西南天山金矿成矿条件及成矿机制
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摘要
中亚南天山金-锑-锡-汞成矿带是世界上最著名的金成矿带之一,已发现十几个大型、超大型金矿床。新疆西南天山是其东延部分,近年来发现了一些金矿床(点),呈现出较好的找矿前景,但发现矿床数量和规模无法与中亚南天山相比,因此,西南天山金成矿规律研究就成为热点问题。本论文在野外地质工作基础上,对典型矿床进行了解剖,运用岩石地球化学、流体包裹体研究、稳定同位素、年代学以及综合分析对比等多种手段,划分了金矿类型,总结了成矿规律,研究了典型矿床特征及成矿机制。探讨了西南天山地球动力学演化与金成矿作用,并与中亚南天山金成矿带进行了对比。取得如下新认识和进展:
将西南天山金矿归纳为4种主要类型,与韧性剪切带有关的金矿(造山型金矿)、与侵入岩有关的金矿、石英重晶石脉型金矿和浅成低温热液型金矿。其中与韧性剪切带有关的金矿是最重要的类型,石英重晶石脉型金矿是一种罕见的金矿新类型。总结了金成矿规律,不同类型金矿均受一定的大地构造单元及断裂控制,与韧性剪切带有关的金矿多数分布在区域大断裂附近,受脆韧性剪切带控制。地层及岩性对金矿具有明显控制作用,穆龙套型金矿容矿岩系具有浊流沉积特点,赋矿岩性为含碳千枚岩、变质砂岩和变质粉砂岩。岩浆活动对金成矿具有制约作用,在不同程度上提供成矿物质、成矿流体和驱动力。
提出布隆金矿是罕见的石英重晶石脉型金矿床,并系统研究了矿床地质及地球化学特征,探讨了成矿作用。成矿温度变化范围大,为159～390℃,金主成矿阶段集中于200～340℃,流体盐度为2.42～19.29wt% NaCleq,成矿流体属CO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。黄铁矿δ~(34)S为14.6～19.2‰,重晶石δ~(34)S变化于35.0～39.6‰,表明硫来自于地层。首次在西南天山金矿中开展氦和氩同位素示踪,表明布隆成矿流体主要为地壳来源,有少量地幔流体的参与。石英δ18O水为6.7～14.7‰,δD变化于-70～-55‰,δ13CPDB为-4.6～-1.4‰,暗示成矿流体主要是来源于建造水,并混合少量岩浆水和大气降水,流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩。物理化学条件、流体成分改变及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用。
萨瓦亚尔顿金矿赋存于上志留统和下泥盆统浅变质的含碳浊积岩中,容矿岩石为含碳千枚岩、变质砂岩和变质粉砂岩。矿化带及矿体受脆韧性剪切带控制。成矿流体为中低温(78～355℃)、中低盐度(2.57～22.10%)的H2O-NaCl-CO_2-CH_4体系。成矿流体中CO_2、、CH_4含量变化与金和锑成矿有密切关系。菱铁矿、白云石和石英流体包裹体的δ~(13)CPDB介于–10.5～4.98‰,暗示碳来源于地幔和海相碳酸盐岩。对韧性剪切带中绢云母化全岩进行了40Ar-39Ar测年,支持前人提出金成矿时代在三叠纪的观点。金的活化、迁移和富集与剪切带的演化有紧密关系。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿具有穆龙套和库姆托尔金矿的特点,但又具有特殊性。其中,浅成中-低温条件下成矿,金、锑共生是其最大特色。
大山口金矿赋存于上志留-下泥盆统(含碳)细碎屑岩中,受韧性剪切带控制,矿体分布于英安斑岩脉、闪长玢岩脉内及其接触带中。对岩脉、砂岩、蚀变岩和石英碳酸盐脉的主量元素和稀土元素分析表明闪长玢岩和英安斑岩为同源岩浆演化产物。稀土特征表明成矿流体为富含挥发份的岩浆期后热液。铁白云石的δ~(13)CPDB值为-2.8‰～-3.3‰,δ~(18)OV-SMOW变化于14.1‰～14.5‰,暗示碳主要来源于幔源和海相碳酸盐岩。δ18OV-SMOW值介于15.9‰～18.6‰,δ18O水值为-1.14‰～10.9‰,δ~D为-51‰～-74‰,表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,混合少量大气降水。矿床受剪切成矿系统控制,剪切构造与岩浆侵入是主要成矿因素。
西南天山区域地球动力学演化对金成矿起着明显的控制作用。金成矿时代主要集中在二叠纪-晚三叠世,少数在晚泥盆世-石炭纪,二叠纪的成矿形成于碰撞造山后的板内区域伸展背景下。三叠纪金矿的形成受控于印支运动。与中亚南天山成矿带对比表明尽管西南天山成矿背景有差异,但成矿潜力巨大。
The Southern Tianshan antimony-mercury-gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia is one of the important gold belts in the world, hosts decade world-class, superlarge and large gold deposits. The Southwestern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are its eastward extension, where severa gold deposits (occurrence) discovered recently highlight the exploration potential of this area. The gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are not compare with the Southern Tianshan in Central Asia on the amount and resource, so study the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is the“hot spots”studied by the economic geologists. Based on the detailed field investigation and previous researches, many methods, such as rock geochemistry analyses, fluid inclusions study, stable isotopes, chronology and synthetically comparative study etc are used in this study.
