制造类企业技术人员工作倦怠实证研究
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摘要
依据Maslach& Jackson的定义,工作倦怠是指“在以人为服务对象的职业领域中,个体的一种情感耗竭、消极怠工和个人成就感低落的症状。”自1974年,美国临床心理学家Freudenberger首次使用工作倦怠一词以来,国外对工作倦怠的研究已有多年的历史,形成了一定的研究体系,研究对象的范围不断扩大,研究内容也越发深入,但研究领域主要还是停留在心理学和组织行为学方面。我国台湾和香港地区对工作倦怠的研究己有一段时间,也取得了一定成就,而大陆则是最近几年才开始对工作倦怠的研究,研究并不深入,多为现象研究,学术研究较少。本研究以制造类企业技术人员为研究对象,拟通过对其工作倦怠情况作出调查,了解其工作倦怠情况,并通过对调查结果的分析,对引发工作倦怠的前因变量进行探索。本研究采用Maslach工作倦怠通用量表(MBI-GS)改进版和工作倦怠前因变量表问卷进行调查,工作倦怠调查问卷研究结果基本证实了本研究提出的假设,主要结论有:
1.工作倦怠的结构可以采用三因素模型来解释;研究结果表明,我国制造类企业技术人员的工作倦怠感分为三个维度耗竭,消极怠慢和职业效能感低落,其中,耗竭最为严重,其次为职业效能感低落,消极怠慢程度一般;
2.工作过载、角色冲突、角色模糊、工作奖酬与工作倦怠相关;
3.组织支持和公平感与工作倦怠相关;
4.人口统计学变量,如年龄,职务,工作年限等与工作倦怠相关。通过对研究结果的分析,本文对制造类企业技术人员工作倦怠管理提出了建议。从组织的层面,企业可以从规范角色,改善工作环境,实施员工帮助计划,加强企业文化建设,提供组织支持,工作再设计,建立有效的职业生涯管理系统,确保组织公平等方面来管理工作倦怠。从技术人员个人层面,应该养成良好的工作习惯,进行有效的时间管理,正确处理工作中的问题,构建良好的人际关系,变压力为动力,自我身心放松。
According to Maslach & Jackson,job burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization,and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do some kind‘people work’. Since American clinical psychologist Freudenberger used‘job burnout’in 1974 for the first time, western countries has studied job burnout for more than 30 years and formed the certain research system. But the research is mainly in the field of psychology and the organizaitonal behavior. Taiwan and Hon Kong also has period of time on studying burnout and obtained certain achievement. But the mainland has started the research only several years, the research is not thorough,many are the phenomenon research, the scholarly research are few. This research takes technical personnel of manufacture enterprise as the objects of study, initiates to survey the real situation of job burnout in the industry, and hopes to find out reasons that could lead to job burnout through analyzing statistics collected. Maslach Burnout Inventory-General survey and Burnout Antecedents Questionnaire are adopted as the research tools. The research result basically confirmed the proposed supposition, the main conclusion included:
1.The structure of job burnout can be explained by three factor models. The findings indicated that technical personnel’s job burnout feelings can be divided into three dimensions: emotional exhaustion,depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion is most serious, the next is reduced personal accomplishment, depersonalization is at an ordinary degree.
2.The work overloads, role conflict, role Ambiguity, and work prize is related to job burnout.
3.Organizational fair and organizational support is related to job burnout.
4.Population statistics variables like age, duty, working life and so on are related to job burnout.
Through analysis of findings, this article puts forward the proposal managing job burnout. For the organization,to manage job burnout,they can improve working conditions, regulating roles, strengthen the enterprise culture construction, provide support, establish effective profession management system management system, guaranteen organization fair and so on. For technical personnel themselves, they should foster good working habit, carry on effective time management, correctly handle problems in work, establish good interpersonal relationship with colleagues, changes the pressure into power, make self-relaxion.
