静脉麻醉药物作用机制的功能磁共振研究
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摘要
目的
应用BOLD-fMRI,观察不同浓度氯胺酮对机械性疼痛刺激作用脑区的影响,探讨氯胺酮镇痛作用的中枢机制。
方法
健康男性志愿者13名,先行预试验,靶控输注氯胺酮。分别在0、低剂量(100ng/ml)、较高剂量(200ng/ml)测定受试者在100g、300gvFFs机械性刺激时的VAS评分,并记录受试者精神副作用,判断受试者的耐受程度,预试验后1周行fMRI研究。扫描序列为:结构像+功能扫描([20s on+20s off]×6次的vFFs机械性刺激P1(100g)、P2(300g);TCI不同靶浓度的氯胺酮;重复vFFs机械性刺激P1、P2)。使用SPM2、Metlab 7.01软件进行fMRI图像分析。比较不同浓度TCI氯胺酮时,机械性疼痛刺激作用脑区的改变。
结果
1与清醒比较氯胺酮在疼痛刺激时抑制的脑区包括:
100g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml未表现出对疼痛相关脑区的抑制,进一步增加浓度所抑制的脑区有额中回(同侧)、颞叶(同侧)、双侧中央后回、小脑前叶(对侧)、丘脑(对侧)。
300g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml抑制小脑后叶以及胼胝体,当达到200ng/ml时氯胺酮未表现出进一步抑制。
2与清醒比较氯胺酮在疼痛刺激时激活的脑区包括:
100g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml可激活对侧的中央前回、颞上叶、中央后回、顶下小叶、小脑前叶以及岛叶,进一步增加浓度所激活的脑区额叶(以同侧为主)、颞叶(同侧)、枕叶(对侧)。
300g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml可激活双侧扣带回、对侧额中回、顶下小叶、枕叶、以及同侧小脑后叶,当药物浓度为200ng/ml时,激活的脑区额叶(双侧)、双侧颞叶、枕叶、小脑前后叶(以对侧为主)、边缘系统包括前扣带回、海马、丘脑、胼胝体、脑干(对侧)、中脑。
3氯胺酮在疼痛程度形成中作用的脑区
在疼痛程度处理中,氯胺酮100ng/ml时抑制的脑区为额下回(同侧)、颞叶、中央后回(以对侧为主)、枕叶(双侧)、小脑(以同侧为主)、岛叶(对侧);当浓度升至200ng/ml时,抑制的区域为额叶(双侧)、胼胝体(对侧)。
氯胺酮100ng/ml时激活的脑区主要是对侧颞叶;当浓度升至200ng/ml时,激活的区域是额叶(对侧)、颞叶(双侧)、顶下小叶(同侧)、枕叶(双侧)、中央前回(对侧)。
结论
轻度疼痛刺激可能只激活同侧的脑区,重度疼痛刺激随着躯体感觉中枢的参与,定位更加准确,更多的疼痛相关脑区也参与进来,而这些脑区可能参与疼痛程度的编码;氯胺酮对大脑既有激活又有抑制作用,以激活为主;氯胺酮可影响机械性疼痛刺激时扣带回、岛叶、脑干、丘脑等的活动;氯胺酮作用于脑功能区两侧,但以疼痛刺激对侧为主;对于疼痛程度的相关脑区,氯胺酮在低剂量时以抑制为主而在增加剂量时以激活为主,这些脑区可能是氯胺酮发挥镇痛作用的靶点。
目的
应用加工分离程序(PDP)和BOLD-fMRI,观察镇痛剂量氯胺酮是否具有遗忘作用,探寻其干预记忆的作用脑区。
方法
选择7名男性健康志愿者,靶控输注氯胺酮200ng/ml。采用心理学界广泛应用的PDP,该方法能良好的区分内隐记忆和外显记忆。扫描序列为:结构像+清醒听词扫描+麻醉听词扫描,采用组块设计:时间10min45s=45s空白+[(0.5s读词+1.5s空白)×20词+20s空白]×10遍。记录扫描期间监护仪数值。PDP成绩采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行处理和分析。使用SPM2,Matlab 7.01进行fMRI图像分析。
结果
1.给药后记忆与清醒比较无显著差异;2.在清醒听词时,激活的脑区为颞上回、颞中回、颞下回、岛叶,扣带回;3.氯胺酮抑制扣带回的激活,激活豆状核。
结论
氯胺酮确实作用于和记忆相关的脑区,但根据PDP成绩,靶控输注氯胺酮200ng/ml时,不会对记忆造成影响。加大输注氯胺酮浓度可能会造成记忆的破坏。
目的
应用加工分离程序(PDP)和BOLD-fMRI,观察咪唑安定遗忘作用在人脑中枢的敏感部位,探寻外显记忆和内隐记忆的处理脑区。
方法
12名男性健康志愿者随机分为2组:MOAAS 3级(浅)和MOAAS 1级(深)镇静组。先行预试验,靶控输注咪唑安定。将达到预期镇静深度的靶浓度作为该受试者的目标ESC。预试验后1～2周内进行fMRI研究。采用心理学界广泛应用的PDP,该方法能良好的区分内隐记忆和外显记忆。扫描序列为:结构像+清醒听词扫描+麻醉听词扫描,采用组块设计:时间10min45s:45s空白+[(0.5s读词+1.5s空白)×20词+20s空白]×10遍。记录扫描期间监护仪数值,以及扫描前后MOAA/S评分。PDP成绩,采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行处理和分析。使用SPM2,Matlab 7.01进行fMRI图像分析。
结果