This Ph.D thesis divided the gold deposit type, summarized the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits, studied the geological characteristics of representative gold deposit and metallogenic mechanism, and discussed the relation between geodynamics evoluton of the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains and gold mineralization, and compared with the Southern Tianshan gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia. The main advancements achieved from the thesis are as followings: Gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains may be classified as follows: gold deposit related to the ductile shear zone (orogenic gold), gold deposit related to the intrusion, quartz-barite vein type gold deposit and epithermal gold deposit. Among which orogenic gold deposit is important type of gold deposit, the quartz-barite vein type gold deposit is a rare new gold type. This paper summarized the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains. The gold deposits are controlled by geotectonic units and faults, also are controlled by strata and lithology. The gold deposits related to the ductile shear zone are mainly distributed along the deep faults, are controlled by brittle-ductile shear zone. The host rocks of the Muruntau type gold deposits are carbonaceous phyllites, metasandstone and metasilstone, and are characterized by turbidity current deposition. The magmatic activity restricted the gold mineralization, provided ore-forming materials, ore-forming fluids in some degree, and acted as“engines”which drive the hydrothermal solution to form a conductive circulation system.
Based on the comparisons with other types of deposits, this paper propose that the Bulong gold deposit is representative of a rare quartz-barite vein type gold deposit, studies systematically geological and geochemical characteristics and discusses ore-forming process of the Bulong gold deposit. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions vary from 159 to 390oC, with Th during the main stage of gold mineralization ranging from 200 to 340oC. Salinity ranges from 2.42 to 19.29 wt.% NaCl equiv. Ore fluid belong to a CO_2-H_2O-NaCl system. Theδ~(34)S values of pyrite associated with gold mineralization range from 14.6 to 19.2‰and those of barite from 35.0 to 39.6‰, indicating that the sulfur was probably derived from the sedimentary host rocks. Helium and argon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions suggest that the ore fluids of the Bulong gold deposit were mainly derived from the crust and were possibly mixed with a small amount of mantle component during the metallogenic process. Theδ~(13)CPDB values of fluid inclusions in vein quartz from the Bulong gold deposit define a narrow range of–4.6 to–1.4‰. Theδ~(18)OSMOW values of vein quartz range from 17.2 to 21.1‰, with correspondingδ18Ofluid values of 6.7 to 14.7‰, andδ~D values of fluid inclusions of between–70 and–55‰. The combined isotopic data imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Bulong gold deposit were mainly derived from basinal fluids, with some minor contributions from magmatic fluids and meteoric water, and the carbon in the ore fluids was mainly derived from marine carbonate rocks. Changes in physico-chemical conditions of ore fluids, fluid compositions and immiscibility of ore fluids played important roles in ore-forming processes of the Bulong gold deposit.
