企业信息技术外包关系及其演化机理研究
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摘要
随着竞争的加剧和信息技术的迅猛发展,越来越多的组织开始意识到为了提高其核心竞争力、改善自身绩效而不得不将复杂的信息技术业务外包给专业的信息技术服务机构。然而,许多研究证明,很多企业与信息技术外包服务商的合作并不顺利,其中主要原因之一是双方对信息技术外包关系的理解与管理不到位,这直接影响着信息技术外包的成功和企业信息化建设的质量。
尽管对信息技术外包的研究吸引了国内外不少研究学者的目光,并取得了一定的研究进展,但对信息技术外包关系的研究仍然比较少。目前大部分学者将研究集中在信息技术外包关系的分类及信息技术外包关系对外包成功的影响等问题上,对信息技术外包关系的构成要素是什么以及它是如何形成并演化的研究尚未见到,对信息技术外包关系的形成机理和演化机理缺乏理论研究。
本文主要研究以下四个方面的问题:(1)分析信息技术外包关系的构成要素与类型;(2)揭示信息技术外包关系的形成机理;(3)揭示信息技术外包关系的演化机理;(4)探讨对信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的管理。
具体来说,本文的创新点主要体现在以下几个方面:
1.基于IT外包关系的构成要素及关系类型维度的综合分析,构建IT外包关系概念模型。本文将信息技术外包关系的主体、客体、环境三个构成要素作为一个系统进行分析,为全面认识与理解信息技术外包关系奠定了基础;从外包关系客体对企业战略的影响和外包关系主体之间的关系质量两个维度将信息技术外包关系划分为四个类型;构建了信息技术外包关系模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各构成要素之间的逻辑关系。
本文将信息技术外包关系的主体、客体、环境三个构成要素作为一个系统进行分析,为全面认识与理解信息技术外包关系奠定了基础,它推动了对信息技术外包关系进行全面、系统的理论研究。本文认为,在信息技术外包关系中,外包关系的的主体、客体、环境是关系存在的不可或缺的要素,单纯的只考虑某一要素的研究是片面的;从外包关系客体对企业战略的影响和外包关系主体之间的关系质量两个维度将信息技术外包关系划分为普通市场关系、普通伙伴关系、战略市场关系和战略伙伴关系四种类型并进一步深入剖析了每一种关系类型的内涵和特征;在以上对信息技术外包关系的内涵进行了深入研究和信息技术外包关系类型进行科学划分的基础上构建了完整认识信息技术外包关系的概念模型来揭示信息技术外包关系主体、客体和环境三个构成要素之间的逻辑关系。
2.以比较优势理论、价值链理论和资源观理论为基础,基于IT外包关系动力因素的分析,构建了IT外包关系形成的内外生机理模型和动力解释结构模型,揭示了IT外包关系的形成机理。本文运用比较优势理论和价值链理论分析了信息技术外包关系形成的理论前提;基于PEST分析和资源观理论构建了信息技术外包关系形成的外生机理模型与内生机理模型,揭示了信息技术外包关系的形成的内外生机理;基于ISM构建了信息技术外包关系形成动力模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各动力因素之间的相互作用及层次关系;基于信息技术外包关系主体双方的综合实力的强、中、弱将信息技术外包关系分为三类九种关系模式。
本文运用经济学中的比较优势理论和价值链理论作为理论依据探讨了信息技术外包关系的形成原因;基于战略管理中PEST分析和资源观理论深入分析了信息技术外包关系形成的内外生机理,构建了信息技术外包关系形成的外生机理模型与内生机理模型,揭示了信息技术外包关系主体双方是如何在政府、经济、社会和技术四大外部因素的影响下相互吸引而形成外包关系的;基于ISM技术确定了信息技术外包关系动力因素,并构建了信息技术外包关系形成动力模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各动力因素之间的相互作用及层次关系;根据信息技术外包关系主体双方综合实力的强、中、弱将信息技术外包关系分为矩形、T形和凸形三类九种关系模式,并分析了每一类信息技术外包关系模式的特点。
3.基于系统分岔思想分析了IT外包关系的演化动力机制、演化路径、演化管理与演化趋势,揭示了IT外包关系的演化机理。本文分析了信息技术外包关系演化的内外部动力,构建了信息技术外包关系动力机制模型;阐明了信息技术外包关系的演化过程,构建了信息技术外包关系的演化路径模型;分析了信息技术外包关系破裂的原因,提出了促进信息技术外包关系维系和发展的管理对策;分析了目前信息技术外包的特点并基于博弈论分析了信息技术外包关系的演化趋势是战略伙伴关系。
本文基于系统分岔思想分析了信息技术外包关系演化的内涵;构建了信息技术外包关系演化动力机制模型,阐明了信息技术外包关系演化的内外部动力,外包动力主要是政府政策的推动、市场同行业企业竞争压力的推动、社会科研机构和咨询机构潮流压力的推动和IT产业技术发展的推动,内部动力包括外包方高层管理、IT部门与业务部门的推动、承包方高层管理与技术部门的推动;从关系质量和外包项目层次两个维度分析了信息技术外包关系的演化过程,构建了信息技术外包关系的演化路径模型,分析了具有代表性的三条演化路径及其与信息技术外包关系模式之间的联系;分析了信息技术外包关系破裂的原因,包括双方不能共担风险、没有建立信任、双方对IT外包项目的实施缺乏合理的管理机制、相互之间存在多方面的不适应、双方之间不注重沟通,并从共同承担风险、保持良好的沟通、相互适应、建立跨组织的管理机制四个方面提出了相应的管理对策来促进信息技术外包关系的维系和发展;分析了目前信息技术外包的特点,包括信息技术外包竞争环境不确定性增大、信息技术外包技术环境不确定性增大、信息技术外包项目层次越来越高和信息技术外包资产专用性增加,并运用博弈论分析了信息技术外包关系的演化趋势是战略伙伴关系。
4.以合同为依据,结合整合机制与控制机制提出IT外包战略伙伴关系管理对策。本文分析了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的形成过程;探讨了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系合同管理;提出信息技术外包战略伙伴关系管理过程中的的整合机制与控制机制。
本文基于过程视角从认知、试探、扩展和承诺四个阶段深入分析信息技术外包关系的形成过程;探讨信息技术外包战略伙伴关系合同管理;探讨了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的整合机制,包括战略整合、战术整合、操作整合、人际关系整合和文化整合五个方面;分析了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的控制机制,包括价格控制、权利控制和信任控制三个方面。
As competition intensifies and the rapid development of information technology(IT),more and more enterprises have realized that they have to outsource their complex information technology to the professional information technology service suppliers in order to enhance their core competitiveness and improve their performance. However, many studies suggest that, the cooperation between the outsourcing enterprise and the information technology service supplier is not smooth. One of the main reasons is both sides of outsourcing don’t understand and manage the outsourcing relationship very well, and that directly affect success of information technology outsourcing and quality of enterprise information construction.
