准噶尔盆地准东—乌伦古地区石炭系烃源岩综合研究
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摘要
准东-乌伦古地区位于准噶尔盆地东北部,前人已在这一地区开展了20多年的勘探工作,在准东地区发现了可观的石油地质储量。然而从勘探程度来看,准东-乌伦古的广大地区,基本还处于区域勘探阶段。由于该区复杂的石油地质特征及可获得烃源岩样品的限制,准东-乌伦古地区油气地球化学研究非常薄弱,严重制约了对这一地区的总体评价及勘探决策。
本文利用Rock-eval、干酪根镜鉴等技术对研究区石炭系烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度进行分析和评价,并通过饱和烃气相色谱、色谱-质谱分析技术讨论了烃源岩的沉积环境和有机质来源,同时结合烃源岩沉积相分析,确定了研究区石炭系烃源岩的生烃特征、生烃潜力、空间展布等特点,主要认识如下：
准噶尔地区在石炭纪时的古构造环境十分复杂,此时中亚-蒙古地槽正趋于削闭时期,褶皱运动十分频繁,火山活动亦较多。地块区周围在形成一系列褶皱山系的同时,形成了众多的小型山间坳陷与断陷。海水在逐渐缩退时,由于山系的不断上升,一些地区形成了面积不大的封闭性陆间海、残留海湾或泻湖,这时隆起区转为剥蚀区,低凹区开始接受沉积,形成了该区在石炭纪时主要为海相沉积伴随海相火山岩,同时亦有海陆过渡相及陆相沉积。下石炭统为一套碎屑岩-火山岩建造,以海相为主,局部见陆相,厚度变化大,1000-3000m,为准东的主要组成部分。
早石炭世早期,克拉美丽洋壳持续向北俯冲,于阿尔曼太缝合带南侧形成一些水下岛弧,乌伦古坳陷与五彩湾处于这些水下岛弧的两侧,属于滨-浅海相、海陆过渡相环境。早石炭世晚期,克拉美丽洋盆晚期闭合,早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世陆间残余海盆堆积物不整合覆盖于蛇绿岩之上,约300Ma的石炭纪晚期花岗质岩基侵入,下石炭统山梁砾石组(C1sl)厚达1600m的砾石沉积在克拉美丽蛇绿岩带南侧被动陆缘沉积岩系之上,形成克拉美丽缝合带,其北侧乌伦古坳陷发育滨海相沉积。从沉积演化特征来看,在早石炭世,乌伦古地区可能沉积滨-浅海相碎屑岩。
通过有机地球化学分析方法,得知姜巴斯套组样品主要为一般-很好的烃源岩,塔木岗组泥岩样品为较好的烃源岩,巴塔玛依内山组基本以火成岩为主,为差-一般烃源岩。姜巴斯套组和巴塔玛依内山组烃源岩干酪根类型基本上为Ⅲ1-Ⅲ2型,仅个别为Ⅱ1型,塔木岗组烃源岩类型为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ2型。该区石炭系已经进入了成熟-高成熟阶段,姜巴斯套组的部分烃源岩已达到过成熟阶段。
准东-乌伦古地区石炭系岩心有机地球化学特征研究表明,塔木岗组烃源岩的有机质已经成熟,但还没有达到高成熟度阶段。在滴水泉剖面自下而上,烃源岩沉积环境还原性增强,有机质输入为浮游生物或底栖藻类与陆源有机质。泉1井巴塔玛依内山组泥岩CPI介于1.47-1.94,OEP介于0.91～1.66,泉2井CPI介于1.5～1.59,OEP介于1.44-1.48。依据生物标志物成熟度判断,烃源岩应处于低成熟-成熟阶段。泉1井和泉2井的烃源岩姥植比均大于2,Pr／nC17=0.77-1.0。因此,认为有机质形成的古环境应该为海陆过渡相偏氧化性环境。
油源对比结果表明,滴北1井和伦5井的油气与石炭系烃源岩亲缘。而构造演化分析认为三叠纪末期索索泉凹陷与五彩湾凹陷分异,陆梁隆起已有雏形,五彩湾凹陷的油气成藏期主要为燕山期,大量的油气不可能越过陆梁隆起倒灌入乌伦古坳陷,因此滴北1井的油气不可能来自五彩湾凹陷。近南北方向构造演化表明,三叠纪以后红岩断阶已经处于隆起高部位,因此,伦5井油砂也不应来自北边。而乌伦古坳陷在演化过程中所经历的多期构造运动,为油气的运移提供了理想的场所,三叠纪晚期-侏罗纪早期滴北1井区所发育的河流和三角洲过渡相砂体也能形成油气运移的良好储集层。因此综合以上分析认为滴北1井的油气与伦5井的油砂应该来自乌伦古坳陷。
彩27井、彩201井石炭系原油的生物标志物地球化学特征与彩深1井石炭系塔木岗组泥岩相似度较高,分析认为彩27井、彩201井原油应主要来源于塔木岗组烃源岩。石炭系巴塔玛依内山组储集层覆盖于塔木岗组烃源岩之上,烃源岩生成的油气在地温增加及烃类生成等引起的热膨胀产生的压力差下,直接向石炭系内部储集层运移,在具有裂缝和溶蚀孔隙的巴塔玛依内山组形成自生自储型的成藏模式。
Zhundong and Wulungu location in the northeastern Junggar basin, in which predecessors had been carried out over 20 years of exploration work. In Zhundong location we had found a considerable geological oil reserves. However, from the exploration of the extent that the vast areas of the Zhundong and Wulungu is still in the regional exploration stage. As the complex geological features and the restrictions on availability of hydrocarbon source rocks in this area, oil and gas geochemistry is very weak, which severely restricted to the region's overall evaluation and exploration decision.
In this paper, we have a lot of organizing and collecting information on previous studies, including the spread of hydrocarbon source rocks, geochemical analysis information, logging information and so on. At the same time we use the geochemical analytical techniques to analyse and evaluate the organic matter abundance, type and degree of thermal evolution of the Carboniferous source rocks in the study area, and then discussing the sedimentary environments