The Sawayaerdun gold deposit occurs in Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian epimetamorphic carbonaceous turbidite, and the host rocks are carbonaceous phyllites, metasandstone and metasilstone. Gold mineralized zones and orebodies are controlled by brittle-ductile shear zone. The ore-forming fluids belong to a medium-to low-temperature (78～355℃), low- to medium-salinity(2.57～22.10%) H_2O–NaCl–CO_2–CH_4 system. Gold and antimony mineralizations are closely related to the variations of CO_2 and CH_4 contents of the ore-forming fluids. Theδ~(13)CPDB values of siderite, dolomite and siderite range from–10.5 to–4.98‰, indicating that carbon was derived from a mixture of marine carbonates and the mantle and was affected by low-temperature alteration. The ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar step heating age for whole-rock samples of sericite-quartz altered rock from brittle-ductile shear zone supports that gold mineralization formed in the Triassic. Remobiliation, concentration and precipitation of gold are closely associated with ductile shear zone evoluton in terms of space and time. The Sawayaerdun gold deposit resembles the Muruntau gold deposit in Uzbekistan and Kumtor gold deposit in Kyrgyzstan in respect to geological setting, geological characteristics of ore deposits and metallogenic mechanism. Nevertheless, the Sawayaerdun gold deposit has some special features. The ores were deposited at shallow levels and at medium-low temperatures and gold is associated with antimony.
Dashankou gold deposit occurs in Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian (carbonaceous ) fine-grained clastic rocks. Gold mineralization is controlled by the ductile shear zone. Orebodies distributed within dacite porphyry dyke and diorite porphyrite dyke or contact zone between the dyke and wall rock. Systematic analyse of the major elements and rare earth elements (REE) of the dyke, sandstone, altered rock and quartz-carbonate vein suggest that dacite porphyry dyke and diorite porphyrite dyke were derived from a common magma chamber. Characteristics of rare earth elements imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Dashankou gold deposit were mainly derived from volatile component-richment magmatic fluids. Theδ13CPDB values of ankerite range from–2.8 to–3.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW values of 14.1 to 14.5‰, indicating that carbon was derived from a mixture of marine carbonates and the mantle. Theδ18OSMOW values of quartz range from 15.9 to 18.6‰, with correspondingδ18Ofluid values of -1.14 to 10.9‰, andδD values of fluid inclusions of between–51 and–74‰. The combined isotopic data imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Dashankou gold deposit were mainly derived from magmatic fluids, with some minor contributions from meteoric water. The Dashankou gold deposit is controlled by ductile shear metallogenic system, ductile shear structure and magmatic activity are mainly ore-controlling factors.
The gold mineralization of the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is markedly controlled by the regional geodynamics evoluton. The age of gold mineralization in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is mainly Permian to Late Triassic, in a few cases Late Devonian–Carboniferous. The gold deposits formed in the Permian occurring in an environment of regional extension during post-collisional stage. The gold deposits formed in the Triassic, were controlled by the Indosinian movement. Based on the comparisons with the Southern Tien Shan gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia, indicating that the highlight the exploration potential of this area, though there are differences in the regional geological setting.
将西南天山金矿归纳为4种主要类型,与韧性剪切带有关的金矿(造山型金矿)、与侵入岩有关的金矿、石英重晶石脉型金矿和浅成低温热液型金矿。其中与韧性剪切带有关的金矿是最重要的类型,石英重晶石脉型金矿是一种罕见的金矿新类型。总结了金成矿规律,不同类型金矿均受一定的大地构造单元及断裂控制,与韧性剪切带有关的金矿多数分布在区域大断裂附近,受脆韧性剪切带控制。地层及岩性对金矿具有明显控制作用,穆龙套型金矿容矿岩系具有浊流沉积特点,赋矿岩性为含碳千枚岩、变质砂岩和变质粉砂岩。岩浆活动对金成矿具有制约作用,在不同程度上提供成矿物质、成矿流体和驱动力。