Although there has been a great deal of research that has been conducted on IT outsourcing, very little research investigate the outsourcing relationship and the primary focus of that research has been on the classification of outsourcing relationship and the effect of outsourcing relationship to outsourcing success. How many types do relationships among outsourcing enterprise and information technology service supplier have? What is formation and evolution mechanism of Information technology outsourcing relationship? Such problems have become an important research subject of information technology outsourcing field.
This dissertation studied the formation and evolution of IT outsourcing relationship, mainly focusing on the flowing four contents: first, information technology outsourcing relationship and its elements analysis; second, information technology outsourcing relationships formation mechanism; third, information technology outsourcing relationships evolution mechanism; fourth, strategic partnership management of Information technology outsourcing.
For details, the innovation points of this dissertation mainly are represented by the following aspects:
Firstly, this dissertation analyzed IT outsourcing relationship and its elements: subject, object and environment. Based on the relationship quality of IT outsourcing relationship subjects and the impact to outsourcing enterprise’s strategy of IT outsourcing relationship object, it puts outsourcing relationship into four categories. It constructs the model of IT outsourcing relationship to reveal the logical relationship of elements.
This dissertation analyzed the subject, object and environment of IT outsourcing relationship, and argues that subject, object and environment are essential factors of IT outsourcing relationship. Based on the relationship quality of IT outsourcing relationship subjects and the impact to outsourcing enterprise’s strategy of IT outsourcing relationship object, it puts outsourcing relationship into four types: ordinary market relationship, ordinary partnership, strategic market relationship and strategic partnership, and further analyzes the connotation and feature of each types of IT outsourcing relationship. Based on the theory analysis of above, it constructs the model of IT outsourcing relationship to reveal the logical relationship of elements.
Secondly, this dissertation analyses the reason of IT outsourcing relationship formation used comparative advantage theory and value chain theory. Based on PEST and RBV theory, it constructs the Exogenous-mechanism and Endogenous-mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships formation to explain the formation mechanism of IT outsourcing relationships. Based on ISM, it constructs the formation dynamic mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships to reveal the relationship of the dynamic element. Based on the comprehensive strength of the IT outsourcing relationship subject, it put the outsourcing relationship into three categories and nine types.