and organic matter source of the hydrocarbon source rocks with the gas chromatography of saturated hydrocarbons, chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Combined with the analysis of the sedimentary facies in the source rocks, identified the Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon potential, spatial distribution and other characteristics in the study area. The main conclusions obtained in this thesis are as follows:
During Carboniferous the ancient tectonic environment of the Junggar basion is complex. It is a time when Central Asia-Mongolia slot tends to cut close. Fold movement and volcanic activity are very frequent. A series of fold mountain and numerous of small mountain depression and fault formed around the block area. Due to the rising mountain ranges the small closed area between the land and sea, bay or lagoon residual formed in some areas. Then uplift to erosion areas, low-lying areas begin to accept deposits. Junggar basin, dominated by marine deposits in the Carboniferous. There are also marine-terrigenous facies, and continental sedimentary. The Zhundong area deposited a set of a Lower Carboniferous clastic rocks-volcanic construction, to marine-based, some areas develop the continental facies, and thickness has changed dramatically, about 1000-3000m.
Early Carboniferous, the oceanic crust of Kelameili continued northward subduction and formed some underwater island arc in the south side of th Arman suture zone. Wulungu depression and Wucaiwan on both sides of these island arcs. Late Carboniferous, Kelameili ocean basin closed, the early Carboniferous to Late Carboniferous deposits between the residual basin unconformably covered on the ophiolite, about 300Ma in the late Carboniferous granitic batholith intrusion, the gravel thick to 1600m of the Shanlianglishi group (C1sl) deposits in the south of the ophiolite belt and formed the Kelameili suture. In the north the Wulungu depression developed coastal sediments. From the point of view of the sedimentary evolution of features, the Wulungu region could be deposited shallow-bathyal sea clasitic rocks in the early Carboniferous.
Through organic geochemical analysis, we know that most of the Carboniferous shale samples in the Zhundong and Wulungu are effective hydrocarbon source rocks. Among all of them, the mudstone of the Jiangbasitao mostly are general or well source rocks, and the shale samples of the Tamugang are good hydrocarbon source rocks. By drilling strata we know that the mudstone of the Batamayineishan is mainly volcanic rock which are poor-general hydrocarbon source rocks. The kerogen type of source rocks in Jiangbasitao and Batamayineishan groups are generallyⅢ1-Ⅲ2, only individual to typeⅡ1. The kerogen type of source rocks in Tamugang group areⅡ2-Ⅲ2 .The maturity of organic matter has entered the mature to the high mature stage. While part of the hydrocarbon source rock samples of the Jiangbasitao has reached over-mature stage.
