城市生活垃圾堆肥过程管理中的综合处理与实时监测关键技术研究
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摘要
环境规划与管理是对环境系统进行的科学评价预测、决策与管理的综合过程。管理内容包括水环境管理、大气环境管理、土地资源保护管理、固体废物管理及城镇环境管理等等。其中，固体废物管理是从固体废物的产生、收集和运输(收运)、处理(置)实行全过程的管理。固体废物管理是环境规划与管理中的一个重要内容。城市生活垃圾是固体废物管理的一个主要对象，其管理(处理)的技术手段具有多样性，垃圾堆肥技术作为一种处理成本最廉价、最能体现“资源化”、符合生态平衡原则的友好型处理方法已引起广泛关注。城市生活垃圾堆肥过程的管理非常重要。由于堆肥处理环节涉及到的关键技术改进、优化等直接关系到堆肥质量好坏、影响着后续的最终处置等环节，探究有效可行的综合处理与实时监测关键技术成为堆肥过程管理中的主要研究对象之一。
本文旨在以改善堆肥管理中涉及的与堆肥生产流程密切相关的各环节系列关键技术为主轴，系统研究了垃圾堆肥过程中限速因子的优化控制方法、酚类典型有毒有害物质的控制、堆肥过程管理中微生物与活性组分及有毒有害物质的实时监测技术，并对堆肥成品腐殖质质量的优化控制方法进行了探讨，以期为城市生活垃圾堆肥过程管理中的综合处理与实时监测关键技术的进一步发展提供理论与方法指导，为堆肥过程管理的切实有效发展及其体系的健全完善提供技术支持。
成功选育出木质素降解能力较强的复合菌JX1，并研发了基于接种复合菌JX1优化调控堆肥化限速因子的高效堆肥方法。结果表明接种复合菌JX1促进了堆肥限速因子木质素的降解，加速了堆肥进程。就整个复合菌堆肥化过程而言，木质素的生物降解更主要依赖多酚氧化酶的催化氧化作用。这种高效堆肥方法的发展有利于高效合理管理的实施。
通过深入研究接种白腐菌堆肥法应用于处理五氯酚污染垃圾，发现接种白腐菌堆肥法处理五氯酚污染垃圾切实可行。接种白腐菌堆肥处理下堆料中五氯酚浓度、木质素、粗纤维含量比传统堆肥处理的减少更明显，这可能与接种白腐菌有效分解了五氯酚、缓减了其抑制作用有关。接种白腐菌堆肥过程中微生物量碳及种子发芽指数也均明显较高，在堆制80d后种子发芽指数达121％，这表明接种白腐菌堆肥法从一定程度上降低了五氯酚的生物毒性，使得堆制过程中生物活性相对较高。此方法实现了五氯酚类典型有毒有害物质的有效控制，可为此类问题对应的管理环节提供技术支撑。
成功应用PCR-DGGE法分析了堆肥过程中微生物种群动态变化，并研制出快速便捷的电化学酶传感器用于木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的酶活性检测。结果表明，堆肥过程中微生物群落经历了明显的演变过程，高温阶段中真菌、放线菌种类较丰富，但微生物多样性至降温期减少。实验确定了电化学酶传感器裸玻碳电极对LiP、MnP体系的催化反应的响应最为灵敏且电流变化较大的最适pH值(pH4．2)、H_2O_2(0．1875 mM)、对苯二酚(0．25 mM)、藜芦醇(6 mM)含量等参数，在该反应条件下传感器能准确测定LiP、MnP。快速检测方法的研究可为实现堆肥过程的高效监控及合理管理提供有力的技术支持。
成功研制出一种夹心式免疫传感器并用于检测堆肥中毒莠定含量。根据电流响应、毒莠定测定等实验，得到毒莠定浓度的线性方程，确定了毒莠定检测线性范围为0．01～10μg／mL，检测下限达1×10~(-8)μg／mL。成功研制出一种葡萄糖氧化酶传感器用于检测堆肥中重金属汞离子。该传感器对汞离子的检测下限是0．49μg／L，抑制率和汞离子浓度的自然对数值在0．49μg／L至783．21μg／L和783．21μg／L至25．55 mg／L范围内分别呈良好的线性关系。测定了汞离子在堆肥浸出液中的回收率，结果良好。这两类传感器的研制及应用可为堆肥过程中有毒有机物及重金属离子的在线检测的发展提供参考，利于实时安全管理的进一步发展。
通过考察接种微生物对堆肥腐熟程度及成品腐殖质含量的影响，发现在堆肥二次发酵阶段接种黄孢原毛平革菌能优化控制腐殖质的形成，提高了总腐殖质含量，增强了堆肥成品的腐熟程度，并使堆肥腐熟时间缩短了7d左右。接种黄孢原毛平革菌堆肥法对总腐殖质的调控，主要表现在对腐殖质中胡敏酸形成的促进作用和对富里酸含量的减少作用。这有望为堆肥成品腐殖质质量管理的优化与完善提供可行技术和理论参考。
Environmental planning and management is an integrative processincluding scientific evaluation and prediction,decision making,andadministration for environmental system.The content of managementinvolves water management,atmosphere management,soil resourcemanagement,solid waste management and urban environmental management.It is necessary for solid waste management that executing the entireadministration of production,collection and transportation,and treatment(disposal) of solid waste.Solid waste management is an important part ofenvironmental planning and management.Municipal domestic waste is one ofthe major objects of solid waste management,and there are some kinds ofmanagement (treatment) methods for municipal domestic waste.Compostingtechnology is known as an environment-friendly method with a low cost,high resource utilization and ecological benefit,which has attractedattention of researchers.And the efficient management of the compostingprocess of municipal domestic waste is very important.The developmentand improvement of some key technology in composting process are relatedwith the compost quality and the final disposal.Therefore,exploringcomprehensive treatment and on-line monitoring technologies has becomethe research emphasis of composting process management.