1.工作倦怠的结构可以采用三因素模型来解释;研究结果表明,我国制造类企业技术人员的工作倦怠感分为三个维度耗竭,消极怠慢和职业效能感低落,其中,耗竭最为严重,其次为职业效能感低落,消极怠慢程度一般;
2.工作过载、角色冲突、角色模糊、工作奖酬与工作倦怠相关;
3.组织支持和公平感与工作倦怠相关;
4.人口统计学变量,如年龄,职务,工作年限等与工作倦怠相关。通过对研究结果的分析,本文对制造类企业技术人员工作倦怠管理提出了建议。从组织的层面,企业可以从规范角色,改善工作环境,实施员工帮助计划,加强企业文化建设,提供组织支持,工作再设计,建立有效的职业生涯管理系统,确保组织公平等方面来管理工作倦怠。从技术人员个人层面,应该养成良好的工作习惯,进行有效的时间管理,正确处理工作中的问题,构建良好的人际关系,变压力为动力,自我身心放松。
According to Maslach & Jackson,job burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization,and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do some kind‘people work’. Since American clinical psychologist Freudenberger used‘job burnout’in 1974 for the first time, western countries has studied job burnout for more than 30 years and formed the certain research system. But the research is mainly in the field of psychology and the organizaitonal behavior. Taiwan and Hon Kong also has period of time on studying burnout and obtained certain achievement. But the mainland has started the research only several years, the research is not thorough,many are the phenomenon research, the scholarly research are few. This research takes technical personnel of manufacture enterprise as the objects of study, initiates to survey the real situation of job burnout in the industry, and hopes to find out reasons that could lead to job burnout through analyzing statistics collected. Maslach Burnout Inventory-General survey and Burnout Antecedents Questionnaire are adopted as the research tools. The research result basically confirmed the proposed supposition, the main conclusion included:
1.The structure of job burnout can be explained by three factor models. The findings indicated that technical personnel’s job burnout feelings can be divided into three dimensions: emotional exhaustion,depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion is most serious, the next is reduced personal accomplishment, depersonalization is at an ordinary degree.
2.The work overloads, role conflict, role Ambiguity, and work prize is related to job burnout.
3.Organizational fair and organizational support is related to job burnout.
4.Population statistics variables like age, duty, working life and so on are related to job burnout.
Through analysis of findings, this article puts forward the proposal managing job burnout. For the organization,to manage job burnout,they can improve working conditions, regulating roles, strengthen the enterprise culture construction, provide support, establish effective profession management system management system, guaranteen organization fair and so on. For technical personnel themselves, they should foster good working habit, carry on effective time management, correctly handle problems in work, establish good interpersonal relationship with colleagues, changes the pressure into power, make self-relaxion.
引文
[1] Freudenberger H J.Staff burn-out[J].Journal of Social Issues,1974,3:159-165.
[2]许燕,现代人的职业枯竭与心理健康[J].青年记者,2005(10): 80-81.
[3] Maslach,C.Burned-out[J].Human Behavior 15: 16-22.
[4] Pines,A.M.,& Maslach,C.Characteristics of staff burnout in mental health settings[J]. Hospital and Community Psychiatry,29(4):233-237.
[5]Cherniss, C. Staff Burnout: Job Stress in The Human Service[Z].Beverly Hill: Sage Publications, Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations, New York:Praeger,1980.
[6]Swogger,G. J. Toward understanding stress: A map of the territory[J]. Journal of school Health,January,1981,51:27-125.
[7]Maslach C,Jackson SE.The measurement of experienced burnout[J].Joumal of Occupational Behavior,1981,2(2):99—113.
[8]Edelwich&Brodsky.Sexual dilemmas for the helping professional[M].New York: Brunner/Mazel.
[9]Maslach C,Jackson SE. Maslach burnout inventory manual[M].Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologists Press,1986.
[10]张晓春.专业人员工作疲乏研究模式——以社会工作人员为例(上) [J].思与言,1983,2(1):66-79.
[11]Farber , Henry S. The Determination of the Union Status of Workers. Econometrica 51(September 1983) 1417-37.
[12]Harrison,W. G. (1983) The time-course of uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds by phytoplankton from the Eastern Canadian Arctic: a comparison with temperate and tropical populations. Limnol. Oceanogr 28: 1231-1237.