According to the geochemical characteristics of soluble organic matter of core samples from the Carboniferous source rocks in the Zhundong and Wulungu location, it is concluded that the organic matter of the Tamugang source rocks is mature, but has not reached a high stage of maturity. In the Dishuiquan profile bottom-up, the reduction of the source rock depositional environment enhanced. Section samples of the Carboniferous were formed under oxidizing environment and the lithofacies palaeogeography is marine-continental transitional facies. Organic matter was derived from hydrobiont such as algae and plankton or terrigenous. The CPI of the Batamayineishan group mudstone in Q1 well ranged from 1.47 to 1.94 range, OEP is between 0.91 and 1.66. The CPI of Q2 well is between 1.5 and 1.59, OEP is between 1.44 and 1.48. Based on biomarkers to judge the maturity of source rocks should be in the low maturity to maturity. Pr/Ph of the source rocks in Q1 and Q2 wells are more than 2, Pr/nC17= 0.77～1.0.
Oil-source correlation results showed that oil and gas of the well L5 and well D1 kinship with the Carboniferous source rocks. The tectonic evolution analysis showed that the Suosuoquan Depression and Wucaiwan Depression differentiation in the Triassic, Luliang Uplift has been taking shape. The oil and gas accumulation of Wucaiwan Depression is mainly Yanshan period. A large number of oil and gas can not flow backward across the Luliang Uplift to Wulungu depression, so the oil and gas of D1 well could not come from Wucaiwan depression. Tectonic evolution of north-south direction shows that after the Triassic the Hongyan area had been already in the uplift, therefore, the oil sands of Lun5 wells should not be from the north. While the Wulungu depression experienced in the evolution of multi-stage tectonic movements, as the oil and gas migration provides the ideal venue for tectonic evolution analysis showed that oil and gas of the well L5 and oil sands of the well D1 indicate that it should have come from Wulungu depression.
The biomarker geochemistry of Carboniferous oil in C27 well and C201 well have a certain similarity with the Carboniferous mudstone of C1 well that the crude oil of C27 and C201 wells mainly from Carboniferous source rocks.The reservoir of Batamayineishan group was covered above the source rocks of Tamugang group, under the pressure difference oil and gas generated in the source rocks are directly migrate to the internal reservoirs of Carboniferous and formed a self storage in the reservoir model in Batamayineishan group with cracks and corrosion in the pores.
本文利用Rock-eval、干酪根镜鉴等技术对研究区石炭系烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度进行分析和评价,并通过饱和烃气相色谱、色谱-质谱分析技术讨论了烃源岩的沉积环境和有机质来源,同时结合烃源岩沉积相分析,确定了研究区石炭系烃源岩的生烃特征、生烃潜力、空间展布等特点,主要认识如下：
准噶尔地区在石炭纪时的古构造环境十分复杂,此时中亚-蒙古地槽正趋于削闭时期,褶皱运动十分频繁,火山活动亦较多。地块区周围在形成一系列褶皱山系的同时,形成了众多的小型山间坳陷与断陷。海水在逐渐缩退时,由于山系的不断上升,一些地区形成了面积不大的封闭性陆间海、残留海湾或泻湖,这时隆起区转为剥蚀区,低凹区开始接受沉积,形成了该区在石炭纪时主要为海相沉积伴随海相火山岩,同时亦有海陆过渡相及陆相沉积。下石炭统为一套碎屑岩-火山岩建造,以海相为主,局部见陆相,厚度变化大,1000-3000m,为准东的主要组成部分。
早石炭世早期,克拉美丽洋壳持续向北俯冲,于阿尔曼太缝合带南侧形成一些水下岛弧,乌伦古坳陷与五彩湾处于这些水下岛弧的两侧,属于滨-浅海相、海陆过渡相环境。早石炭世晚期,克拉美丽洋盆晚期闭合,早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世陆间残余海盆堆积物不整合覆盖于蛇绿岩之上,约300Ma的石炭纪晚期花岗质岩基侵入,下石炭统山梁砾石组(C1sl)厚达1600m的砾石沉积在克拉美丽蛇绿岩带南侧被动陆缘沉积岩系之上,形成克拉美丽缝合带,其北侧乌伦古坳陷发育滨海相沉积。从沉积演化特征来看,在早石炭世,乌伦古地区可能沉积滨-浅海相碎屑岩。
