塔格山剖面晚新生代磁性地层
摘要
通过系统的野外地质调查,在塔里木盆地西部、塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地选择了地层连续稳定、出露良好的新生代剖面—塔格山剖面进行了野外地层测量、岩性描述及样品采集。用超导磁力仪和磁化率仪作了系统的磁性地层研究,获得了该剖面的磁性地层年代和磁化率记录。以古地磁极性界线年代作为控制点,以沉积速率线性内插,计算了剖面各个位置的年龄,从而获得了该剖面的年代标尺;确定了塔里木盆地海相结束、大规模沙丘开始发育及大砾石层形成的时代,从而对第三纪新特提斯海塔里木古海湾的演化、塔克拉玛干沙漠形成的年代及青藏高原的隆起提出了新的见解。通过古气候记录和沉积相的分析,揭示了塔里木盆地晚新生代干旱化的历史;在此基础上,本文进一步讨论了塔里木盆地干旱化与特提斯海演化及青藏高原隆升的关系。本文得出了以下结论:
1.用热退磁方法和超导磁力仪对塔格山剖面非海相部分进行系统的磁性地层研究表明,该剖面磁性地层主要由Matuyama负极性时、Gauss正极性时、Gilbert负极性时上部组成,Matuyama负极性时的特征是有三个正极性亚时,Gauss的特征是中下部有两个负极性亚时,Gibert时上部出现较大段的负极性段,塔格山剖面陆相底界年龄为4.2Ma,顶部年龄为0.8Ma。
2.剖面磁性地层研究显示,冲积平原相与海相的界限位于Gilbert负极性时上部,年龄大约为4.2Ma,它标志着塔里木盆地西部残留海的演化于4.2Ma结束,塔里木古海湾最迟在4.2Ma退出。
3.塔格山剖面砾石层首次出现的年代为3.0Ma,标志着青藏高原晚新生代以来强烈隆升的时代为3.0Ma。
4.大规模风尘堆积开始发育的时代约为3.4Ma,它标志着晚新生代亚洲内陆进一步干旱化的开始,塔克拉玛干沙漠在3.4Ma就已经形成,同时可能意味着青藏高原在此时达到了一定的高度。
On the systematic geological survey, Mazatagh section, a consecutive and well-outercropping section of cenozoic in central Tatim basin was chose for investigation on stratigraphy, paleomagnetism and paleoclimatology. Thermal demagnetizer and cryogenic magnetometer were used to systematically measure the magnetic remanence from room temperature up to 650°C with 50°C step in order to dertimime magnetostratigraphy of the section. Meanwhile, magnetic susceptibility was measured as a proxy of paleoclimate for the section. Magnetic polarity boundary ages are used as the controlling points, while using the linear-interpolated accumulation rate for building up the time scale of the section. Consequently the bottom age of continental facies, the age of eolian accumulation in large scale and the age of large gravel bed were estimated. On that basis, we get some new understanding about the evolution of the Tarim gulf, the age of the Taklimakan desert as well as the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic .On the analysis of paleoclimate records, the drought history of Cenozoic in Tarim basin was revealed. The following points mark the main conclusions of this thesis:
1. On a systematic thermal demagnetization and remanence measurement using a cryogenic magnetometer, Magnetostratigraphy of Mazatagh section was produced for the Cenozoic continental strata, which shows a consistent polarity structure. Magnetostratigraphy of the section consists of reversed Chron of Matuyama, normal polarity Chron of Gauss and reversed Chron of upper Gilbert. Chron Matuyama is characterized by a long reversed polarity with three normal subchrons, Chron Gauss is characterized by a long normal polarity with two reversed subchrons at lower part of the Chron.and Chron Gilbert can be determined by a long reversed polarity at the top of the Chron. The bottom age of the continental facies is 4.2Ma and the top age of the section is 0.8Ma.
2. Magnetostratigraphic study of the section shows the boundary between alluvial plain facies and marine facies lies in revised Chron of Gilbert, the age is estimated to be 4.2Ma. It suggests that the evolution of semienclosed sea in western Tarim ended at 4.2Ma, and the regression of Tethys occoured at 4.2Ma.