提出布隆金矿是罕见的石英重晶石脉型金矿床,并系统研究了矿床地质及地球化学特征,探讨了成矿作用。成矿温度变化范围大,为159～390℃,金主成矿阶段集中于200～340℃,流体盐度为2.42～19.29wt% NaCleq,成矿流体属CO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。黄铁矿δ~(34)S为14.6～19.2‰,重晶石δ~(34)S变化于35.0～39.6‰,表明硫来自于地层。首次在西南天山金矿中开展氦和氩同位素示踪,表明布隆成矿流体主要为地壳来源,有少量地幔流体的参与。石英δ18O水为6.7～14.7‰,δD变化于-70～-55‰,δ13CPDB为-4.6～-1.4‰,暗示成矿流体主要是来源于建造水,并混合少量岩浆水和大气降水,流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩。物理化学条件、流体成分改变及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用。
萨瓦亚尔顿金矿赋存于上志留统和下泥盆统浅变质的含碳浊积岩中,容矿岩石为含碳千枚岩、变质砂岩和变质粉砂岩。矿化带及矿体受脆韧性剪切带控制。成矿流体为中低温(78～355℃)、中低盐度(2.57～22.10%)的H2O-NaCl-CO_2-CH_4体系。成矿流体中CO_2、、CH_4含量变化与金和锑成矿有密切关系。菱铁矿、白云石和石英流体包裹体的δ~(13)CPDB介于–10.5～4.98‰,暗示碳来源于地幔和海相碳酸盐岩。对韧性剪切带中绢云母化全岩进行了40Ar-39Ar测年,支持前人提出金成矿时代在三叠纪的观点。金的活化、迁移和富集与剪切带的演化有紧密关系。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿具有穆龙套和库姆托尔金矿的特点,但又具有特殊性。其中,浅成中-低温条件下成矿,金、锑共生是其最大特色。
大山口金矿赋存于上志留-下泥盆统(含碳)细碎屑岩中,受韧性剪切带控制,矿体分布于英安斑岩脉、闪长玢岩脉内及其接触带中。对岩脉、砂岩、蚀变岩和石英碳酸盐脉的主量元素和稀土元素分析表明闪长玢岩和英安斑岩为同源岩浆演化产物。稀土特征表明成矿流体为富含挥发份的岩浆期后热液。铁白云石的δ~(13)CPDB值为-2.8‰～-3.3‰,δ~(18)OV-SMOW变化于14.1‰～14.5‰,暗示碳主要来源于幔源和海相碳酸盐岩。δ18OV-SMOW值介于15.9‰～18.6‰,δ18O水值为-1.14‰～10.9‰,δ~D为-51‰～-74‰,表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,混合少量大气降水。矿床受剪切成矿系统控制,剪切构造与岩浆侵入是主要成矿因素。
西南天山区域地球动力学演化对金成矿起着明显的控制作用。金成矿时代主要集中在二叠纪-晚三叠世,少数在晚泥盆世-石炭纪,二叠纪的成矿形成于碰撞造山后的板内区域伸展背景下。三叠纪金矿的形成受控于印支运动。与中亚南天山成矿带对比表明尽管西南天山成矿背景有差异,但成矿潜力巨大。
The Southern Tianshan antimony-mercury-gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia is one of the important gold belts in the world, hosts decade world-class, superlarge and large gold deposits. The Southwestern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are its eastward extension, where severa gold deposits (occurrence) discovered recently highlight the exploration potential of this area. The gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are not compare with the Southern Tianshan in Central Asia on the amount and resource, so study the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is the“hot spots”studied by the economic geologists. Based on the detailed field investigation and previous researches, many methods, such as rock geochemistry analyses, fluid inclusions study, stable isotopes, chronology and synthetically comparative study etc are used in this study.
This Ph.D thesis divided the gold deposit type, summarized the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits, studied the geological characteristics of representative gold deposit and metallogenic mechanism, and discussed the relation between geodynamics evoluton of the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains and gold mineralization, and compared with the Southern Tianshan gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia. The main advancements achieved from the thesis are as followings: Gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains may be classified as follows: gold deposit related to the ductile shear zone (orogenic gold), gold deposit related to the intrusion, quartz-barite vein type gold deposit and epithermal gold deposit. Among which orogenic gold deposit is important type of gold deposit, the quartz-barite vein type gold deposit is a rare new gold type. This paper summarized the metallogenic regularities of gold deposits in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains. The gold deposits are controlled by geotectonic units and faults, also are controlled by strata and lithology. The gold deposits related to the ductile shear zone are mainly distributed along the deep faults, are controlled by brittle-ductile shear zone. The host rocks of the Muruntau type gold deposits are carbonaceous phyllites, metasandstone and metasilstone, and are characterized by turbidity current deposition. The magmatic activity restricted the gold mineralization, provided ore-forming materials, ore-forming fluids in some degree, and acted as“engines”which drive the hydrothermal solution to form a conductive circulation system.