1.浅镇静(MOAA/S 3级)组外显记忆与清醒比较显著降低(P<0.05),内隐记忆与清醒比较无显著差异。深镇静组(MOAA/S 1级)外显记忆和内隐记忆与清醒比较均显著降低(P<0.05)。2.在清醒听词时,激活的脑区为颞上回、颞中回、颞梭状回及岛叶。3.输注咪唑安定至MOAA/S 3级时,无脑区激活改变,4.当达到MOAA/S 1级时,所有清醒刺激激活的脑区都被抑制,而额中回激活。
结论
根据PDP成绩,咪唑安定浅镇静时,无明显外显记忆,但存在内隐记忆。深镇静时,无明显外显记忆和内隐记忆。咪唑安定镇静达到MOAA/S 1级时,内隐记忆消失,颞上回、岛叶及额中回是咪唑安定作用于脑部的主要位置,而这些区域可能参与内隐记忆的加工。
Effects of Ketamine on Functional Brain Activation Induced by Mechanical Stimuli Elucidated by fMRI
Objective
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T,to investigate the brain regions related to the effects of ketamine on mechanical stimuli.
Methods
13 healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this study.Ketamine was administrated by target controlled infusion system in pilot study.Von Frey filaments of 100g,300g were used as mechanical stimuli to the center of the left foot at the plasma concentration of 0,100,200ng/ml,pain VAS scores and the psychedelic effect were evaluated.FMRI examinations were taken 1 week after pilot study as the following sequences:structure imaging and 2×functional imaging(stimulus sequence 100g,300g + ketamine sequence).stimulus sequence = 6×(20s on+20s off),this sequence was repeated after ketamine sequence.The monitoring data were recorded during the scanning.FMRI data processing is carried out with the SPM2 and Metlab 7.01 software package.
Results
1.Areas inhibited by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
100g vonfrey:no inhibited effect was seen at 100ng/ml;middle frontal gyrus(1), temporal lobe(1),postcentral gyrus,anterior cerebellum lobe(r),thalamus(r) were inhibited at 200ng/ml.
300g vonfrey:posterior cerebellum lobe,corpus callosum were inhibited at 100ng/ml;no more region was inhibited at 200ng/ml.
2.Areas activated by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
100g vonfrey:precentralgyrus(r),postcentralgyrus,superior temporal gyms, inferior parietal lobule,anterior cerebellum lobe,insular lobe were activated at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe(1),temporal lobe(1),occipital lobe(r) were activated at 200ng/ml.
300g vonfrey:cingulate gyrus,middle frontal gyrus(r),inferior parietal lobule, occipital lobe,posterior cerebellum lobe(1) were actevated at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe, temporal lobe,occipital lobe,anterior cerebellum lobe,posterior cerebellum lobe, ACC,hippocampus,thalamus,corpus callosum,brain stem(r) were activated at 200ng/ml.