This dissertation analyzed the reason of IT outsourcing relationship formation used comparative advantage theory and value chain theory. Based on PEST and RBV theory, it constructs the Exogenous-mechanism and Endogenous-mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships formation to explain how does IT outsourcing relationships form under the influence of government, economics, society and technology. Based on ISM, it determine ten dynamic elements, and further constructs the formation dynamic mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships to reveal the relationship of the dynamic element. Based on the comprehensive strength of the IT outsourcing relationship subject, it put the outsourcing relationship into three categories and nine types, and analyses the characteristics of every category.
Thirdly, this dissertation reveals the evolution mechanism of IT outsourcing relationships. It clarifies evolution dynamic factors and evolution path of IT outsourcing relationships, and constructs dynamic mechanism model and evolution path model of IT outsourcing relationships. It analyses the broken reasons of IT outsourcing relationship and provides management countermeasures to promote the development of IT outsourcing relationship. It analyzes characteristics of current information technology outsourcing and development trends of information technology outsourcing relationship using game theory.
This dissertation reveals the evolution mechanism of IT outsourcing relationship. It constructs dynamic mechanism model to clarify the external dynamic elements and internal dynamic elements of IT outsourcing relationship; the external dynamic elements contain promotion of government, market competition, pressure of society and promotion of IT progress, and internal dynamic elements contain the push of outsourcing enterprise and IT supplier. Based on catastrophe theory, it constructs evolution path model to analyses evolution path of IT outsourcing relationships, and further analyses the typical paths. It analyses the broken reasons of IT outsourcing relationship and provides management countermeasures to promote the development of IT outsourcing relationship, which contains risk sharing, keeping communication smoothly, mutual adaptation and establishing common management machismo of both organizations. It analyses characteristics of current information technology outsourcing and development trends of information technology outsourcing relationship using game theory.
Fourthly, this dissertation analyses the progress of IT strategy partnership formation; It explores the constract management of IT strategy partnership; It provides the integrated mechanism and control mechanism of IT strategy partnership management.
Based on process view, this dissertation divides the progress into four stages: awareness, exploration, expansion and commitment, and further analyses IT strategy partnership formation; It explores the contract management of IT strategy partnership; It provides the integrated mechanism of IT strategy partnership management, which contains strategic integration, tactical integration, operating integration, interpersonal integration and cultural integration ; It provides the control mechanism of IT strategy partnership management, which contains price control, power control and trust control.