3. The time when the gravel bed appeared for the first time is about 3.0Ma, and it may suggest the quick uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic.
4. The initiation of large scale accumulation of eolian material is estimated to be 3.4Ma, which is a symbol of a further drying occurred in Late Cenozoic in inland of northwest area, and also a symbol of the appearance of the Taklimakan desert, meanwhile, it may suggests that Qinghai-Tibet plateau had reached a significant height at that time.
1.用热退磁方法和超导磁力仪对塔格山剖面非海相部分进行系统的磁性地层研究表明,该剖面磁性地层主要由Matuyama负极性时、Gauss正极性时、Gilbert负极性时上部组成,Matuyama负极性时的特征是有三个正极性亚时,Gauss的特征是中下部有两个负极性亚时,Gibert时上部出现较大段的负极性段,塔格山剖面陆相底界年龄为4.2Ma,顶部年龄为0.8Ma。
2.剖面磁性地层研究显示,冲积平原相与海相的界限位于Gilbert负极性时上部,年龄大约为4.2Ma,它标志着塔里木盆地西部残留海的演化于4.2Ma结束,塔里木古海湾最迟在4.2Ma退出。
3.塔格山剖面砾石层首次出现的年代为3.0Ma,标志着青藏高原晚新生代以来强烈隆升的时代为3.0Ma。
4.大规模风尘堆积开始发育的时代约为3.4Ma,它标志着晚新生代亚洲内陆进一步干旱化的开始,塔克拉玛干沙漠在3.4Ma就已经形成,同时可能意味着青藏高原在此时达到了一定的高度。
On the systematic geological survey, Mazatagh section, a consecutive and well-outercropping section of cenozoic in central Tatim basin was chose for investigation on stratigraphy, paleomagnetism and paleoclimatology. Thermal demagnetizer and cryogenic magnetometer were used to systematically measure the magnetic remanence from room temperature up to 650°C with 50°C step in order to dertimime magnetostratigraphy of the section. Meanwhile, magnetic susceptibility was measured as a proxy of paleoclimate for the section. Magnetic polarity boundary ages are used as the controlling points, while using the linear-interpolated accumulation rate for building up the time scale of the section. Consequently the bottom age of continental facies, the age of eolian accumulation in large scale and the age of large gravel bed were estimated. On that basis, we get some new understanding about the evolution of the Tarim gulf, the age of the Taklimakan desert as well as the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic .On the analysis of paleoclimate records, the drought history of Cenozoic in Tarim basin was revealed. The following points mark the main conclusions of this thesis:
1. On a systematic thermal demagnetization and remanence measurement using a cryogenic magnetometer, Magnetostratigraphy of Mazatagh section was produced for the Cenozoic continental strata, which shows a consistent polarity structure. Magnetostratigraphy of the section consists of reversed Chron of Matuyama, normal polarity Chron of Gauss and reversed Chron of upper Gilbert. Chron Matuyama is characterized by a long reversed polarity with three normal subchrons, Chron Gauss is characterized by a long normal polarity with two reversed subchrons at lower part of the Chron.and Chron Gilbert can be determined by a long reversed polarity at the top of the Chron. The bottom age of the continental facies is 4.2Ma and the top age of the section is 0.8Ma.
2. Magnetostratigraphic study of the section shows the boundary between alluvial plain facies and marine facies lies in revised Chron of Gilbert, the age is estimated to be 4.2Ma. It suggests that the evolution of semienclosed sea in western Tarim ended at 4.2Ma, and the regression of Tethys occoured at 4.2Ma.
3. The time when the gravel bed appeared for the first time is about 3.0Ma, and it may suggest the quick uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Cenozoic.
4. The initiation of large scale accumulation of eolian material is estimated to be 3.4Ma, which is a symbol of a further drying occurred in Late Cenozoic in inland of northwest area, and also a symbol of the appearance of the Taklimakan desert, meanwhile, it may suggests that Qinghai-Tibet plateau had reached a significant height at that time.