3.Areas processing pain intensity affected by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
Areas inhibited by ketamine were:inferior frontal gyrus(1),temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus,occipital lobe,cerebellum lobe,insular lobe(r) at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe,corpus callosum(r) at 200ng/ml.
Areas activared by ketamine were:temporal lobe(r) at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe(r), temporal lobe,inferior parietal lobule(1),occipital lobe,precentral gyrus(r) at 200ng/ml.
Conclusion
Light mechanical stimuli activate the ipsilateral brain region while strong mechanical stimuli activate the contralateral brain regions which may participate in the modulation of pain intensity;ketamine can both activates and inhibites the pain related brain region activity at the same time,activative effect was the primary effect; the cingulate gyrus,insula lobe,brain stem,thalamus were target region of ketamine; ketamine acts both on the ipsilateral and the contralateral side of pain related brain region,especialy on the contralateral side.Ketamine shows inhibitory effect at 100ng/ml,but activating effect at 200ng/ml on the pain intensity process.
Effect of analgesic dose of ketamine on memory:Process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Objectives To quantitatively investigate the effect of ketamine on explicit and implicit memory and to explore the possible target brain areas associated with the memory processing and the action of ketamine through combined use of PDP and BOLD-fMRI 3.0T.
Methods 7 volunteers were enrolled in this study.On their first visit,volunteers were given a ketamine infusion to test the tolerance of ketamine and to familiarize the volunteers with the method of auditory stimulus.The second visit was a scanning session.Each volunteer was given the first auditory stimulus before sedation.Then they received the second auditory stimulus after the target level of sedation had been reached.Imaging response was measured in 4 different time: before and during the first auditory stimulus、ketamine infusion and during the second auditory stimulus accompanied with continuous ketamine infusion.4 h later,the inclusion test and exclusion test were performed outside the scanner.The process dissociation procedure combined with word stem completion was used to estimate the scores of explicit and implicit memory.
Results There are no significant differences between awake and ketamine infusion state in explicit memory scores and Implicit memory scores(P>0.05);the superior temporal gyrus,middle temporal gyrus,inferior temporal gyrus,ACC, insula are significantly activated during auditory stimulus;ketamine inhibites the activation of ACC but activates the lentiform nucleus.
Conclusions Analgesic dose of ketamine inhibited the activation of ACC, activatesd the activation of lentiform nucleus,but no change of memory score was found through PDP.No damage of the memory maybe due to the low concentration of ketamine.
Effect of Midazolam on memory:Process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Objectives To quantitatively investigate the effect of midazolam on explicit and implicit memory and to explore the possible target brain areas associated with the memory processing and the action of midazolam through combined use of PDP and BOLD-fMRI 3.0T.
Methods 12 volunteers were equally divided into 2 groups according to the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Score:M3,level 3 and M1, level 1.On their first visit,volunteers were given a midazolam infusion to individually predict the needed plasma concentration of each volunteer,to test for tolerance of midazolam sedation and to familiarize the volunteers with the method of auditory stimulus and sedation scoring.The second visit was a scanning session. Each volunteers were given the first auditory stimulus before sedation.Then they received the second auditory stimulus after the target level of sedation had been reached.Imaging response was measured in 4 different time:before and during the first auditory stimulus、midazoalm sedation and during the second auditory stimulus accompanied with continuous midazolam sedation.2 h later,the inclusion test and exclusion test were performed outside the scanner.The process dissociation procedure combined with word stem completion was used to estimate the scores of explicit and implicit memory.
Results There are no significant differences between explicit memory scores and zero(P>0.05) in 2 groups.Implicit memory scores were statistically greater than zero(P<0.05) during midazolam sedation in M3 but not in M1.The superior temporal gyms,middle temporal gyrus,,temporal fusiform gyrus and insula lobe are significantly activated during auditory stimulus.Midazolam in M3 did not change the activation og memory related brain region.Midazolam in M1 inhibit all the activated brain areas,while activate the middle frontal gyrus.However compared M1 with M3,no significant activated brain areas are found.
Conclusions Midazolam does not impair the implicit memory until the depth of sedation increases to the level 1 of MOAA/S score according to PDP.The superior temporal gyrus,insula lobe and middle frontal gyrus may be the target areas of midazolam in brain and they might be more closely related to the memory processing.