[13]Etzion,D.Moderating effect of social support on the stress-burnout relationship. Journal of Appilied Psychology,69,4,615-622.
[14]Schaufeli,W.B and Enzmann D.(1988) The Burnout Companion to Study and Philadelphia:Talylor and Francis.
[15]李恒武.台湾省国民小学教师工作疲乏与其背景因素差异之研究[J],国立台湾师范大学教育研究所未出版硕士论文,1988.
[16]Pines,A.,& Arson,E.Career Burnout:Cases and Cures[M]. New York:A Division of Macmillan,Inc.
[17]Stevenson , F.J. Humus chemistry: genesis , composition , reactions[M]. New York ,Wiley-Interscience,1994.
[18]王瑞安.公立非正规成人教育机构员工工作压力、职业倦怠与学习需求之关系研究[J].台湾高雄师范大学硕士论文,1999.
[19]姚秀瑛。家庭教育服务中心专任人员工作压力、应对方式与职业倦怠之調查研究[J]。国立高雄师范大学辅导研究所硕士论文,未出版,高雄.
[20]Stanley,Rodney E.The Effect Of Casino Gaming On Financing Education In Mississippi: AnImpact Assessment[J]. Research project,Mississippi State University,2001.
[21]Carroll,J. F.,&White,L. W. Theory Building: Integrating Individual and Environmental Factors within an Ecological Framework[M]. W. S. Job Stress and Burnout Research, theory, and Intervention Perspective. Caulifornia: Sage Publication,1982.
[22] Perlman,B. & Hartman,E. .Burnout: Summary and future research[J].Human Relations,35,283-305.
[23]Pines,A.. Burnout. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz. Handbook of stress[M]. New York: Free Press,1993: 386-403.
[24]Hobfoll,S. E. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress[J]. American Psychologist,1989,44:513–524.
[25] Maslach , C. &Leiter , M.P.The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997
[26]Schaufili WB. The evaluation of a burnout workshop for community nurses[J].Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration,1995,18:11-40
[27]Van Dierendonck D,Schaufeli W B,Buunk B P. The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: the role of inequity and social support[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1998,83:392-407
[28]李永鑫,孟慧,工作倦怠结构研究进展[J].心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476.
[29]Demerouti,E.,Bakker,A. B.,Nachreiner,F.,& Schaufeli,W. B.,2001. The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,86 (3):499-512.
[30] Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P. job Burnout[J]. Annual Review Psychology,2001,52:397-422.
[31] Mullins. Eavesdrop: A Spatial Display for Audio News[J]. Masters Thesis Proposal. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1993.
[32]Moore J E. One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1): 141～175.
[33]Filley,A.C. & R.J. House. Managerial process and organizational behavior[M]. Glenview,IL: Scott,Foresman and Company,403.
[34]Burke,R.J.& Greenglass,E.A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Burnout in Teacher[J]. Human Relations,1995,48(2):187-202.
[35]Gabris GT,Ihrke DM .Does performance appraisal contribute to heightened levels of employee burnout? [J] Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(3):459-467.
[36]李超平、时勘.分配公平与程序公平对工作倦怠的影响[J].心理学报,2003,5: 677-684.
[37] Fletcher,B. and Payne,RL.Stress at Work: A Review and Theoretical Framework,Part I[J]. Personnel Review,9 (1) :19-29.
[38] Karasek,R. & Theorell,T. Healthy Work: Stress,Productivity,and the Reconstruction of Working Life[M]. USA: Basic Books, 1990.
[39] Drory,A.,& Shamir,B.Effects of organizational and life variables on job satisfaction and burnout[J]. Group and Organization Studies,1988,13:441-455.
[40]Zohn,1980. Self-monitoring of work performance with mentally retarded adults: Effects upon work productivity,work quality,and on-task behavior[J]. Mental Retardation,18,19-25.
[41] Zellars KL,Perrewe PL. Affective Personality and the Content of Emotion Social Support Coping in Organizations[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(3):459-467.
