川西高原生态建筑被动采暖技术研究
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摘要
在当今世界能源日益短缺的情况下,可持续发展己经成为建筑设计的主要理念。将太阳能技术应用于建筑,并与建筑一体化的新型太阳能建筑在能源、环境和经济的可持续发展进程中将起到重要的作用,以利用太阳能为主发展绿色环保型建筑将成为未来建筑业的流行趋势。
本文在全面分析川西高原地区的气候特征、能源现状及建筑热工性能现状的基础之上,对川西高原地区利用太阳能采暖的必要性、可行性及意义进行了分析。通过对影响太阳能建筑热过程的各种因素进行全面的理论分析,在此基础上确定了描述太阳能建筑热过程所需要的主要数学物理模型。并对目前国内外常用的动态能耗模拟软件进行分析比较,并引用了相关文献的例子程序间对比验证了EnergyPlus的可靠性,确定了适合本文的动态能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus。
通过对国内外室内热舒适性标准的总结和分析,确定了川西高原被动太阳能建筑室内热舒适性标准。结合中国建筑西南设计院承担的四川藏区牧民定居点建筑设计的工程项目以及现场的配合协商,建立高原节能建筑计算模型,并对外窗非定常热工参数进行分析,即在新型保温节能窗的应用基础上,对窗墙面积比、外窗类型、外墙传热系数、外墙材料的不同排列次序以及天窗活动保温板厚度等影响被动太阳能建筑设计的因素进行了动态模拟研究,最终确定该工程项目应采用的最佳生态建筑被动采暖方案。
最后,通过对川西高原地区被动式太阳能建筑与气候关系的研究,从被动式太阳房设计气象参数的分析入手,应用综合分析的原则,提出采用综合气象因素SDM、区划指标SMM作为评价指标,并采用中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集的气象数据对川西高原地区太阳能资源进行区划,为川西高原地区开展被动式太阳房建筑方案设计进行正确决策提供参考和建议。
In today's world, increasing shortage of energy, sustainable development has become a major architectural design concept. The new solar building, which solar energy technology should be integrated into construction, will play an important role in the process of energy, environment and economic sustainable development. The main use of solar energy to develop green environmentally friendly buildings will become the future trend in the construction industry.
The important significance of using passive solar heating building in Western Sichuan Plateau is introduced by analyzing the available fossil energy, the character of climate, the thermal insulation of existing building and the status of solar energy utilization. On the basis of theoretically analyzing the influencing factors of solar building dynamical thermal process, we establish the mathematical-physical model of solar building. In order to select a suitable studied tool, the characteristic and application scope of different building energy analysis programs are compared, the result show that EnergyPlus is suitable to be used to study passive solar building and the comparative testing method is used to verify the reliability of this program.
After an overview and analysis of domestic and aboard indoor thermal comfort indices in the published literature is conducted, the indoor thermal comfort criterion on passive solar house in the western Sichuan Plateau is determined as a result. Considering the demand of designing solar heating system for herdsmen settlement building projects in Kangding County, Sichuan Province, the ecological building calculation model is established. Based on the application of energy-saving windows, key thermal parameters of passive solar building are dynamically analyzed ,which are window-wall ratio, external window type, external heat transfer coefficient, different sequence of external wall materials and skylight insulation thickness. On the basis of dynamic simulation analysis for the average indoor temperature and indoor temperature fluctuations, an optimum passive solar heating technology is applied for this project.
Finally, according to the analysis of design meteorological parameters for passive solar houses, on the basis of comprehensive analysis principle and using china building thermal environment analysis meteorological dataset, this paper bring forward the idea that comprehensive meteorological factors SDM and SMM are taken as the index of distributing regions division of solar energy resources in Western Sichuan Plateau, which can provide reference and suggestion for the correct decision of architectural design scheme.
本文在全面分析川西高原地区的气候特征、能源现状及建筑热工性能现状的基础之上,对川西高原地区利用太阳能采暖的必要性、可行性及意义进行了分析。通过对影响太阳能建筑热过程的各种因素进行全面的理论分析,在此基础上确定了描述太阳能建筑热过程所需要的主要数学物理模型。并对目前国内外常用的动态能耗模拟软件进行分析比较,并引用了相关文献的例子程序间对比验证了EnergyPlus的可靠性,确定了适合本文的动态能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus。
通过对国内外室内热舒适性标准的总结和分析,确定了川西高原被动太阳能建筑室内热舒适性标准。结合中国建筑西南设计院承担的四川藏区牧民定居点建筑设计的工程项目以及现场的配合协商,建立高原节能建筑计算模型,并对外窗非定常热工参数进行分析,即在新型保温节能窗的应用基础上,对窗墙面积比、外窗类型、外墙传热系数、外墙材料的不同排列次序以及天窗活动保温板厚度等影响被动太阳能建筑设计的因素进行了动态模拟研究,最终确定该工程项目应采用的最佳生态建筑被动采暖方案。
最后,通过对川西高原地区被动式太阳能建筑与气候关系的研究,从被动式太阳房设计气象参数的分析入手,应用综合分析的原则,提出采用综合气象因素SDM、区划指标SMM作为评价指标,并采用中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集的气象数据对川西高原地区太阳能资源进行区划,为川西高原地区开展被动式太阳房建筑方案设计进行正确决策提供参考和建议。
In today's world, increasing shortage of energy, sustainable development has become a major architectural design concept. The new solar building, which solar energy technology should be integrated into construction, will play an important role in the process of energy, environment and economic sustainable development. The main use of solar energy to develop green environmentally friendly buildings will become the future trend in the construction industry.