应用BOLD-fMRI,观察不同浓度氯胺酮对机械性疼痛刺激作用脑区的影响,探讨氯胺酮镇痛作用的中枢机制。
方法
健康男性志愿者13名,先行预试验,靶控输注氯胺酮。分别在0、低剂量(100ng/ml)、较高剂量(200ng/ml)测定受试者在100g、300gvFFs机械性刺激时的VAS评分,并记录受试者精神副作用,判断受试者的耐受程度,预试验后1周行fMRI研究。扫描序列为:结构像+功能扫描([20s on+20s off]×6次的vFFs机械性刺激P1(100g)、P2(300g);TCI不同靶浓度的氯胺酮;重复vFFs机械性刺激P1、P2)。使用SPM2、Metlab 7.01软件进行fMRI图像分析。比较不同浓度TCI氯胺酮时,机械性疼痛刺激作用脑区的改变。
结果
1与清醒比较氯胺酮在疼痛刺激时抑制的脑区包括:
100g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml未表现出对疼痛相关脑区的抑制,进一步增加浓度所抑制的脑区有额中回(同侧)、颞叶(同侧)、双侧中央后回、小脑前叶(对侧)、丘脑(对侧)。
300g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml抑制小脑后叶以及胼胝体,当达到200ng/ml时氯胺酮未表现出进一步抑制。
2与清醒比较氯胺酮在疼痛刺激时激活的脑区包括:
100g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml可激活对侧的中央前回、颞上叶、中央后回、顶下小叶、小脑前叶以及岛叶,进一步增加浓度所激活的脑区额叶(以同侧为主)、颞叶(同侧)、枕叶(对侧)。
300g vonfrey刺激时,氯胺酮100ng/ml可激活双侧扣带回、对侧额中回、顶下小叶、枕叶、以及同侧小脑后叶,当药物浓度为200ng/ml时,激活的脑区额叶(双侧)、双侧颞叶、枕叶、小脑前后叶(以对侧为主)、边缘系统包括前扣带回、海马、丘脑、胼胝体、脑干(对侧)、中脑。
3氯胺酮在疼痛程度形成中作用的脑区
在疼痛程度处理中,氯胺酮100ng/ml时抑制的脑区为额下回(同侧)、颞叶、中央后回(以对侧为主)、枕叶(双侧)、小脑(以同侧为主)、岛叶(对侧);当浓度升至200ng/ml时,抑制的区域为额叶(双侧)、胼胝体(对侧)。
氯胺酮100ng/ml时激活的脑区主要是对侧颞叶;当浓度升至200ng/ml时,激活的区域是额叶(对侧)、颞叶(双侧)、顶下小叶(同侧)、枕叶(双侧)、中央前回(对侧)。
结论
轻度疼痛刺激可能只激活同侧的脑区,重度疼痛刺激随着躯体感觉中枢的参与,定位更加准确,更多的疼痛相关脑区也参与进来,而这些脑区可能参与疼痛程度的编码;氯胺酮对大脑既有激活又有抑制作用,以激活为主;氯胺酮可影响机械性疼痛刺激时扣带回、岛叶、脑干、丘脑等的活动;氯胺酮作用于脑功能区两侧,但以疼痛刺激对侧为主;对于疼痛程度的相关脑区,氯胺酮在低剂量时以抑制为主而在增加剂量时以激活为主,这些脑区可能是氯胺酮发挥镇痛作用的靶点。
目的
应用加工分离程序(PDP)和BOLD-fMRI,观察镇痛剂量氯胺酮是否具有遗忘作用,探寻其干预记忆的作用脑区。
方法
选择7名男性健康志愿者,靶控输注氯胺酮200ng/ml。采用心理学界广泛应用的PDP,该方法能良好的区分内隐记忆和外显记忆。扫描序列为:结构像+清醒听词扫描+麻醉听词扫描,采用组块设计:时间10min45s=45s空白+[(0.5s读词+1.5s空白)×20词+20s空白]×10遍。记录扫描期间监护仪数值。PDP成绩采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行处理和分析。使用SPM2,Matlab 7.01进行fMRI图像分析。
结果
1.给药后记忆与清醒比较无显著差异;2.在清醒听词时,激活的脑区为颞上回、颞中回、颞下回、岛叶,扣带回;3.氯胺酮抑制扣带回的激活,激活豆状核。
结论
氯胺酮确实作用于和记忆相关的脑区,但根据PDP成绩,靶控输注氯胺酮200ng/ml时,不会对记忆造成影响。加大输注氯胺酮浓度可能会造成记忆的破坏。
目的
应用加工分离程序(PDP)和BOLD-fMRI,观察咪唑安定遗忘作用在人脑中枢的敏感部位,探寻外显记忆和内隐记忆的处理脑区。
方法
12名男性健康志愿者随机分为2组:MOAAS 3级(浅)和MOAAS 1级(深)镇静组。先行预试验,靶控输注咪唑安定。将达到预期镇静深度的靶浓度作为该受试者的目标ESC。预试验后1～2周内进行fMRI研究。采用心理学界广泛应用的PDP,该方法能良好的区分内隐记忆和外显记忆。扫描序列为:结构像+清醒听词扫描+麻醉听词扫描,采用组块设计:时间10min45s:45s空白+[(0.5s读词+1.5s空白)×20词+20s空白]×10遍。记录扫描期间监护仪数值,以及扫描前后MOAA/S评分。PDP成绩,采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行处理和分析。使用SPM2,Matlab 7.01进行fMRI图像分析。
结果
1.浅镇静(MOAA/S 3级)组外显记忆与清醒比较显著降低(P<0.05),内隐记忆与清醒比较无显著差异。深镇静组(MOAA/S 1级)外显记忆和内隐记忆与清醒比较均显著降低(P<0.05)。2.在清醒听词时,激活的脑区为颞上回、颞中回、颞梭状回及岛叶。3.输注咪唑安定至MOAA/S 3级时,无脑区激活改变,4.当达到MOAA/S 1级时,所有清醒刺激激活的脑区都被抑制,而额中回激活。