Based on the comparisons with other types of deposits, this paper propose that the Bulong gold deposit is representative of a rare quartz-barite vein type gold deposit, studies systematically geological and geochemical characteristics and discusses ore-forming process of the Bulong gold deposit. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions vary from 159 to 390oC, with Th during the main stage of gold mineralization ranging from 200 to 340oC. Salinity ranges from 2.42 to 19.29 wt.% NaCl equiv. Ore fluid belong to a CO_2-H_2O-NaCl system. Theδ~(34)S values of pyrite associated with gold mineralization range from 14.6 to 19.2‰and those of barite from 35.0 to 39.6‰, indicating that the sulfur was probably derived from the sedimentary host rocks. Helium and argon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions suggest that the ore fluids of the Bulong gold deposit were mainly derived from the crust and were possibly mixed with a small amount of mantle component during the metallogenic process. Theδ~(13)CPDB values of fluid inclusions in vein quartz from the Bulong gold deposit define a narrow range of–4.6 to–1.4‰. Theδ~(18)OSMOW values of vein quartz range from 17.2 to 21.1‰, with correspondingδ18Ofluid values of 6.7 to 14.7‰, andδ~D values of fluid inclusions of between–70 and–55‰. The combined isotopic data imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Bulong gold deposit were mainly derived from basinal fluids, with some minor contributions from magmatic fluids and meteoric water, and the carbon in the ore fluids was mainly derived from marine carbonate rocks. Changes in physico-chemical conditions of ore fluids, fluid compositions and immiscibility of ore fluids played important roles in ore-forming processes of the Bulong gold deposit.
The Sawayaerdun gold deposit occurs in Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian epimetamorphic carbonaceous turbidite, and the host rocks are carbonaceous phyllites, metasandstone and metasilstone. Gold mineralized zones and orebodies are controlled by brittle-ductile shear zone. The ore-forming fluids belong to a medium-to low-temperature (78～355℃), low- to medium-salinity(2.57～22.10%) H_2O–NaCl–CO_2–CH_4 system. Gold and antimony mineralizations are closely related to the variations of CO_2 and CH_4 contents of the ore-forming fluids. Theδ~(13)CPDB values of siderite, dolomite and siderite range from–10.5 to–4.98‰, indicating that carbon was derived from a mixture of marine carbonates and the mantle and was affected by low-temperature alteration. The ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar step heating age for whole-rock samples of sericite-quartz altered rock from brittle-ductile shear zone supports that gold mineralization formed in the Triassic. Remobiliation, concentration and precipitation of gold are closely associated with ductile shear zone evoluton in terms of space and time. The Sawayaerdun gold deposit resembles the Muruntau gold deposit in Uzbekistan and Kumtor gold deposit in Kyrgyzstan in respect to geological setting, geological characteristics of ore deposits and metallogenic mechanism. Nevertheless, the Sawayaerdun gold deposit has some special features. The ores were deposited at shallow levels and at medium-low temperatures and gold is associated with antimony.
Dashankou gold deposit occurs in Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian (carbonaceous ) fine-grained clastic rocks. Gold mineralization is controlled by the ductile shear zone. Orebodies distributed within dacite porphyry dyke and diorite porphyrite dyke or contact zone between the dyke and wall rock. Systematic analyse of the major elements and rare earth elements (REE) of the dyke, sandstone, altered rock and quartz-carbonate vein suggest that dacite porphyry dyke and diorite porphyrite dyke were derived from a common magma chamber. Characteristics of rare earth elements imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Dashankou gold deposit were mainly derived from volatile component-richment magmatic fluids. Theδ13CPDB values of ankerite range from–2.8 to–3.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW values of 14.1 to 14.5‰, indicating that carbon was derived from a mixture of marine carbonates and the mantle. Theδ18OSMOW values of quartz range from 15.9 to 18.6‰, with correspondingδ18Ofluid values of -1.14 to 10.9‰, andδD values of fluid inclusions of between–51 and–74‰. The combined isotopic data imply that the ore-forming fluids of the Dashankou gold deposit were mainly derived from magmatic fluids, with some minor contributions from meteoric water. The Dashankou gold deposit is controlled by ductile shear metallogenic system, ductile shear structure and magmatic activity are mainly ore-controlling factors.
The gold mineralization of the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is markedly controlled by the regional geodynamics evoluton. The age of gold mineralization in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains is mainly Permian to Late Triassic, in a few cases Late Devonian–Carboniferous. The gold deposits formed in the Permian occurring in an environment of regional extension during post-collisional stage. The gold deposits formed in the Triassic, were controlled by the Indosinian movement. Based on the comparisons with the Southern Tien Shan gold metallogenic belt in Central Asia, indicating that the highlight the exploration potential of this area, though there are differences in the regional geological setting.
引文
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