[42]Chang,Y.,J.Y. Park and P.C.B. Phillips. Nonlinear econometric models with cointegrated and deterministically trending regressors[J]. Econometrics Journal,4:1-36.
[43]蒋奖,许燕,张西超.银行职员职业倦怠状况与压力水平的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2004,12(2):178-180.
[44]徐富明.中小学教师的工作压力现状及其与职业倦怠的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2003,11(3):195-197.
[45]李小妹,刘彦君.护士工作压力源及工作疲溃感的调查研究[J].中华护理杂志,2000,35(11):645-649.
[46]王晓春,甘怡群.国外关于工作倦怠研究的现状述评[J].心理科学进展,2003,1(5):567-571.
[47] Greenglass ER,Bruke RJ: Stress and the effects of hospital restructuring in nurses[J].Can J Nurs Res 2001,33:93-108.
[48]Pines,A.Burnout:From tedium to personal growth[M].New Yok:Free Press,1981.
[49] Storm K and Rothmann S. Apsychometric analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey in the South African police service[J].South Africal Journal of Psychology.2003,33(4):219-2.
[50]Taris TW,Paul J,Schreurs J G,Schaufeli W B. Construct validity of the Maslach burnout inventory—general survey::a two—sample examination of its factor structure and correlates[J]. Work﹠Stress,1999,13(3):223-23.
[2]许燕,现代人的职业枯竭与心理健康[J].青年记者,2005(10): 80-81.
[3] Maslach,C.Burned-out[J].Human Behavior 15: 16-22.
[4] Pines,A.M.,& Maslach,C.Characteristics of staff burnout in mental health settings[J]. Hospital and Community Psychiatry,29(4):233-237.
[5]Cherniss, C. Staff Burnout: Job Stress in The Human Service[Z].Beverly Hill: Sage Publications, Professional Burnout in Human Service Organizations, New York:Praeger,1980.
[6]Swogger,G. J. Toward understanding stress: A map of the territory[J]. Journal of school Health,January,1981,51:27-125.
[7]Maslach C,Jackson SE.The measurement of experienced burnout[J].Joumal of Occupational Behavior,1981,2(2):99—113.
[8]Edelwich&Brodsky.Sexual dilemmas for the helping professional[M].New York: Brunner/Mazel.
[9]Maslach C,Jackson SE. Maslach burnout inventory manual[M].Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologists Press,1986.
[10]张晓春.专业人员工作疲乏研究模式——以社会工作人员为例(上) [J].思与言,1983,2(1):66-79.
[11]Farber , Henry S. The Determination of the Union Status of Workers. Econometrica 51(September 1983) 1417-37.
[12]Harrison,W. G. (1983) The time-course of uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds by phytoplankton from the Eastern Canadian Arctic: a comparison with temperate and tropical populations. Limnol. Oceanogr 28: 1231-1237.
[13]Etzion,D.Moderating effect of social support on the stress-burnout relationship. Journal of Appilied Psychology,69,4,615-622.
[14]Schaufeli,W.B and Enzmann D.(1988) The Burnout Companion to Study and Philadelphia:Talylor and Francis.
[15]李恒武.台湾省国民小学教师工作疲乏与其背景因素差异之研究[J],国立台湾师范大学教育研究所未出版硕士论文,1988.
[16]Pines,A.,& Arson,E.Career Burnout:Cases and Cures[M]. New York:A Division of Macmillan,Inc.
[17]Stevenson , F.J. Humus chemistry: genesis , composition , reactions[M]. New York ,Wiley-Interscience,1994.
[18]王瑞安.公立非正规成人教育机构员工工作压力、职业倦怠与学习需求之关系研究[J].台湾高雄师范大学硕士论文,1999.
[19]姚秀瑛。家庭教育服务中心专任人员工作压力、应对方式与职业倦怠之調查研究[J]。国立高雄师范大学辅导研究所硕士论文,未出版,高雄.
[20]Stanley,Rodney E.The Effect Of Casino Gaming On Financing Education In Mississippi: AnImpact Assessment[J]. Research project,Mississippi State University,2001.