引文
[1]周志毅,陈丕基(主编).塔里木盆地生物地层和地质演化.科学出版社.1990.
[2]钟瑞、郝永祥.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅰ),库鲁克塔格地区分册.南京大学出版社.1990.
[3]钟瑞,郝永祥.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅳ)-阿尔金山地区分册.石油工业出版社.1995.
[4]贾润胥(主编).中国塔里木盆地北部油气地质研究,第一辑,地层沉积.中国地质出版社.1991.
[5]张师本,高琴琴.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅱ),柯坪-巴楚地区分册.石油工业出版社.1992.
[6]李罗照.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅲ),铁克里克地区分册。石油工业出版社.1994.
[7]贾承造,张师本,吴绍祖.塔里木盆地及周边地层.科学出版社.2004.
[8]李罗照,李艺斌,肖传桃,刘秉理,姜衍文.塔里木盆地石炭纪一二叠纪生物地层.地质出版社.1996.
[9]赵治信,白顺良.塔里木泥盆-石炭系界线化学生物地层对比.地震出版社.1996.
[10]周志毅(主编).塔里木盆地各纪地层.科学出版社.2001.
[11]新疆维吾尔自治区区域地层表编写组.西北地区区域地层表新疆维吾尔自治区分册.地质出版社.1981.
[12]郑家坚.中国地层典第三系.地质出版社.1999.
[13]新疆地质矿产勘查开发局地质矿产研究所.新疆维吾尔自治区古地理及生态地质图集.中国地图出版社.2006,199-212.
[14]郭宪璞等.塔罩木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展.地质学报.2002,76(3):299-307.
[15]郭宪璞.塔罩木盆地西部白垩纪-古新世有孔虫组合.地学研究.1995,28:141-152。
[16]郭宪璞.新疆克孜勒苏群的沉积环境探讨-兼论塔里木盆地西部白垩系最低海相层位.地质学报,1991,2:188-198.
[17]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.从有孔虫的特征探讨中新生代西塔里木古海湾的演变.微体古生物学报.1984,1(1):1-16.
[18]郝诒纯,郭宪璞,叶留生等.塔里木盆地西南地区海相白噩系-第三系界线研究.地质出版社.2001.
[19]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.新疆喀什地区第三纪有孔虫组合及沉积环境的初步分析.中国微体古生物学会第一次学术会论文选集.1979,6-14.
[20]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.新疆喀什地区早第三纪有孔虫.古生物学报.1980,19(2):152-167.
[21]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,李汉敏.塔里木盆地西部晚白呈世-第三纪地层及有孔虫.地球科学,地层古生物专辑(Ⅰ).1982,1-161.
[22]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,裘松余,何希贤.新疆塔里木盆地中新世有孔虫及其地质意义.中国地质科学院院报,1982,4:69-79.
[23]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,郭宪璞.新疆塔里木盆地西部海相白垩纪及其沉积环境探讨.地质学报.1987,61(3):205-217.
[24]郝诒纯,郭宪璞,叶留生等.塔里木盆地西南地区海相白噩系-第三系界线研究.地质出版社.2001.
[25]雍天寿,单金榜.塔里木盆地中新世沉积中有孔虫的地质解释.新疆石油地质.1985,3:87-89.
[26]雍天寿.白垩纪及早第三纪塔里木海湾的形成与发展.沉积学报.1986,4(3):67-75.
[27]唐天福,杨恒仁等.新疆塔里木盆地西部白圣纪至早第三纪海相地层及含油性.科学出版社.1989.
[28]雍天寿,单金榜,王诗佾.玛扎塔克山区的几个地质问题-兼谈塔克拉玛干大沙漠形成的地质时代.新疆石油地质.1983,4:1-19.
[29]雍天寿,单金榜,王诗佾.塔里木古海湾岩相古地理.科学出版社.1989.
[30]王大宁,何卓生等.青海、新疆部分地区晚白垩世-第三纪孢粉植物群研究.环境出版社.1990,1-77.