通过有机地球化学分析方法,得知姜巴斯套组样品主要为一般-很好的烃源岩,塔木岗组泥岩样品为较好的烃源岩,巴塔玛依内山组基本以火成岩为主,为差-一般烃源岩。姜巴斯套组和巴塔玛依内山组烃源岩干酪根类型基本上为Ⅲ1-Ⅲ2型,仅个别为Ⅱ1型,塔木岗组烃源岩类型为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ2型。该区石炭系已经进入了成熟-高成熟阶段,姜巴斯套组的部分烃源岩已达到过成熟阶段。
准东-乌伦古地区石炭系岩心有机地球化学特征研究表明,塔木岗组烃源岩的有机质已经成熟,但还没有达到高成熟度阶段。在滴水泉剖面自下而上,烃源岩沉积环境还原性增强,有机质输入为浮游生物或底栖藻类与陆源有机质。泉1井巴塔玛依内山组泥岩CPI介于1.47-1.94,OEP介于0.91～1.66,泉2井CPI介于1.5～1.59,OEP介于1.44-1.48。依据生物标志物成熟度判断,烃源岩应处于低成熟-成熟阶段。泉1井和泉2井的烃源岩姥植比均大于2,Pr／nC17=0.77-1.0。因此,认为有机质形成的古环境应该为海陆过渡相偏氧化性环境。
油源对比结果表明,滴北1井和伦5井的油气与石炭系烃源岩亲缘。而构造演化分析认为三叠纪末期索索泉凹陷与五彩湾凹陷分异,陆梁隆起已有雏形,五彩湾凹陷的油气成藏期主要为燕山期,大量的油气不可能越过陆梁隆起倒灌入乌伦古坳陷,因此滴北1井的油气不可能来自五彩湾凹陷。近南北方向构造演化表明,三叠纪以后红岩断阶已经处于隆起高部位,因此,伦5井油砂也不应来自北边。而乌伦古坳陷在演化过程中所经历的多期构造运动,为油气的运移提供了理想的场所,三叠纪晚期-侏罗纪早期滴北1井区所发育的河流和三角洲过渡相砂体也能形成油气运移的良好储集层。因此综合以上分析认为滴北1井的油气与伦5井的油砂应该来自乌伦古坳陷。
彩27井、彩201井石炭系原油的生物标志物地球化学特征与彩深1井石炭系塔木岗组泥岩相似度较高,分析认为彩27井、彩201井原油应主要来源于塔木岗组烃源岩。石炭系巴塔玛依内山组储集层覆盖于塔木岗组烃源岩之上,烃源岩生成的油气在地温增加及烃类生成等引起的热膨胀产生的压力差下,直接向石炭系内部储集层运移,在具有裂缝和溶蚀孔隙的巴塔玛依内山组形成自生自储型的成藏模式。
Zhundong and Wulungu location in the northeastern Junggar basin, in which predecessors had been carried out over 20 years of exploration work. In Zhundong location we had found a considerable geological oil reserves. However, from the exploration of the extent that the vast areas of the Zhundong and Wulungu is still in the regional exploration stage. As the complex geological features and the restrictions on availability of hydrocarbon source rocks in this area, oil and gas geochemistry is very weak, which severely restricted to the region's overall evaluation and exploration decision.
In this paper, we have a lot of organizing and collecting information on previous studies, including the spread of hydrocarbon source rocks, geochemical analysis information, logging information and so on. At the same time we use the geochemical analytical techniques to analyse and evaluate the organic matter abundance, type and degree of thermal evolution of the Carboniferous source rocks in the study area, and then discussing the sedimentary environments and organic matter source of the hydrocarbon source rocks with the gas chromatography of saturated hydrocarbons, chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Combined with the analysis of the sedimentary facies in the source rocks, identified the Carboniferous hydrocarbon source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon potential, spatial distribution and other characteristics in the study area. The main conclusions obtained in this thesis are as follows:
During Carboniferous the ancient tectonic environment of the Junggar basion is complex. It is a time when Central Asia-Mongolia slot tends to cut close. Fold movement and volcanic activity are very frequent. A series of fold mountain and numerous of small mountain depression and fault formed around the block area. Due to the rising mountain ranges the small closed area between the land and sea, bay or lagoon residual formed in some areas. Then uplift to erosion areas, low-lying areas begin to accept deposits. Junggar basin, dominated by marine deposits in the Carboniferous. There are also marine-terrigenous facies, and continental sedimentary. The Zhundong area deposited a set of a Lower Carboniferous clastic rocks-volcanic construction, to marine-based, some areas develop the continental facies, and thickness has changed dramatically, about 1000-3000m.