结论
根据PDP成绩,咪唑安定浅镇静时,无明显外显记忆,但存在内隐记忆。深镇静时,无明显外显记忆和内隐记忆。咪唑安定镇静达到MOAA/S 1级时,内隐记忆消失,颞上回、岛叶及额中回是咪唑安定作用于脑部的主要位置,而这些区域可能参与内隐记忆的加工。
Effects of Ketamine on Functional Brain Activation Induced by Mechanical Stimuli Elucidated by fMRI
Objective
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T,to investigate the brain regions related to the effects of ketamine on mechanical stimuli.
Methods
13 healthy male volunteers were enrolled in this study.Ketamine was administrated by target controlled infusion system in pilot study.Von Frey filaments of 100g,300g were used as mechanical stimuli to the center of the left foot at the plasma concentration of 0,100,200ng/ml,pain VAS scores and the psychedelic effect were evaluated.FMRI examinations were taken 1 week after pilot study as the following sequences:structure imaging and 2×functional imaging(stimulus sequence 100g,300g + ketamine sequence).stimulus sequence = 6×(20s on+20s off),this sequence was repeated after ketamine sequence.The monitoring data were recorded during the scanning.FMRI data processing is carried out with the SPM2 and Metlab 7.01 software package.
Results
1.Areas inhibited by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
100g vonfrey:no inhibited effect was seen at 100ng/ml;middle frontal gyrus(1), temporal lobe(1),postcentral gyrus,anterior cerebellum lobe(r),thalamus(r) were inhibited at 200ng/ml.
300g vonfrey:posterior cerebellum lobe,corpus callosum were inhibited at 100ng/ml;no more region was inhibited at 200ng/ml.
2.Areas activated by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
100g vonfrey:precentralgyrus(r),postcentralgyrus,superior temporal gyms, inferior parietal lobule,anterior cerebellum lobe,insular lobe were activated at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe(1),temporal lobe(1),occipital lobe(r) were activated at 200ng/ml.
300g vonfrey:cingulate gyrus,middle frontal gyrus(r),inferior parietal lobule, occipital lobe,posterior cerebellum lobe(1) were actevated at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe, temporal lobe,occipital lobe,anterior cerebellum lobe,posterior cerebellum lobe, ACC,hippocampus,thalamus,corpus callosum,brain stem(r) were activated at 200ng/ml.