[31]胡兰英.塔里木盆地晚第三纪有孔虫古生态及地质意义.科学通报1982,(15):938-941.
[32]卢辉楠,罗其鑫,塔里木盆地轮藻化石.科学技术文献出版社.1990.
[33]蒋显庭等.新疆地层及介形类化石.地质出版社.1995.
[34]腾志宏,岳乐平,蒲人海等.用磁性地层学方法讨论西域砾岩的时代[J].地质论评.1996,(6):481-489.
[35]邓秀芹,岳乐平等.塔里木盆地周缘库车组_西域组磁性地层学初步划分.沉积学报.1998,16(2):82-86.
[36]徐建明等.塔里木盆地第四纪磁性地层学研究.地层学杂志.2003,27(4):276-288.
[37]H.B.Zheng,,C.McA.Powell,,Z.S.An,,J.Zhou,G.R.Dong.Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau,Geology.2000,(28):715-718.
[38]郑洪波,Kuthefine Butcher,Chris Powell.新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与高原北缘的隆升-Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据.沉积学报.2002,20(2):275--281.
[39]郑洪波,Kuthefine Butcher,Chris Powell.新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与青藏高原北缘的隆升-Ⅱ沉积相与沉积盆地演化.沉积学报.2002,21(1):46-51.
[40]郑洪波等.上新世-早更新世青藏高原北缘隆升的磁性地层学证据.海洋地质与第四纪.2002,22(2):57-62.
[41]Huang,B.C.,J.D.A.Piper,S.T.Peng,T.Liu,Z.Li,Q.C.Wang,and R.X.Zhu.Magnetostratigraphic study of the Kuche Depression,Tarim Basin,and Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan Range,western China.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2006,251:346-364.
[42]sun,J.M.,T.S.Liu.The age of the Taklimakan Desert.Since.2006,312(16):1621.
[43]黄汲清,姜春发,王作勋.新疆及邻区板块开合构造及手风琴式运动.新疆地质科学,第一辑.地质出版社.1990,3-16.
[44]贾承造.塔里木盆地板块构造演化.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京大学出版社.1992,22-29.
[45]刘训,吴绍祖等.塔里木板块周缘晚古生代以来的构造演化.中国地质大 学学报.1994,19(6):715-725.
[46]王鸿祯,刘本培.地史学教程.地质出版社.1980.
[47]Sun Donghuai,John Shaw,An Zhisheng,Cheng Minyang and Yue Leping.Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2Ma Late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical ResearchLetter.1998,25(1):85-88.
[48]Ding Z.,Sun J.,Yang S.et al.Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay-loess sequence at Lintai,the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical Research Letter.1998,25:1225-1228.
[49]Sun,D.,An,Z.,Shaw,S.,Bloemendal,J.,Sun,Y..Magnetostratigraphy and Palaeoclimatic significance of Late Tertiary Aeolian Sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical Journal International.1998,134:207-212.
[50]X.K.Qiang,Z.X.Li,C.McA.Powell and H.B.Zheng.Magnetostratigraphic record of the Late Miocene onset of the East Asian monsoon,and Pliocene uplift of northern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2001,187(1-2):83-93.
[51]吕连清,方小敏,Joseph A.Mason,李吉均,安芷生.8.1Ma以来朝那黄土-红粘土剖面粒度揭示的冬季风与北半球高纬气候的耦合演化.中国科学,D辑(增刊).2001,31:149-154.
[52]Guo Z T,W F,Ruddiman,Q Z Hao.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,2002,416:159-162.
[53]S.C.Cande,D.V.Kent,Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic,J.Geophys.Res.1995,100:6093-6095.
[54]Sun Donghuai,John Shaw,et al.Matuyama/Brunhes(M/B)transition recorded in Chinese loess,Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoeclectrisity,1993,45:319-330.
[55]Si,J.,Van der Voo,R.,Too-low magnetic inclinations in central Asia:an indication of a long-term Tertiary non-dipole field? Terra Nova.2001,13,471-478.