[21]Carroll,J. F.,&White,L. W. Theory Building: Integrating Individual and Environmental Factors within an Ecological Framework[M]. W. S. Job Stress and Burnout Research, theory, and Intervention Perspective. Caulifornia: Sage Publication,1982.
[22] Perlman,B. & Hartman,E. .Burnout: Summary and future research[J].Human Relations,35,283-305.
[23]Pines,A.. Burnout. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz. Handbook of stress[M]. New York: Free Press,1993: 386-403.
[24]Hobfoll,S. E. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress[J]. American Psychologist,1989,44:513–524.
[25] Maslach , C. &Leiter , M.P.The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior,1997
[26]Schaufili WB. The evaluation of a burnout workshop for community nurses[J].Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration,1995,18:11-40
[27]Van Dierendonck D,Schaufeli W B,Buunk B P. The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: the role of inequity and social support[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1998,83:392-407
[28]李永鑫,孟慧,工作倦怠结构研究进展[J].心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476.
[29]Demerouti,E.,Bakker,A. B.,Nachreiner,F.,& Schaufeli,W. B.,2001. The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,86 (3):499-512.
[30] Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P. job Burnout[J]. Annual Review Psychology,2001,52:397-422.
[31] Mullins. Eavesdrop: A Spatial Display for Audio News[J]. Masters Thesis Proposal. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1993.
[32]Moore J E. One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals[J].MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1): 141～175.
[33]Filley,A.C. & R.J. House. Managerial process and organizational behavior[M]. Glenview,IL: Scott,Foresman and Company,403.
[34]Burke,R.J.& Greenglass,E.A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Burnout in Teacher[J]. Human Relations,1995,48(2):187-202.
[35]Gabris GT,Ihrke DM .Does performance appraisal contribute to heightened levels of employee burnout? [J] Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(3):459-467.
[36]李超平、时勘.分配公平与程序公平对工作倦怠的影响[J].心理学报,2003,5: 677-684.
[37] Fletcher,B. and Payne,RL.Stress at Work: A Review and Theoretical Framework,Part I[J]. Personnel Review,9 (1) :19-29.
[38] Karasek,R. & Theorell,T. Healthy Work: Stress,Productivity,and the Reconstruction of Working Life[M]. USA: Basic Books, 1990.
[39] Drory,A.,& Shamir,B.Effects of organizational and life variables on job satisfaction and burnout[J]. Group and Organization Studies,1988,13:441-455.
[40]Zohn,1980. Self-monitoring of work performance with mentally retarded adults: Effects upon work productivity,work quality,and on-task behavior[J]. Mental Retardation,18,19-25.
[41] Zellars KL,Perrewe PL. Affective Personality and the Content of Emotion Social Support Coping in Organizations[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2001,86(3):459-467.
[42]Chang,Y.,J.Y. Park and P.C.B. Phillips. Nonlinear econometric models with cointegrated and deterministically trending regressors[J]. Econometrics Journal,4:1-36.
[43]蒋奖,许燕,张西超.银行职员职业倦怠状况与压力水平的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2004,12(2):178-180.
[44]徐富明.中小学教师的工作压力现状及其与职业倦怠的关系[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2003,11(3):195-197.
[45]李小妹,刘彦君.护士工作压力源及工作疲溃感的调查研究[J].中华护理杂志,2000,35(11):645-649.
[46]王晓春,甘怡群.国外关于工作倦怠研究的现状述评[J].心理科学进展,2003,1(5):567-571.
[47] Greenglass ER,Bruke RJ: Stress and the effects of hospital restructuring in nurses[J].Can J Nurs Res 2001,33:93-108.
[48]Pines,A.Burnout:From tedium to personal growth[M].New Yok:Free Press,1981.
[49] Storm K and Rothmann S. Apsychometric analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey in the South African police service[J].South Africal Journal of Psychology.2003,33(4):219-2.
[50]Taris TW,Paul J,Schreurs J G,Schaufeli W B. Construct validity of the Maslach burnout inventory—general survey::a two—sample examination of its factor structure and correlates[J]. Work﹠Stress,1999,13(3):223-23.