尽管对信息技术外包的研究吸引了国内外不少研究学者的目光,并取得了一定的研究进展,但对信息技术外包关系的研究仍然比较少。目前大部分学者将研究集中在信息技术外包关系的分类及信息技术外包关系对外包成功的影响等问题上,对信息技术外包关系的构成要素是什么以及它是如何形成并演化的研究尚未见到,对信息技术外包关系的形成机理和演化机理缺乏理论研究。
本文主要研究以下四个方面的问题:(1)分析信息技术外包关系的构成要素与类型;(2)揭示信息技术外包关系的形成机理;(3)揭示信息技术外包关系的演化机理;(4)探讨对信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的管理。
具体来说,本文的创新点主要体现在以下几个方面:
1.基于IT外包关系的构成要素及关系类型维度的综合分析,构建IT外包关系概念模型。本文将信息技术外包关系的主体、客体、环境三个构成要素作为一个系统进行分析,为全面认识与理解信息技术外包关系奠定了基础;从外包关系客体对企业战略的影响和外包关系主体之间的关系质量两个维度将信息技术外包关系划分为四个类型;构建了信息技术外包关系模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各构成要素之间的逻辑关系。
本文将信息技术外包关系的主体、客体、环境三个构成要素作为一个系统进行分析,为全面认识与理解信息技术外包关系奠定了基础,它推动了对信息技术外包关系进行全面、系统的理论研究。本文认为,在信息技术外包关系中,外包关系的的主体、客体、环境是关系存在的不可或缺的要素,单纯的只考虑某一要素的研究是片面的;从外包关系客体对企业战略的影响和外包关系主体之间的关系质量两个维度将信息技术外包关系划分为普通市场关系、普通伙伴关系、战略市场关系和战略伙伴关系四种类型并进一步深入剖析了每一种关系类型的内涵和特征;在以上对信息技术外包关系的内涵进行了深入研究和信息技术外包关系类型进行科学划分的基础上构建了完整认识信息技术外包关系的概念模型来揭示信息技术外包关系主体、客体和环境三个构成要素之间的逻辑关系。
2.以比较优势理论、价值链理论和资源观理论为基础,基于IT外包关系动力因素的分析,构建了IT外包关系形成的内外生机理模型和动力解释结构模型,揭示了IT外包关系的形成机理。本文运用比较优势理论和价值链理论分析了信息技术外包关系形成的理论前提;基于PEST分析和资源观理论构建了信息技术外包关系形成的外生机理模型与内生机理模型,揭示了信息技术外包关系的形成的内外生机理;基于ISM构建了信息技术外包关系形成动力模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各动力因素之间的相互作用及层次关系;基于信息技术外包关系主体双方的综合实力的强、中、弱将信息技术外包关系分为三类九种关系模式。
本文运用经济学中的比较优势理论和价值链理论作为理论依据探讨了信息技术外包关系的形成原因;基于战略管理中PEST分析和资源观理论深入分析了信息技术外包关系形成的内外生机理,构建了信息技术外包关系形成的外生机理模型与内生机理模型,揭示了信息技术外包关系主体双方是如何在政府、经济、社会和技术四大外部因素的影响下相互吸引而形成外包关系的;基于ISM技术确定了信息技术外包关系动力因素,并构建了信息技术外包关系形成动力模型来揭示信息技术外包关系各动力因素之间的相互作用及层次关系;根据信息技术外包关系主体双方综合实力的强、中、弱将信息技术外包关系分为矩形、T形和凸形三类九种关系模式,并分析了每一类信息技术外包关系模式的特点。
3.基于系统分岔思想分析了IT外包关系的演化动力机制、演化路径、演化管理与演化趋势,揭示了IT外包关系的演化机理。本文分析了信息技术外包关系演化的内外部动力,构建了信息技术外包关系动力机制模型;阐明了信息技术外包关系的演化过程,构建了信息技术外包关系的演化路径模型;分析了信息技术外包关系破裂的原因,提出了促进信息技术外包关系维系和发展的管理对策;分析了目前信息技术外包的特点并基于博弈论分析了信息技术外包关系的演化趋势是战略伙伴关系。
本文基于系统分岔思想分析了信息技术外包关系演化的内涵;构建了信息技术外包关系演化动力机制模型,阐明了信息技术外包关系演化的内外部动力,外包动力主要是政府政策的推动、市场同行业企业竞争压力的推动、社会科研机构和咨询机构潮流压力的推动和IT产业技术发展的推动,内部动力包括外包方高层管理、IT部门与业务部门的推动、承包方高层管理与技术部门的推动;从关系质量和外包项目层次两个维度分析了信息技术外包关系的演化过程,构建了信息技术外包关系的演化路径模型,分析了具有代表性的三条演化路径及其与信息技术外包关系模式之间的联系;分析了信息技术外包关系破裂的原因,包括双方不能共担风险、没有建立信任、双方对IT外包项目的实施缺乏合理的管理机制、相互之间存在多方面的不适应、双方之间不注重沟通,并从共同承担风险、保持良好的沟通、相互适应、建立跨组织的管理机制四个方面提出了相应的管理对策来促进信息技术外包关系的维系和发展;分析了目前信息技术外包的特点,包括信息技术外包竞争环境不确定性增大、信息技术外包技术环境不确定性增大、信息技术外包项目层次越来越高和信息技术外包资产专用性增加,并运用博弈论分析了信息技术外包关系的演化趋势是战略伙伴关系。
4.以合同为依据,结合整合机制与控制机制提出IT外包战略伙伴关系管理对策。本文分析了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的形成过程;探讨了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系合同管理;提出信息技术外包战略伙伴关系管理过程中的的整合机制与控制机制。
本文基于过程视角从认知、试探、扩展和承诺四个阶段深入分析信息技术外包关系的形成过程;探讨信息技术外包战略伙伴关系合同管理;探讨了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的整合机制,包括战略整合、战术整合、操作整合、人际关系整合和文化整合五个方面;分析了信息技术外包战略伙伴关系的控制机制,包括价格控制、权利控制和信任控制三个方面。
As competition intensifies and the rapid development of information technology(IT),more and more enterprises have realized that they have to outsource their complex information technology to the professional information technology service suppliers in order to enhance their core competitiveness and improve their performance. However, many studies suggest that, the cooperation between the outsourcing enterprise and the information technology service supplier is not smooth. One of the main reasons is both sides of outsourcing don’t understand and manage the outsourcing relationship very well, and that directly affect success of information technology outsourcing and quality of enterprise information construction.