[56]Bazhenov,M.L.,Mikolaichuk,A.V.,Paleomagnetism of Paleogene basalts from the Tian Shan,Kyrgyzstan:rigid Eurasia and dipole geomagnetic field.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2002,195:155-166.
[57]Dupont-Nivet,G.,Guo,Z.,Butler,R.F.,Jia,C.,Discordant paleomagnetic direction in Miocene rocks from the central Tarim Basin:evidence for local deformation and inclination shallowing.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2002.,199:473-482.
[58]Gilder,S.,Chen,Y.,Cogné,J.P.,Tan,X.D.,Courtillot,V.,Sun,D.J.,Li,Y.A.,Paleomagnetism of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks from the western Tarim Basin and implications for inclination shallowing and absolute dating of the M-0(ISEA?)chron.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2003,206:587-600.
[59]Gilder,S.,Chen,Y.,Sen,S.,Oligo-Miocene magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Xishuigou section,Subei(Gansu Province,western China),and implications for shallow inclinations in central Asia.J.Geophys.Res..2001,106(30):505-521.
[60]Huang,B.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,T.,Yang,T.S.,Li,Y.A,Sun,D.J.,Zhu,R.X.,Paleomagnetism of Miocene sediments from the Turfan Basin,Northwest China:no significant vertical-axis rotation during Neotectonic compression within the Tian Shan Range,Central Asia.Tectonophysics.2004,384,1-21.
[61]穆桂金,塔克拉玛干沙漠的形成时代及发展过程.干旱区地理,1994,17(3):1-9.
[62]王树基,闫顺.天山南北麓新生代地理环境演变.地理学报.1990,1(3):1-9.
[63]潘桂棠.全球洋-陆转换带中的特提斯演化.特提斯地质.1994,18:23-40.
[64]黄汲清,陈炳蔚.中国及邻区特提斯海的演化.地质出版社.1987.
[65]李向东,王克卓.塔里木盆地西南及邻区特提斯格局和构造意义.新疆地质.2006,18(2):113-120.
[66]肖序常,李廷栋等.喜玛拉岩骊石圈构造演化总论[M].地质出版社.1988.
[67]Donald R.prothero,Robert H.Dott.Jr.Evolution of the Earth.McGraw-Hill Companies.Inc.2004,439.
[68]李吉均,方小敏,马海洲等.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起.中国科学,D辑,1996,26(4):316-322.
[69]崔之久,伍永秋,刘耕年等.关于“昆仑2黄河运动”.中国科学,D辑,1998,28(1):53-59.
[70]Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,Ruddiman W F.Sensitivity of Eurasian Climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geol,1993,101:177-190.
[71]Kroon D,Steens T N F,Troelstra S R.Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea.Proc ODP,Sci Results,1991,17:257-263.
[72]Quade J,Cerling T E,Bowman J R.Development of Asian moonsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the Lastest Miocene in north Pakistan.Nautre.1989,342:163-166.
[73]Harrison T M,Copeland P,Kidd W S F,et al.Raising Tibet.Science.1992,255:1663-1670.
[74]Burbank D W,Derry L A,Lanord C F.Reduced Himalayan sediment production 8 Myr ago despite an intensified monsoon.Nature.1993,364:48-50.
[75]Quade J,Cater J M L,Ojha T P,et al.Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent:stable isotopic evidence form paleosois.Geol Soc Am Bull.1995,107:1381-1397.
[76]王跃,董光荣,陈惠中,李保生,李森.中国西北地区晚第三纪末古风向重大变化的两例证据.黄土·第四纪·全球变化.1996,4:18-21.
[77]方小敏,李吉均,朱俊杰,陈怀录,曹继秀.甘肃临夏盆地新生代地层绝对年代测定与划分.1997,42(14):1457-1471.
[78]James Zachos,Mark Pagani,Lisa Sloan,EllenThomas,Katharina Billups.Trends,Rhythms,and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.Science.2001,292(27):686-693.
[79]W.Krijgsman,F.J.Hilgen,I.Raffi,F.J.Sierro,D.S.Wilson,Nature.1999,400:652.