Early Carboniferous, the oceanic crust of Kelameili continued northward subduction and formed some underwater island arc in the south side of th Arman suture zone. Wulungu depression and Wucaiwan on both sides of these island arcs. Late Carboniferous, Kelameili ocean basin closed, the early Carboniferous to Late Carboniferous deposits between the residual basin unconformably covered on the ophiolite, about 300Ma in the late Carboniferous granitic batholith intrusion, the gravel thick to 1600m of the Shanlianglishi group (C1sl) deposits in the south of the ophiolite belt and formed the Kelameili suture. In the north the Wulungu depression developed coastal sediments. From the point of view of the sedimentary evolution of features, the Wulungu region could be deposited shallow-bathyal sea clasitic rocks in the early Carboniferous.
Through organic geochemical analysis, we know that most of the Carboniferous shale samples in the Zhundong and Wulungu are effective hydrocarbon source rocks. Among all of them, the mudstone of the Jiangbasitao mostly are general or well source rocks, and the shale samples of the Tamugang are good hydrocarbon source rocks. By drilling strata we know that the mudstone of the Batamayineishan is mainly volcanic rock which are poor-general hydrocarbon source rocks. The kerogen type of source rocks in Jiangbasitao and Batamayineishan groups are generallyⅢ1-Ⅲ2, only individual to typeⅡ1. The kerogen type of source rocks in Tamugang group areⅡ2-Ⅲ2 .The maturity of organic matter has entered the mature to the high mature stage. While part of the hydrocarbon source rock samples of the Jiangbasitao has reached over-mature stage.
According to the geochemical characteristics of soluble organic matter of core samples from the Carboniferous source rocks in the Zhundong and Wulungu location, it is concluded that the organic matter of the Tamugang source rocks is mature, but has not reached a high stage of maturity. In the Dishuiquan profile bottom-up, the reduction of the source rock depositional environment enhanced. Section samples of the Carboniferous were formed under oxidizing environment and the lithofacies palaeogeography is marine-continental transitional facies. Organic matter was derived from hydrobiont such as algae and plankton or terrigenous. The CPI of the Batamayineishan group mudstone in Q1 well ranged from 1.47 to 1.94 range, OEP is between 0.91 and 1.66. The CPI of Q2 well is between 1.5 and 1.59, OEP is between 1.44 and 1.48. Based on biomarkers to judge the maturity of source rocks should be in the low maturity to maturity. Pr/Ph of the source rocks in Q1 and Q2 wells are more than 2, Pr/nC17= 0.77～1.0.
Oil-source correlation results showed that oil and gas of the well L5 and well D1 kinship with the Carboniferous source rocks. The tectonic evolution analysis showed that the Suosuoquan Depression and Wucaiwan Depression differentiation in the Triassic, Luliang Uplift has been taking shape. The oil and gas accumulation of Wucaiwan Depression is mainly Yanshan period. A large number of oil and gas can not flow backward across the Luliang Uplift to Wulungu depression, so the oil and gas of D1 well could not come from Wucaiwan depression. Tectonic evolution of north-south direction shows that after the Triassic the Hongyan area had been already in the uplift, therefore, the oil sands of Lun5 wells should not be from the north. While the Wulungu depression experienced in the evolution of multi-stage tectonic movements, as the oil and gas migration provides the ideal venue for tectonic evolution analysis showed that oil and gas of the well L5 and oil sands of the well D1 indicate that it should have come from Wulungu depression.
The biomarker geochemistry of Carboniferous oil in C27 well and C201 well have a certain similarity with the Carboniferous mudstone of C1 well that the crude oil of C27 and C201 wells mainly from Carboniferous source rocks.The reservoir of Batamayineishan group was covered above the source rocks of Tamugang group, under the pressure difference oil and gas generated in the source rocks are directly migrate to the internal reservoirs of Carboniferous and formed a self storage in the reservoir model in Batamayineishan group with cracks and corrosion in the pores.
引文
[1]蔡士赐.新疆岩石地层[M].地质出版社,1999：77-78
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