牧草出苗率及物候期基本一致;二龄时处理组和对照组都在4月下旬返青,其中处理组各群落都能很好的完成整个生育期,而对照组的物候期明显推迟,且30-50%的植株没能进行完整的生育期,可见人工调控措施可促进牧草生长发育。
2.处理组牧草群落的盖度、高度和生物量等数量指标均高于对照组;人工调控措施可以有效的提高高寒地区禾草混播人工草地可食牧草的覆盖率,提高初级生产力,改善草种在群落中的配比;作为退化草地改建的先锋物种的垂穗披碱草是各群落的绝对优势种。
3.垂穗披碱草和中华羊茅为多年生禾草混播草地群落的优势植物;处理组5种混播组合可以分为垂穗披碱草单优群落和垂穗披碱草+青海中华羊茅共优群落两大类;对照均为垂穗披碱草单优群落。
4.全生长季内混播群落的生长速度动态曲线呈倒“V”型分布;其中人工调控和对照平均生长速度分别介于0.65-0.70cm/d和0.55-0.65cm/d。
5.处理组各群落叶茎比显著高于对照;对照组和处理组各群落生物量均集中在0-30cm中,但处理组草层结构呈显著“金字塔”型,其稳定性要优于对照组。
6.在人工调控各小区中,随组分草种数目的增加,群落的物种多样性和丰富度增加,均匀度下降,而对照的各小区中,其丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数差异都不大,由于杂草种的消失,使人工调控各小区物种丰富度和物种多样性都要小于对照的相对应群落。
7.人工调控措施增加了牧草粗蛋白含量,降低了粗纤维的含量,牧草的营养价值得到了提高。
8.群落的综合优势比和种间相容性RYT值表明:在播种前两年各群落组分比都不断发生变化,但优势种的地位保持不变;混播人工草地群落可以分为两种类型:不稳定型、稳定平衡型。
9.处理组各群落的总收入要远远高于对照;产出投入比要显著高于对照。
总体而言,青藏高原高寒地区,对多年生禾草混播草地施加适宜的调控措施,能显著的改善当地草地长久、持续的利用,是该区未来高效畜牧业发展的必由之路。
In Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas, mixed perennial grassland is the best choice to raise productivity, maintain the ecological balance. But by the constraints of environmental factors, it is difficult to maintain production and ecological stability. For this reason, the study on practices for the productivity and stability of artificial grassland was carried out on the black soil type of degradation grassland area at the altitude 3760 m, the average annual temperature -3.9℃, the annual precipitation of 513.2 mm in alpine regions– Gemlatan, Maqin County of Qinghai Province. The results showed that:
1. The grasses both from the treatment group and control group could not complete the full growth stages in first year and the dates of each growth stage were basically the same. In second year, the grasses re-greened in late April, and the grasses in treatment group could complete all growth stages, however, 30% to 50% of grasses in control group could not complete the whole growth stage. This mean that the practices could improve the grass growth.
2. The height, coverage and biomass in treatment group were higher than that of the control group. The practices could effectively enhance the coverage and productivity of high quality grasses.
3. Elymus nutans and Festuca sinensis cv. Qinghai were the dominant components in community. Ten mixed communities could be divided into two categories: Elymus nutans community and Festuca sinensis cv Qinghai + Elymus nutans community.
4. The growth rate of communities showed an inverted“V”pattern. it was 0.65 cm/d to 0.70cm/d in treatment group and 0.55 cm/d to 0.65cm/d in control group respectively.
5. Both stability and the rate of leaf to stem in treatment group were higher that those in control group. The community biomass of treatment was mainly distributed within 0 to 30cm, and its layer structure was a significant "pyramid" type.
6. Species diversity and richness of treatment group were lower than that of control group.
7. The contents of crude protein in treatment group was increased and the content of crude fiber was decreased at the same time.
8. The dominance and inter-species RYT value indicated that components of community were constantly changing in the first two years, but the dominant species remained unchanged; mixed artificial community could be divided into two types: unstable type and stable type.
9. The benefit of treatment group was greatly higher than that of control and it was same for the ecological benefit.
In general, the practices used in treatment group were proper for sustainable utilization of artificial grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in future.