[2]钟瑞、郝永祥.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅰ),库鲁克塔格地区分册.南京大学出版社.1990.
[3]钟瑞,郝永祥.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅳ)-阿尔金山地区分册.石油工业出版社.1995.
[4]贾润胥(主编).中国塔里木盆地北部油气地质研究,第一辑,地层沉积.中国地质出版社.1991.
[5]张师本,高琴琴.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅱ),柯坪-巴楚地区分册.石油工业出版社.1992.
[6]李罗照.塔里木盆地震旦纪至二叠纪地层古生物(Ⅲ),铁克里克地区分册。石油工业出版社.1994.
[7]贾承造,张师本,吴绍祖.塔里木盆地及周边地层.科学出版社.2004.
[8]李罗照,李艺斌,肖传桃,刘秉理,姜衍文.塔里木盆地石炭纪一二叠纪生物地层.地质出版社.1996.
[9]赵治信,白顺良.塔里木泥盆-石炭系界线化学生物地层对比.地震出版社.1996.
[10]周志毅(主编).塔里木盆地各纪地层.科学出版社.2001.
[11]新疆维吾尔自治区区域地层表编写组.西北地区区域地层表新疆维吾尔自治区分册.地质出版社.1981.
[12]郑家坚.中国地层典第三系.地质出版社.1999.
[13]新疆地质矿产勘查开发局地质矿产研究所.新疆维吾尔自治区古地理及生态地质图集.中国地图出版社.2006,199-212.
[14]郭宪璞等.塔罩木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展.地质学报.2002,76(3):299-307.
[15]郭宪璞.塔罩木盆地西部白垩纪-古新世有孔虫组合.地学研究.1995,28:141-152。
[16]郭宪璞.新疆克孜勒苏群的沉积环境探讨-兼论塔里木盆地西部白垩系最低海相层位.地质学报,1991,2:188-198.
[17]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.从有孔虫的特征探讨中新生代西塔里木古海湾的演变.微体古生物学报.1984,1(1):1-16.
[18]郝诒纯,郭宪璞,叶留生等.塔里木盆地西南地区海相白噩系-第三系界线研究.地质出版社.2001.
[19]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.新疆喀什地区第三纪有孔虫组合及沉积环境的初步分析.中国微体古生物学会第一次学术会论文选集.1979,6-14.
[20]郝诒纯,曾学鲁.新疆喀什地区早第三纪有孔虫.古生物学报.1980,19(2):152-167.
[21]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,李汉敏.塔里木盆地西部晚白呈世-第三纪地层及有孔虫.地球科学,地层古生物专辑(Ⅰ).1982,1-161.
[22]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,裘松余,何希贤.新疆塔里木盆地中新世有孔虫及其地质意义.中国地质科学院院报,1982,4:69-79.
[23]郝诒纯,曾学鲁,郭宪璞.新疆塔里木盆地西部海相白垩纪及其沉积环境探讨.地质学报.1987,61(3):205-217.
[24]郝诒纯,郭宪璞,叶留生等.塔里木盆地西南地区海相白噩系-第三系界线研究.地质出版社.2001.
[25]雍天寿,单金榜.塔里木盆地中新世沉积中有孔虫的地质解释.新疆石油地质.1985,3:87-89.
[26]雍天寿.白垩纪及早第三纪塔里木海湾的形成与发展.沉积学报.1986,4(3):67-75.
[27]唐天福,杨恒仁等.新疆塔里木盆地西部白圣纪至早第三纪海相地层及含油性.科学出版社.1989.
[28]雍天寿,单金榜,王诗佾.玛扎塔克山区的几个地质问题-兼谈塔克拉玛干大沙漠形成的地质时代.新疆石油地质.1983,4:1-19.
[29]雍天寿,单金榜,王诗佾.塔里木古海湾岩相古地理.科学出版社.1989.
[30]王大宁,何卓生等.青海、新疆部分地区晚白垩世-第三纪孢粉植物群研究.环境出版社.1990,1-77.
[31]胡兰英.塔里木盆地晚第三纪有孔虫古生态及地质意义.科学通报1982,(15):938-941.