The aim of this study is to improve composting management bydeveloping the key technologies related to the compost production.Theefficient methods of limit-step factor adjustment and toxic hydroxybenzenecontrol in composting are studied,and the on-line monitoring technologiesof microbial indexes and toxic matter are also investigated.In addition,theoptimization method of humus quality in compost product is discussed.It isexpected to provide some references for the development of comprehensivetreatment and on-line monitoring technologies in composting management,which might benefit the improvement of composting management system.
Complex microbial inoculant (JX1) with strong lignin degrading ability is obtained through the screening experiments,and the efficientcomposting method controlling the limit-step factor by JX1 is developed.Itis showed that inoculum of JX1 promote the lignin degradation andaccelerate the composting process.During the composting process by JX1,the lignin degradation is mainly attributed to the catalytic action ofpolyphenol oxidase.The study of efficient composting method benefits therealization of efficient management.
Composting of pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminated waste byinocula of white-rot fungi is proved to be feasible.The PCP concentrationand the content of lignin and coarse fiber decrease obviously duringcomposting by white-rot fungi,which might be because white-rot fungidegrade PCP effectively and alleviate the inhibition of PCP.The highermicrobial biomass content and germination index (121% on day 80) arefound in composting with white-rot fungi than that without inoculants,which confirm that high microbial activities maintain in composting withinoculants by the reduction of PCP toxicity.This method could providetechnical assistance for the related management section.
The dynamic succession of microorganism populations duringcomposting of municipal domestic waste is successfully analyzed byPCR-DGGE method,and an electrochemical enzyme sensor is developed torapidly monitor the activities of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and mangansesperoxidase (MnP) in composting.The results show that there is an obvioussuccessive change of microorganism populations.The community diversityof fungi and actinomycetes are observed during the thermosphere phase,whereas there is a decrease in microorganism population during the coolingperiod.The optimal parameters for catalytic reaction of LiP or MnP on theelectrode in electrochemical enzyme sensor are obtained,which are pH of4.2,H_2O_2 concentration reaching 0.1875 mM,0.25 mM hydroquinone and 6mM veratryl alcohol.In the optimal reaction system,LiP and MnP aredetermined exactly by the sensor.The study of rapid monitoring methodwould provide strong technical support for the efficient monitor and controland reasonable management.
An immunosensor monitoring the picloram during composting isdeveloped.According to the current response and picloram measurementexperiments,the liner equation related to the concentration of picloram is obtained.The liner range of picloram measurement by the sensor is 0.01-10μg/mL,and the detection limit of the immunosensor for picloram is 1×10~(-8)μg/mL.A novel inhibition based biosensor of glucose oxidase (GOx) formercury detection in composting is developed.The detection limit of theinhibition-based sensor for mercury is 0.49μg/L.And the linear responseranges are 0.49μg/L-783.21μg/L and 783.21μg/L-25.55 mg/L.The sensoris used for mercury determination in compost extract with good results.Thedevelopment of these sensors could provide useful information for theon-line detection of the toxic organic matter and metal ions,which wouldpromote the secure management of compost.