1.在混播禾草人工草地建植当年,对照组和处理组的牧草出苗率及物候期基本一致;二龄时处理组和对照组都在4月下旬返青,其中处理组各群落都能很好的完成整个生育期,而对照组的物候期明显推迟,且30-50%的植株没能进行完整的生育期,可见人工调控措施可促进牧草生长发育。
2.处理组牧草群落的盖度、高度和生物量等数量指标均高于对照组;人工调控措施可以有效的提高高寒地区禾草混播人工草地可食牧草的覆盖率,提高初级生产力,改善草种在群落中的配比;作为退化草地改建的先锋物种的垂穗披碱草是各群落的绝对优势种。
3.垂穗披碱草和中华羊茅为多年生禾草混播草地群落的优势植物;处理组5种混播组合可以分为垂穗披碱草单优群落和垂穗披碱草+青海中华羊茅共优群落两大类;对照均为垂穗披碱草单优群落。
4.全生长季内混播群落的生长速度动态曲线呈倒“V”型分布;其中人工调控和对照平均生长速度分别介于0.65-0.70cm/d和0.55-0.65cm/d。
5.处理组各群落叶茎比显著高于对照;对照组和处理组各群落生物量均集中在0-30cm中,但处理组草层结构呈显著“金字塔”型,其稳定性要优于对照组。
6.在人工调控各小区中,随组分草种数目的增加,群落的物种多样性和丰富度增加,均匀度下降,而对照的各小区中,其丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数差异都不大,由于杂草种的消失,使人工调控各小区物种丰富度和物种多样性都要小于对照的相对应群落。
7.人工调控措施增加了牧草粗蛋白含量,降低了粗纤维的含量,牧草的营养价值得到了提高。
8.群落的综合优势比和种间相容性RYT值表明:在播种前两年各群落组分比都不断发生变化,但优势种的地位保持不变;混播人工草地群落可以分为两种类型:不稳定型、稳定平衡型。
9.处理组各群落的总收入要远远高于对照;产出投入比要显著高于对照。
总体而言,青藏高原高寒地区,对多年生禾草混播草地施加适宜的调控措施,能显著的改善当地草地长久、持续的利用,是该区未来高效畜牧业发展的必由之路。
In Qinghai-Tibet Plateau areas, mixed perennial grassland is the best choice to raise productivity, maintain the ecological balance. But by the constraints of environmental factors, it is difficult to maintain production and ecological stability. For this reason, the study on practices for the productivity and stability of artificial grassland was carried out on the black soil type of degradation grassland area at the altitude 3760 m, the average annual temperature -3.9℃, the annual precipitation of 513.2 mm in alpine regions– Gemlatan, Maqin County of Qinghai Province. The results showed that:
1. The grasses both from the treatment group and control group could not complete the full growth stages in first year and the dates of each growth stage were basically the same. In second year, the grasses re-greened in late April, and the grasses in treatment group could complete all growth stages, however, 30% to 50% of grasses in control group could not complete the whole growth stage. This mean that the practices could improve the grass growth.
2. The height, coverage and biomass in treatment group were higher than that of the control group. The practices could effectively enhance the coverage and productivity of high quality grasses.
3. Elymus nutans and Festuca sinensis cv. Qinghai were the dominant components in community. Ten mixed communities could be divided into two categories: Elymus nutans community and Festuca sinensis cv Qinghai + Elymus nutans community.
4. The growth rate of communities showed an inverted“V”pattern. it was 0.65 cm/d to 0.70cm/d in treatment group and 0.55 cm/d to 0.65cm/d in control group respectively.
5. Both stability and the rate of leaf to stem in treatment group were higher that those in control group. The community biomass of treatment was mainly distributed within 0 to 30cm, and its layer structure was a significant "pyramid" type.
6. Species diversity and richness of treatment group were lower than that of control group.
7. The contents of crude protein in treatment group was increased and the content of crude fiber was decreased at the same time.
8. The dominance and inter-species RYT value indicated that components of community were constantly changing in the first two years, but the dominant species remained unchanged; mixed artificial community could be divided into two types: unstable type and stable type.
9. The benefit of treatment group was greatly higher than that of control and it was same for the ecological benefit.
In general, the practices used in treatment group were proper for sustainable utilization of artificial grassland on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in future.
引文
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