[32]卢辉楠,罗其鑫,塔里木盆地轮藻化石.科学技术文献出版社.1990.
[33]蒋显庭等.新疆地层及介形类化石.地质出版社.1995.
[34]腾志宏,岳乐平,蒲人海等.用磁性地层学方法讨论西域砾岩的时代[J].地质论评.1996,(6):481-489.
[35]邓秀芹,岳乐平等.塔里木盆地周缘库车组_西域组磁性地层学初步划分.沉积学报.1998,16(2):82-86.
[36]徐建明等.塔里木盆地第四纪磁性地层学研究.地层学杂志.2003,27(4):276-288.
[37]H.B.Zheng,,C.McA.Powell,,Z.S.An,,J.Zhou,G.R.Dong.Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau,Geology.2000,(28):715-718.
[38]郑洪波,Kuthefine Butcher,Chris Powell.新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与高原北缘的隆升-Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据.沉积学报.2002,20(2):275--281.
[39]郑洪波,Kuthefine Butcher,Chris Powell.新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与青藏高原北缘的隆升-Ⅱ沉积相与沉积盆地演化.沉积学报.2002,21(1):46-51.
[40]郑洪波等.上新世-早更新世青藏高原北缘隆升的磁性地层学证据.海洋地质与第四纪.2002,22(2):57-62.
[41]Huang,B.C.,J.D.A.Piper,S.T.Peng,T.Liu,Z.Li,Q.C.Wang,and R.X.Zhu.Magnetostratigraphic study of the Kuche Depression,Tarim Basin,and Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan Range,western China.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2006,251:346-364.
[42]sun,J.M.,T.S.Liu.The age of the Taklimakan Desert.Since.2006,312(16):1621.
[43]黄汲清,姜春发,王作勋.新疆及邻区板块开合构造及手风琴式运动.新疆地质科学,第一辑.地质出版社.1990,3-16.
[44]贾承造.塔里木盆地板块构造演化.现代地质学研究文集(上).南京大学出版社.1992,22-29.
[45]刘训,吴绍祖等.塔里木板块周缘晚古生代以来的构造演化.中国地质大 学学报.1994,19(6):715-725.
[46]王鸿祯,刘本培.地史学教程.地质出版社.1980.
[47]Sun Donghuai,John Shaw,An Zhisheng,Cheng Minyang and Yue Leping.Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2Ma Late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical ResearchLetter.1998,25(1):85-88.
[48]Ding Z.,Sun J.,Yang S.et al.Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay-loess sequence at Lintai,the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical Research Letter.1998,25:1225-1228.
[49]Sun,D.,An,Z.,Shaw,S.,Bloemendal,J.,Sun,Y..Magnetostratigraphy and Palaeoclimatic significance of Late Tertiary Aeolian Sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Geophysical Journal International.1998,134:207-212.
[50]X.K.Qiang,Z.X.Li,C.McA.Powell and H.B.Zheng.Magnetostratigraphic record of the Late Miocene onset of the East Asian monsoon,and Pliocene uplift of northern Tibet.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2001,187(1-2):83-93.
[51]吕连清,方小敏,Joseph A.Mason,李吉均,安芷生.8.1Ma以来朝那黄土-红粘土剖面粒度揭示的冬季风与北半球高纬气候的耦合演化.中国科学,D辑(增刊).2001,31:149-154.
[52]Guo Z T,W F,Ruddiman,Q Z Hao.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,2002,416:159-162.
[53]S.C.Cande,D.V.Kent,Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic,J.Geophys.Res.1995,100:6093-6095.
[54]Sun Donghuai,John Shaw,et al.Matuyama/Brunhes(M/B)transition recorded in Chinese loess,Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoeclectrisity,1993,45:319-330.
[55]Si,J.,Van der Voo,R.,Too-low magnetic inclinations in central Asia:an indication of a long-term Tertiary non-dipole field? Terra Nova.2001,13,471-478.