Although there has been a great deal of research that has been conducted on IT outsourcing, very little research investigate the outsourcing relationship and the primary focus of that research has been on the classification of outsourcing relationship and the effect of outsourcing relationship to outsourcing success. How many types do relationships among outsourcing enterprise and information technology service supplier have? What is formation and evolution mechanism of Information technology outsourcing relationship? Such problems have become an important research subject of information technology outsourcing field.
This dissertation studied the formation and evolution of IT outsourcing relationship, mainly focusing on the flowing four contents: first, information technology outsourcing relationship and its elements analysis; second, information technology outsourcing relationships formation mechanism; third, information technology outsourcing relationships evolution mechanism; fourth, strategic partnership management of Information technology outsourcing.
For details, the innovation points of this dissertation mainly are represented by the following aspects:
Firstly, this dissertation analyzed IT outsourcing relationship and its elements: subject, object and environment. Based on the relationship quality of IT outsourcing relationship subjects and the impact to outsourcing enterprise’s strategy of IT outsourcing relationship object, it puts outsourcing relationship into four categories. It constructs the model of IT outsourcing relationship to reveal the logical relationship of elements.
This dissertation analyzed the subject, object and environment of IT outsourcing relationship, and argues that subject, object and environment are essential factors of IT outsourcing relationship. Based on the relationship quality of IT outsourcing relationship subjects and the impact to outsourcing enterprise’s strategy of IT outsourcing relationship object, it puts outsourcing relationship into four types: ordinary market relationship, ordinary partnership, strategic market relationship and strategic partnership, and further analyzes the connotation and feature of each types of IT outsourcing relationship. Based on the theory analysis of above, it constructs the model of IT outsourcing relationship to reveal the logical relationship of elements.
Secondly, this dissertation analyses the reason of IT outsourcing relationship formation used comparative advantage theory and value chain theory. Based on PEST and RBV theory, it constructs the Exogenous-mechanism and Endogenous-mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships formation to explain the formation mechanism of IT outsourcing relationships. Based on ISM, it constructs the formation dynamic mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships to reveal the relationship of the dynamic element. Based on the comprehensive strength of the IT outsourcing relationship subject, it put the outsourcing relationship into three categories and nine types.
This dissertation analyzed the reason of IT outsourcing relationship formation used comparative advantage theory and value chain theory. Based on PEST and RBV theory, it constructs the Exogenous-mechanism and Endogenous-mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships formation to explain how does IT outsourcing relationships form under the influence of government, economics, society and technology. Based on ISM, it determine ten dynamic elements, and further constructs the formation dynamic mechanism model of IT outsourcing relationships to reveal the relationship of the dynamic element. Based on the comprehensive strength of the IT outsourcing relationship subject, it put the outsourcing relationship into three categories and nine types, and analyses the characteristics of every category.
Thirdly, this dissertation reveals the evolution mechanism of IT outsourcing relationships. It clarifies evolution dynamic factors and evolution path of IT outsourcing relationships, and constructs dynamic mechanism model and evolution path model of IT outsourcing relationships. It analyses the broken reasons of IT outsourcing relationship and provides management countermeasures to promote the development of IT outsourcing relationship. It analyzes characteristics of current information technology outsourcing and development trends of information technology outsourcing relationship using game theory.
This dissertation reveals the evolution mechanism of IT outsourcing relationship. It constructs dynamic mechanism model to clarify the external dynamic elements and internal dynamic elements of IT outsourcing relationship; the external dynamic elements contain promotion of government, market competition, pressure of society and promotion of IT progress, and internal dynamic elements contain the push of outsourcing enterprise and IT supplier. Based on catastrophe theory, it constructs evolution path model to analyses evolution path of IT outsourcing relationships, and further analyses the typical paths. It analyses the broken reasons of IT outsourcing relationship and provides management countermeasures to promote the development of IT outsourcing relationship, which contains risk sharing, keeping communication smoothly, mutual adaptation and establishing common management machismo of both organizations. It analyses characteristics of current information technology outsourcing and development trends of information technology outsourcing relationship using game theory.
Fourthly, this dissertation analyses the progress of IT strategy partnership formation; It explores the constract management of IT strategy partnership; It provides the integrated mechanism and control mechanism of IT strategy partnership management.
Based on process view, this dissertation divides the progress into four stages: awareness, exploration, expansion and commitment, and further analyses IT strategy partnership formation; It explores the contract management of IT strategy partnership; It provides the integrated mechanism of IT strategy partnership management, which contains strategic integration, tactical integration, operating integration, interpersonal integration and cultural integration ; It provides the control mechanism of IT strategy partnership management, which contains price control, power control and trust control.
引文
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