3.Areas processing pain intensity affected by ketamine under vFFs stimulus were:
Areas inhibited by ketamine were:inferior frontal gyrus(1),temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus,occipital lobe,cerebellum lobe,insular lobe(r) at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe,corpus callosum(r) at 200ng/ml.
Areas activared by ketamine were:temporal lobe(r) at 100ng/ml;frontal lobe(r), temporal lobe,inferior parietal lobule(1),occipital lobe,precentral gyrus(r) at 200ng/ml.
Conclusion
Light mechanical stimuli activate the ipsilateral brain region while strong mechanical stimuli activate the contralateral brain regions which may participate in the modulation of pain intensity;ketamine can both activates and inhibites the pain related brain region activity at the same time,activative effect was the primary effect; the cingulate gyrus,insula lobe,brain stem,thalamus were target region of ketamine; ketamine acts both on the ipsilateral and the contralateral side of pain related brain region,especialy on the contralateral side.Ketamine shows inhibitory effect at 100ng/ml,but activating effect at 200ng/ml on the pain intensity process.
Effect of analgesic dose of ketamine on memory:Process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Objectives To quantitatively investigate the effect of ketamine on explicit and implicit memory and to explore the possible target brain areas associated with the memory processing and the action of ketamine through combined use of PDP and BOLD-fMRI 3.0T.
Methods 7 volunteers were enrolled in this study.On their first visit,volunteers were given a ketamine infusion to test the tolerance of ketamine and to familiarize the volunteers with the method of auditory stimulus.The second visit was a scanning session.Each volunteer was given the first auditory stimulus before sedation.Then they received the second auditory stimulus after the target level of sedation had been reached.Imaging response was measured in 4 different time: before and during the first auditory stimulus、ketamine infusion and during the second auditory stimulus accompanied with continuous ketamine infusion.4 h later,the inclusion test and exclusion test were performed outside the scanner.The process dissociation procedure combined with word stem completion was used to estimate the scores of explicit and implicit memory.
Results There are no significant differences between awake and ketamine infusion state in explicit memory scores and Implicit memory scores(P>0.05);the superior temporal gyrus,middle temporal gyrus,inferior temporal gyrus,ACC, insula are significantly activated during auditory stimulus;ketamine inhibites the activation of ACC but activates the lentiform nucleus.
Conclusions Analgesic dose of ketamine inhibited the activation of ACC, activatesd the activation of lentiform nucleus,but no change of memory score was found through PDP.No damage of the memory maybe due to the low concentration of ketamine.
Effect of Midazolam on memory:Process dissociation procedure and functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Objectives To quantitatively investigate the effect of midazolam on explicit and implicit memory and to explore the possible target brain areas associated with the memory processing and the action of midazolam through combined use of PDP and BOLD-fMRI 3.0T.
Methods 12 volunteers were equally divided into 2 groups according to the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Score:M3,level 3 and M1, level 1.On their first visit,volunteers were given a midazolam infusion to individually predict the needed plasma concentration of each volunteer,to test for tolerance of midazolam sedation and to familiarize the volunteers with the method of auditory stimulus and sedation scoring.The second visit was a scanning session. Each volunteers were given the first auditory stimulus before sedation.Then they received the second auditory stimulus after the target level of sedation had been reached.Imaging response was measured in 4 different time:before and during the first auditory stimulus、midazoalm sedation and during the second auditory stimulus accompanied with continuous midazolam sedation.2 h later,the inclusion test and exclusion test were performed outside the scanner.The process dissociation procedure combined with word stem completion was used to estimate the scores of explicit and implicit memory.
Results There are no significant differences between explicit memory scores and zero(P>0.05) in 2 groups.Implicit memory scores were statistically greater than zero(P<0.05) during midazolam sedation in M3 but not in M1.The superior temporal gyms,middle temporal gyrus,,temporal fusiform gyrus and insula lobe are significantly activated during auditory stimulus.Midazolam in M3 did not change the activation og memory related brain region.Midazolam in M1 inhibit all the activated brain areas,while activate the middle frontal gyrus.However compared M1 with M3,no significant activated brain areas are found.
Conclusions Midazolam does not impair the implicit memory until the depth of sedation increases to the level 1 of MOAA/S score according to PDP.The superior temporal gyrus,insula lobe and middle frontal gyrus may be the target areas of midazolam in brain and they might be more closely related to the memory processing.
引文
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