[56]Bazhenov,M.L.,Mikolaichuk,A.V.,Paleomagnetism of Paleogene basalts from the Tian Shan,Kyrgyzstan:rigid Eurasia and dipole geomagnetic field.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2002,195:155-166.
[57]Dupont-Nivet,G.,Guo,Z.,Butler,R.F.,Jia,C.,Discordant paleomagnetic direction in Miocene rocks from the central Tarim Basin:evidence for local deformation and inclination shallowing.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2002.,199:473-482.
[58]Gilder,S.,Chen,Y.,Cogné,J.P.,Tan,X.D.,Courtillot,V.,Sun,D.J.,Li,Y.A.,Paleomagnetism of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks from the western Tarim Basin and implications for inclination shallowing and absolute dating of the M-0(ISEA?)chron.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.2003,206:587-600.
[59]Gilder,S.,Chen,Y.,Sen,S.,Oligo-Miocene magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Xishuigou section,Subei(Gansu Province,western China),and implications for shallow inclinations in central Asia.J.Geophys.Res..2001,106(30):505-521.
[60]Huang,B.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,T.,Yang,T.S.,Li,Y.A,Sun,D.J.,Zhu,R.X.,Paleomagnetism of Miocene sediments from the Turfan Basin,Northwest China:no significant vertical-axis rotation during Neotectonic compression within the Tian Shan Range,Central Asia.Tectonophysics.2004,384,1-21.
[61]穆桂金,塔克拉玛干沙漠的形成时代及发展过程.干旱区地理,1994,17(3):1-9.
[62]王树基,闫顺.天山南北麓新生代地理环境演变.地理学报.1990,1(3):1-9.
[63]潘桂棠.全球洋-陆转换带中的特提斯演化.特提斯地质.1994,18:23-40.
[64]黄汲清,陈炳蔚.中国及邻区特提斯海的演化.地质出版社.1987.
[65]李向东,王克卓.塔里木盆地西南及邻区特提斯格局和构造意义.新疆地质.2006,18(2):113-120.
[66]肖序常,李廷栋等.喜玛拉岩骊石圈构造演化总论[M].地质出版社.1988.
[67]Donald R.prothero,Robert H.Dott.Jr.Evolution of the Earth.McGraw-Hill Companies.Inc.2004,439.
[68]李吉均,方小敏,马海洲等.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起.中国科学,D辑,1996,26(4):316-322.
[69]崔之久,伍永秋,刘耕年等.关于“昆仑2黄河运动”.中国科学,D辑,1998,28(1):53-59.
[70]Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,Ruddiman W F.Sensitivity of Eurasian Climate to surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geol,1993,101:177-190.
[71]Kroon D,Steens T N F,Troelstra S R.Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea.Proc ODP,Sci Results,1991,17:257-263.
[72]Quade J,Cerling T E,Bowman J R.Development of Asian moonsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the Lastest Miocene in north Pakistan.Nautre.1989,342:163-166.
[73]Harrison T M,Copeland P,Kidd W S F,et al.Raising Tibet.Science.1992,255:1663-1670.
[74]Burbank D W,Derry L A,Lanord C F.Reduced Himalayan sediment production 8 Myr ago despite an intensified monsoon.Nature.1993,364:48-50.
[75]Quade J,Cater J M L,Ojha T P,et al.Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent:stable isotopic evidence form paleosois.Geol Soc Am Bull.1995,107:1381-1397.
[76]王跃,董光荣,陈惠中,李保生,李森.中国西北地区晚第三纪末古风向重大变化的两例证据.黄土·第四纪·全球变化.1996,4:18-21.
[77]方小敏,李吉均,朱俊杰,陈怀录,曹继秀.甘肃临夏盆地新生代地层绝对年代测定与划分.1997,42(14):1457-1471.
[78]James Zachos,Mark Pagani,Lisa Sloan,EllenThomas,Katharina Billups.Trends,Rhythms,and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.Science.2001,292(27):686-693.
[79]W.Krijgsman,F.J.Hilgen,I.Raffi,F.J.Sierro,D.S.Wilson,Nature.1999,400:652.