The important significance of using passive solar heating building in Western Sichuan Plateau is introduced by analyzing the available fossil energy, the character of climate, the thermal insulation of existing building and the status of solar energy utilization. On the basis of theoretically analyzing the influencing factors of solar building dynamical thermal process, we establish the mathematical-physical model of solar building. In order to select a suitable studied tool, the characteristic and application scope of different building energy analysis programs are compared, the result show that EnergyPlus is suitable to be used to study passive solar building and the comparative testing method is used to verify the reliability of this program.
After an overview and analysis of domestic and aboard indoor thermal comfort indices in the published literature is conducted, the indoor thermal comfort criterion on passive solar house in the western Sichuan Plateau is determined as a result. Considering the demand of designing solar heating system for herdsmen settlement building projects in Kangding County, Sichuan Province, the ecological building calculation model is established. Based on the application of energy-saving windows, key thermal parameters of passive solar building are dynamically analyzed ,which are window-wall ratio, external window type, external heat transfer coefficient, different sequence of external wall materials and skylight insulation thickness. On the basis of dynamic simulation analysis for the average indoor temperature and indoor temperature fluctuations, an optimum passive solar heating technology is applied for this project.
Finally, according to the analysis of design meteorological parameters for passive solar houses, on the basis of comprehensive analysis principle and using china building thermal environment analysis meteorological dataset, this paper bring forward the idea that comprehensive meteorological factors SDM and SMM are taken as the index of distributing regions division of solar energy resources in Western Sichuan Plateau, which can provide reference and suggestion for the correct decision of architectural design scheme.
引文
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[31] Joseph C.Lam,Liu Yang,Jiaping Liu, Development of passive design zones in China using bioclimatic approach [J].Energy Conversion and Management ,47(2006)746-762.
[32]高庆龙.被动式太阳能建筑设计参数优化研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,2006.
[33] S.S. Chandel, R.K. Aggarwal, Performance evaluation of a passive solar building in Western Himalayas[J],Renewable Energy 33(2008)2166-2173.
[34]王磊.西藏地区被动太阳能建筑采暖研究[D],成都:西南交通大学机械工程学院,2008.
[35]彦启森,赵庆珠.建筑热过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986.
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[38]中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室,清华大学建筑技术科学系.中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[39] Drury B.Crawley etc. Constrasting the Capabilities of Buildings Energy Performance Simulation Programes Version 1.0 July 2005.
[40]四川省地方标准.四川省居住建筑节能设计标准[S],DB51/5027-2008,2008.
[41]杨淑群,詹兆渝,范雄.四川省太阳能资源分布特征及其开发利用建议[J].四川气象,2007,27(2):15-17.
[42]蔡君馥,张慧.太阳房热舒适性分析[J].太阳能学报,1990,11(2).
[43] K.C.Parsons,Human Thermal Environments-The effects of hot,moderate,and cold environments on human health,comfort and Performance [J].Solar Energy,2005.
[44]杨柳.建筑气候分析与设计策略研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,2003.
[45]刘加平,杨柳.室内热环境设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
[46] Tanabe S,K Kimura. Effects of air temperature,humidity,and air movement on thermal comfort under hot and cold condition [J]. AHRAE Trans, 1994.V100(2):953-969.
[47]冯雅,向莉.生态环境的建筑设计[J].建筑学报,1996,6:30-35.
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[2]国家建设部.建设部建筑节能“九五”计划和2010年规划[S].1995.
[3]国家建设部.建设部能源“十五”规划纲要[J].施工技术,2002(8).
[4]涂逢祥.积极推进建筑节能实施可持续发展战略[J].中国能源,1996(l1).
[5]龙惟定,王长庆等.试论中国的能源结构与空调冷热源的选择取向[J].暖通空调,2000(5).
[6]喜文华主编.被动式太阳房的设计与建造[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.9.