The effects of microbial inoculant on humification and humus qualityare studied.The results show that inoculating Phanerochaete chrysosporiumin second fermentation phase of composting could promote the formation ofhumus,increase the humus content,and reduce the humification time by 7days.The promotion of humus formation by inoculant might be becauseinoculant increases the humic acid content and decreases the fulvic acidcontent.This could provide some references for optimizing the humusquality in compost.
本文旨在以改善堆肥管理中涉及的与堆肥生产流程密切相关的各环节系列关键技术为主轴，系统研究了垃圾堆肥过程中限速因子的优化控制方法、酚类典型有毒有害物质的控制、堆肥过程管理中微生物与活性组分及有毒有害物质的实时监测技术，并对堆肥成品腐殖质质量的优化控制方法进行了探讨，以期为城市生活垃圾堆肥过程管理中的综合处理与实时监测关键技术的进一步发展提供理论与方法指导，为堆肥过程管理的切实有效发展及其体系的健全完善提供技术支持。
成功选育出木质素降解能力较强的复合菌JX1，并研发了基于接种复合菌JX1优化调控堆肥化限速因子的高效堆肥方法。结果表明接种复合菌JX1促进了堆肥限速因子木质素的降解，加速了堆肥进程。就整个复合菌堆肥化过程而言，木质素的生物降解更主要依赖多酚氧化酶的催化氧化作用。这种高效堆肥方法的发展有利于高效合理管理的实施。
通过深入研究接种白腐菌堆肥法应用于处理五氯酚污染垃圾，发现接种白腐菌堆肥法处理五氯酚污染垃圾切实可行。接种白腐菌堆肥处理下堆料中五氯酚浓度、木质素、粗纤维含量比传统堆肥处理的减少更明显，这可能与接种白腐菌有效分解了五氯酚、缓减了其抑制作用有关。接种白腐菌堆肥过程中微生物量碳及种子发芽指数也均明显较高，在堆制80d后种子发芽指数达121％，这表明接种白腐菌堆肥法从一定程度上降低了五氯酚的生物毒性，使得堆制过程中生物活性相对较高。此方法实现了五氯酚类典型有毒有害物质的有效控制，可为此类问题对应的管理环节提供技术支撑。
成功应用PCR-DGGE法分析了堆肥过程中微生物种群动态变化，并研制出快速便捷的电化学酶传感器用于木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的酶活性检测。结果表明，堆肥过程中微生物群落经历了明显的演变过程，高温阶段中真菌、放线菌种类较丰富，但微生物多样性至降温期减少。实验确定了电化学酶传感器裸玻碳电极对LiP、MnP体系的催化反应的响应最为灵敏且电流变化较大的最适pH值(pH4．2)、H_2O_2(0．1875 mM)、对苯二酚(0．25 mM)、藜芦醇(6 mM)含量等参数，在该反应条件下传感器能准确测定LiP、MnP。快速检测方法的研究可为实现堆肥过程的高效监控及合理管理提供有力的技术支持。
成功研制出一种夹心式免疫传感器并用于检测堆肥中毒莠定含量。根据电流响应、毒莠定测定等实验，得到毒莠定浓度的线性方程，确定了毒莠定检测线性范围为0．01～10μg／mL，检测下限达1×10~(-8)μg／mL。成功研制出一种葡萄糖氧化酶传感器用于检测堆肥中重金属汞离子。该传感器对汞离子的检测下限是0．49μg／L，抑制率和汞离子浓度的自然对数值在0．49μg／L至783．21μg／L和783．21μg／L至25．55 mg／L范围内分别呈良好的线性关系。测定了汞离子在堆肥浸出液中的回收率，结果良好。这两类传感器的研制及应用可为堆肥过程中有毒有机物及重金属离子的在线检测的发展提供参考，利于实时安全管理的进一步发展。
通过考察接种微生物对堆肥腐熟程度及成品腐殖质含量的影响，发现在堆肥二次发酵阶段接种黄孢原毛平革菌能优化控制腐殖质的形成，提高了总腐殖质含量，增强了堆肥成品的腐熟程度，并使堆肥腐熟时间缩短了7d左右。接种黄孢原毛平革菌堆肥法对总腐殖质的调控，主要表现在对腐殖质中胡敏酸形成的促进作用和对富里酸含量的减少作用。这有望为堆肥成品腐殖质质量管理的优化与完善提供可行技术和理论参考。
Environmental planning and management is an integrative processincluding scientific evaluation and prediction,decision making,andadministration for environmental system.The content of managementinvolves water management,atmosphere management,soil resourcemanagement,solid waste management and urban environmental management.It is necessary for solid waste management that executing the entireadministration of production,collection and transportation,and treatment(disposal) of solid waste.Solid waste management is an important part ofenvironmental planning and management.Municipal domestic waste is one ofthe major objects of solid waste management,and there are some kinds ofmanagement (treatment) methods for municipal domestic waste.Compostingtechnology is known as an environment-friendly method with a low cost,high resource utilization and ecological benefit,which has attractedattention of researchers.And the efficient management of the compostingprocess of municipal domestic waste is very important.The developmentand improvement of some key technology in composting process are relatedwith the compost quality and the final disposal.Therefore,exploringcomprehensive treatment and on-line monitoring technologies has becomethe research emphasis of composting process management.