[7] J.D.Balcomb, J.C.Acdstrom, R.D.McFarland,Simulation analysis of passive solar heating building- Preliminary results,Solar Energy,Vol.19(1974): pp277-282.
[8] J.D.Balcomb, R.D.McFarland, Simulation analysis of passive solar heating building-comparison with test room results,AS/ISES,1977 Annual Meeting, pp11-14.
[9] J.D.Balcomb, R.D.McFarland, Simulation analysis of passive solar heating building-the influence of climate and geometry on performance[C]. AS/ISES, 1977 Annual Meeting, pp11-14.
[10] J.D.Balcomb etc., Passive Solar Design HandBook[M].1980.
[11] John A. Duffie Etc., Solar Engineering of Thermal Process[M]. New York: A Wilew-Interscience Publication,1980.
[12] US Department of Housing and Urban Development, New Energy-Conseing Passive Solar Single Family Homes[M].1981.
[13]仲继寿.太阳能建筑的理念与技术进展[C].中国建筑设计研究院首届科技大会, 2006.6.
[14] Kimura, K., Design and Operation Results of a Passive Solar house with All Electric Household system[C]. Proceedings of ISES World Congress,1987.
[15]王长贵.太阳能光伏发电实用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.9.
[16]奥阳科技网[EB/OL].www.omsolar.sh.cn.
[17] G S Yakubu, The reality of living in Passive solar homes: A user-Experience study[C]. WREC,1996,117-181.
[18] K. Darkwa, P. W. O_ Callaghan, Simulation of phase change drywalls in a passive solar buildings [J].Applied Thermal Engineering ,26(2006):853-858.
[19]王崇杰,薛一冰,等.太阳能建筑设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[20]燕达,谢晓娜,宋芳婷,江亿.建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第1讲建筑模拟技术与DeST发展简介[J].暖通空调,2004,34(7).
[21]王德芳等.被动式太阳房数学模型及模拟计算程序[J].甘肃科学学报,VOl.1,No.1 1989/vol.2,No.1 1990.
[22]王德芳等.附加阳光间式太阳能采暖房数学模型及其模拟计算程序PSHS[J],甘肃科学学报,Vol.2,No.2,1990.
[23]李元哲等.被动式太阳房的原理及其设计[M].能源出版社,1989.
[24]葛新石.直接受益式被动太阳房的辐射特性分析[J].太阳能学报,1981.1,vol.2.
[25]张阳.零辅助热源被动式太阳房设计技术研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,1994.
[26]中华人民共和国标准.被动式太阳房技术条件和热性能测试方法[S],GB/T15405-94,1994.
[27]成炎.被动式太阳房构造设计优化设计研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,1994.
[28]史耀宇,刘洪波.被动式太阳房与蓄热墙热工优化设计[J].宁夏工学院学报(自然科学版),1996(8).
[29]张立志,王玲.被动式太阳房动态模型的研究[J].能源研究与利用,1997(3).
[30]刘加平.阳光间式窑居太阳热过程理论[D].重庆:重庆建筑大学建筑学院,1998.
[31] Joseph C.Lam,Liu Yang,Jiaping Liu, Development of passive design zones in China using bioclimatic approach [J].Energy Conversion and Management ,47(2006)746-762.
[32]高庆龙.被动式太阳能建筑设计参数优化研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,2006.
[33] S.S. Chandel, R.K. Aggarwal, Performance evaluation of a passive solar building in Western Himalayas[J],Renewable Energy 33(2008)2166-2173.
[34]王磊.西藏地区被动太阳能建筑采暖研究[D],成都:西南交通大学机械工程学院,2008.
[35]彦启森,赵庆珠.建筑热过程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1986.
[36] B.H鲍格斯洛夫斯基著,单寄平译.建筑热物理基础[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[37]杨仕超.夏热冬暖地区玻璃幕墙和门窗的节能[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,33(4):392-400.
[38]中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室,清华大学建筑技术科学系.中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[39] Drury B.Crawley etc. Constrasting the Capabilities of Buildings Energy Performance Simulation Programes Version 1.0 July 2005.
[40]四川省地方标准.四川省居住建筑节能设计标准[S],DB51/5027-2008,2008.
[41]杨淑群,詹兆渝,范雄.四川省太阳能资源分布特征及其开发利用建议[J].四川气象,2007,27(2):15-17.
[42]蔡君馥,张慧.太阳房热舒适性分析[J].太阳能学报,1990,11(2).
[43] K.C.Parsons,Human Thermal Environments-The effects of hot,moderate,and cold environments on human health,comfort and Performance [J].Solar Energy,2005.
[44]杨柳.建筑气候分析与设计策略研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学建筑学院,2003.
[45]刘加平,杨柳.室内热环境设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005.
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