The aim of this study is to improve composting management bydeveloping the key technologies related to the compost production.Theefficient methods of limit-step factor adjustment and toxic hydroxybenzenecontrol in composting are studied,and the on-line monitoring technologiesof microbial indexes and toxic matter are also investigated.In addition,theoptimization method of humus quality in compost product is discussed.It isexpected to provide some references for the development of comprehensivetreatment and on-line monitoring technologies in composting management,which might benefit the improvement of composting management system.
Complex microbial inoculant (JX1) with strong lignin degrading ability is obtained through the screening experiments,and the efficientcomposting method controlling the limit-step factor by JX1 is developed.Itis showed that inoculum of JX1 promote the lignin degradation andaccelerate the composting process.During the composting process by JX1,the lignin degradation is mainly attributed to the catalytic action ofpolyphenol oxidase.The study of efficient composting method benefits therealization of efficient management.
Composting of pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminated waste byinocula of white-rot fungi is proved to be feasible.The PCP concentrationand the content of lignin and coarse fiber decrease obviously duringcomposting by white-rot fungi,which might be because white-rot fungidegrade PCP effectively and alleviate the inhibition of PCP.The highermicrobial biomass content and germination index (121% on day 80) arefound in composting with white-rot fungi than that without inoculants,which confirm that high microbial activities maintain in composting withinoculants by the reduction of PCP toxicity.This method could providetechnical assistance for the related management section.
The dynamic succession of microorganism populations duringcomposting of municipal domestic waste is successfully analyzed byPCR-DGGE method,and an electrochemical enzyme sensor is developed torapidly monitor the activities of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and mangansesperoxidase (MnP) in composting.The results show that there is an obvioussuccessive change of microorganism populations.The community diversityof fungi and actinomycetes are observed during the thermosphere phase,whereas there is a decrease in microorganism population during the coolingperiod.The optimal parameters for catalytic reaction of LiP or MnP on theelectrode in electrochemical enzyme sensor are obtained,which are pH of4.2,H_2O_2 concentration reaching 0.1875 mM,0.25 mM hydroquinone and 6mM veratryl alcohol.In the optimal reaction system,LiP and MnP aredetermined exactly by the sensor.The study of rapid monitoring methodwould provide strong technical support for the efficient monitor and controland reasonable management.
An immunosensor monitoring the picloram during composting isdeveloped.According to the current response and picloram measurementexperiments,the liner equation related to the concentration of picloram is obtained.The liner range of picloram measurement by the sensor is 0.01-10μg/mL,and the detection limit of the immunosensor for picloram is 1×10~(-8)μg/mL.A novel inhibition based biosensor of glucose oxidase (GOx) formercury detection in composting is developed.The detection limit of theinhibition-based sensor for mercury is 0.49μg/L.And the linear responseranges are 0.49μg/L-783.21μg/L and 783.21μg/L-25.55 mg/L.The sensoris used for mercury determination in compost extract with good results.Thedevelopment of these sensors could provide useful information for theon-line detection of the toxic organic matter and metal ions,which wouldpromote the secure management of compost.
The effects of microbial inoculant on humification and humus qualityare studied.The results show that inoculating Phanerochaete chrysosporiumin second fermentation phase of composting could promote the formation ofhumus,increase the humus content,and reduce the humification time by 7days.The promotion of humus formation by inoculant might be becauseinoculant increases the humic acid content and decreases the fulvic acidcontent.This could provide some references for optimizing the humusquality in compost.
引文
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